MESOPOROUS NANOCRYSTALLINE FILM ARCHITECTURE FOR CAPACITIVE STORAGE DEVICES

• US 20120026644A1
• Filed: 07/06/2011
• Published: 02/02/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 01/09/2009
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Original Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Inventors: Dunn, Bruce S., Tolbert, Sarah H., Wang, John, Brezesinski, Torsten
• Granted Patent: US 8,675,346 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 361/502
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 99/00 Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/24 characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/26 characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/36 Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/46 Metal oxides
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 11/84 Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/13 Energy storage using capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/948 Energy storage/generating using nanostructure, e.g. fuel cell, battery

Abstract

A mesoporous, nanocrystalline, metal oxide construct particularly suited for capacitive energy storage that has an architecture with short diffusion path lengths and large surface areas and a method for production are provided. Energy density is substantially increased without compromising the capacitive charge storage kinetics and electrode demonstrates long term cycling stability. Charge storage devices with electrodes using the construct can use three different charge storage mechanisms immersed in an electrolyte: (1) cations can be stored in a thin double layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface (non-faradaic mechanism); (2) cations can interact with the bulk of an electroactive material which then undergoes a redox reaction or phase change, as in conventional batteries (faradaic mechanism); or (3) cations can electrochemically adsorb onto the surface of a material through charge transfer processes (faradaic mechanism).

Claims

1. A charge storage device comprising a nanostructured, mesoporous material.

2. A charge storage device according to claim 1, wherein said material is selected from the group of materials consisting essentially of metal oxides, transition metal oxides, and mixed metal oxides.

3. A charge storage device according to claim 1, wherein said material comprises titanium dioxide (TiO₂).

4. A charge storage device according to claim 1, wherein said material exhibits three-dimensionally interconnected mesoporosity.

5. A charge storage device according to claim 1, wherein said material comprises a mesoporous structure with either mono- or bimodal pore size distribution.

6. A charge storage device according to claim 1, wherein said material comprises a thin film, or a powder, or a monolith.

7. A charge storage device according to claim 1, wherein said material comprises a film having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

8. A charge storage device according to claim 1, wherein said material comprises a monolith having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

9. A charge storage device, comprising:

a nanostructured, mesoporous material; and

a nanoscale conducting material in contact with said nanostructured, mesoporous material.

10. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein said nanostructured, mesoporous material is selected from the group of materials consisting essentially of metal oxides, transition metal oxides, and mixed metal oxides.

11. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein said nanostructured, mesoporous material comprises titanium dioxide (TiO₂).

12. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein said nanostructured, mesoporous material comprises a mesoporous structure with either mono- or bimodal pore size distribution.

13. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein said nanostructured, mesoporous material comprises a thin film, or a powder, or a monolith.

14. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein said nanostructured, mesoporous material comprises a film having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

15. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein said nanostructured, mesoporous material comprises a monolith having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

16. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein said nanostructured, mesoporous material exhibits three-dimensionally interconnected mesoporosity.

17. A charge storage device according to claim 9, wherein the conducting material is selected from the group of materials consisting essentially of carbonaceous materials, graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and conducing polymers.

18. A charge storage device, comprising:

a nanocrystalline, mesoporous, material;

said material comprising a plurality of pores, said pores having nanocrystal walls.

19. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said material is selected from the group of materials consisting essentially of metal oxides, transition metal oxides, and mixed metal oxides.

20. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said material comprises titanium dioxide (TiO₂).

21. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said material comprises a thin film, or a powder, or a monolith.

22. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said material comprises a film having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

23. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said material comprises a monolith having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

24. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said material comprises a mesoporous structure with either mono- or bimodal pore size distribution.

25. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said material exhibits three-dimensionally interconnected mesoporosity.

26. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said nanocrystals have diameters ranging from approximately 1 nm to approximately 30 nm.

27. A charge storage device according to claim 18:

wherein said nanocrystals have surfaces configured for contact by an electrolyte; and

wherein said pores provide a pathway for solvent diffusion through the material.

28. A charge storage device according to claim 18, wherein said pores are flexible whereby strain associated with charging and discharging is alleviated.

29-48. -48. (canceled)

49. A charge storage device comprising a nanostructured, mesoporous material.

52. A charge storage device according to claim 49, 50, or 51, wherein said mesoporous material is selected from the group of materials consisting essentially of metal oxides, transition metal oxides, and mixed metal oxides.

53. A charge storage device according to claim 49, 50, or 51, wherein said mesoporous material comprises titanium dioxide (TiO₂).

54. A charge storage device according to claim 49, 50, or 51, wherein said mesoporous material exhibits three-dimensionally interconnected mesoporosity.

55. A charge storage device according to claim 49, 50, or 51, wherein said mesoporous material comprises a mesoporous structure with either mono- or bimodal pore size distribution.

56. A charge storage device according to claim 49, 50, or 51, wherein said material comprises a thin film, or a powder, or a monolith.

57. A charge storage device according to claim 49, 50, or 51, wherein said mesoporous material comprises a film having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

58. A charge storage device according to claim 49, 50, or 51, wherein said mesoporous material comprises a monolith having grains oriented to alleviate strain associated with charging and discharging.

63-81. -81. (canceled)