Managing Wear in Flash Memory

• US 20120023144A1
• Filed: 07/21/2010
• Published: 01/26/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 07/21/2010
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Seagate Technology LLC (Seagate Technology Holdings Plc)
• Original Assignee: Seagate Technology LLC (Seagate Technology Holdings Plc)
• Inventors: Rub, Bernardo
• Application Number:
  US12/840,920
• Publication Number:
  US 20120023144A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 707/813
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/0246 in block erasable memory, e.g. flash memory
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/0253 Garbage collection, i.e. reclamation of unreferenced memory
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2212/7205 Cleaning, compaction, garbage collection, erase control
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2212/7211 Wear leveling

Abstract

At least two groupings are established for a plurality of erase units. The erase units include flash memory units that are available for writing subsequent to erasure. The groupings are based at least on a recent write frequency of data targeted for writing to the erase units. A wear criteria is determined for each of the erase units and the erase units are assigned to one of the respective groupings based on the wear criteria of the respective erase units and further based on a wear range assigned to each of the at least two groupings.

Claims

1. A method comprising:

establishing at least two groupings for a plurality of erase units that each comprise a plurality of flash memory units that are available for writing subsequent to erasure, wherein the groupings are based at least on a recent write frequency of data targeted for writing to the groupings;

determining a wear criteria for each of the erase units; and

assigning the erase units to one of the respective groupings based on the wear criteria of the respective erase units and further based on a wear range assigned to each of the at least two groupings.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two groupings include a hot grouping based on a higher recent write frequency of the data and a cold grouping based on a lower recent write frequency.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the erase units comprise a high wear group and a low wear group, each having erase units with high and low wear criteria, respectively, relative to each other, and wherein assigning the erase units comprises assigning the high wear group to the cold grouping and the low wear group to the hot grouping.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the erase units comprise an intermediate wear group having wear criteria between that of the high wear group and the low wear group, the method further comprising:

establishing a medium grouping based on a third recent write frequency between the respective write frequencies of the cold and hot groupings; and

assigning the intermediate wear group to the medium grouping.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein each grouping comprises a queue of the erase units, the method further comprising ordering the assigned erase units within the respective queues based on the wear criteria.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of erase units are available for writing subsequent to erasure via garbage collection.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the garbage collection is applied to the erase units based on a garbage collection metric, the method further comprising adjusting the garbage collection metric based on an amount of wear associated with the memory units, wherein the adjusted garbage collection metric changes when garbage collection is performed on the respective erase units.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the garbage collection metric comprises at least one of a stale page count and an elapsed since data was last written to the erase unit.

9. An apparatus, comprising:

a plurality of erase units each comprising a plurality of flash memory units that are available for writing subsequent to erasure;

a controller configured to write to the erase units, the controller configured with instructions that cause the apparatus to;

establish at least two groupings for the erase units, wherein the groupings are based at least on a recent write frequency of data targeted for writing to the groupings;

determine a wear criteria for each of the erase units; and

assign the erase units to one of the respective groupings based on the wear criteria of the respective erase units and further based on a wear range assigned to each of the at least two groupings.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least two groupings include a hot grouping based on a higher recent write frequency of the data and a cold grouping based on a lower recent write frequency.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the erase units comprise a high wear group and a low wear group each having erase units with high and low wear criteria, respectively, relative to each other, and wherein assigning the erase units comprises assigning the high wear group to the cold grouping and the low wear group to the hot grouping.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the erase units comprise an intermediate wear group having wear criteria between that of the high wear group and the low wear group, wherein the instructions further cause the apparatus to:

establish a medium grouping based on a third recent write frequency between the respective write frequencies of the cold and hot groupings; and

assign the intermediate wear group to the medium grouping.

13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein each grouping comprises a queue of the erase units, and wherein the instructions further cause the apparatus to order the assigned erase units within the respective queues based on the wear criteria.

14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the plurality of erase units are available for writing subsequent to erasure via garbage collection.

15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the garbage collection is applied to the erase units based on a garbage collection metric, and wherein the instructions further cause the apparatus to adjust the s garbage collection metric based on an amount of wear associated with the memory units to change when garbage collection is performed on the respective erase units.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the garbage collection metric comprises at least one of a stale page count and an elapsed since data was last written to the erase unit.

17. A method comprising:

determining a distribution of a wear criterion associated with each a plurality of erase units, wherein each erase unit comprises a plurality of flash memory units being considered for garbage collection based on a garbage collection metric associated with the respective erase unit;

determining a subset of the erase units corresponding to an outlier of the distribution; and

adjusting the garbage collection metric of the subset to facilitate changing when garbage collection is performed on the subset.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein a first part of the subset are more worn than those of the plurality of erase units not in the subset, and wherein the garbage collection metric of the first part is adjusted to reduce a time when garbage collection is performed on the first part;

and wherein a second part of the subset are less worn than those of the plurality of erase units not in the subset, and wherein the garbage collection metric of the second part is adjusted to increase a time when garbage collection is performed on the second part.

19. The method of claim 17, further comprising adjusting the garbage collection metric differently for at least one erase units of the subset than for others of the subset based on the at least one erase unit being further outlying than the others of the subset.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the garbage collection comprises at least one of a stale page count and an elapsed since data was last written to the erase unit.

21. An apparatus, comprising:

a plurality of erase units each comprising a plurality of flash memory units, being considered for garbage collection based on a garbage collection metric associated with the respective erase unit;

a controller configured to select the erase units for the garbage collection, the controller configured with instructions that cause the apparatus to;

determine a distribution of a wear criterion associated with each of the erase units;

determine a subset of the erase units corresponding to an outlier of the distribution; and

adjust the garbage collection metric of the subset of erase units to facilitate changing when garbage collection is performed on the subset of erase units.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein a first part of the subset are more worn than those of the plurality of erase units not in the subset, and wherein the garbage collection metric of the first part is adjusted to reduce a time when garbage collection is performed on the first part;

and wherein a second part of the subset are less worn than those of the plurality of erase units not in the subset, and wherein the garbage collection metric of the second part is adjusted to increase a time when garbage collection is performed on the second part.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the instructions further cause the apparatus to adjust the s garbage collection metric differently for at least one erase units of the subset than for others of the subset based on the at least one erase unit being further outlying than the others of the subset.

24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the garbage collection comprises at least one of a stale page count and an elapsed since data was last written to the erase unit.