Methods and Apparatuses for Noninvasive Determinations of Analytes
First Claim
1. An apparatus for determining the presence, concentration, or both, of an analyte based upon a response of tissue to incident light, comprising:
- (a) an illumination subsystem configured to communicate light having a first polarization to a surface of the tissue;
(b) a collection subsystem configured to collect light having a second polarization communicated from the tissue after interaction with the tissue;
wherein the first polarization is different from the second polarization;
(c) a multiplexing spectrometer to measure the collected light at a plurality of wavelengths;
(d) an analysis subsystem configured to determine the presence, concentration, or both, of an analyte from the measured light.
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Abstract
The present invention provides methods and apparatuses for accurate noninvasive determination of tissue properties. Some embodiments of the present invention comprise an optical sampler having an illumination subsystem, adapted to communicate light having a first polarization to a tissue surface; a collection subsystem, adapted to collect light having a second polarization communicated from the tissue after interaction with the tissue; wherein the first polarization is different from the second polarization. The difference in the polarizations can discourage collection of light specularly reflected from the tissue surface, and can encourage preferential collection of light that has interacted with a desired depth of penetration or path length distribution in the tissue. The different polarizations can, as examples, be linear polarizations with an angle between, or elliptical polarizations of different handedness.
54 Citations
32 Claims
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1. An apparatus for determining the presence, concentration, or both, of an analyte based upon a response of tissue to incident light, comprising:
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(a) an illumination subsystem configured to communicate light having a first polarization to a surface of the tissue; (b) a collection subsystem configured to collect light having a second polarization communicated from the tissue after interaction with the tissue;
wherein the first polarization is different from the second polarization;(c) a multiplexing spectrometer to measure the collected light at a plurality of wavelengths; (d) an analysis subsystem configured to determine the presence, concentration, or both, of an analyte from the measured light. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)
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- 23. An analyte measurement system, comprising an illumination system, collection system, and optical instrumentation utilizing Fellgett'"'"'s advantage, wherein the illumination system and the collection system are configured to collect spectroscopic information in a non-imaging manner at a first polarization state and at a second polarization state, where the first and second polarization states are distinct, and where the analyte measurement system is configured to use at least a portion of the information obtained at each of the two polarization states.
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27. A method of determining the response of portions of a tissue sample deeper than the superficial layer to light, comprising:
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(a) illuminating the tissue sample with light having a first polarization; (b) collecting light, in a non-imaging manner, having a second polarization; (c) collecting light, in a non-imaging manner, having a third polarization to preferentially select photons from tissue deeper than the superficial layer; (d) wherein the second polarization, and the third polarization are each different from one another; and (e) measuring the collected light at a plurality of wavelengths using a multiplexing spectrometer. - View Dependent Claims (28, 29, 30, 31)
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32. A noninvasive glucose measurement system comprising:
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(a) a multiplexing spectrometer configured to determine spectral information of near infrared light; (b) a noncontact sampling system configured to use polarization to preferentially exclude superficially reflected photons; (c) an illumination system configured to emit multiple wavelengths of light; (d) a detection system configured to simultaneously record multiple wavelengths of light; (e) an analysis system configured to determine a glucose concentration from multivariate analysis of at least 10 wavelengths of light.
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Specification