Low power location-tracking device with combined short-range and wide-area wireless and location capabilities

• US 20130076523A1
• Filed: 09/28/2011
• Published: 03/28/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 09/28/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: WiSilica, Inc.
• Original Assignee: SilverPlus, Inc.
• Inventors: Kwan, Dennis, Singamsetty, Suresh, Hsieh, Jeffrey
• Granted Patent: US 8,937,554 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 340/686.6
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2560/0209 adapted for power saving
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0022 Monitoring a patient using a global network, e.g. telephone networks, internet
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1112 Global tracking of patients, e.g. by using GPS
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1117 Fall detection
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1118 Determining activity level
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 21/0247 System arrangements wherein the alarm criteria uses signal strength
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 21/0286 Tampering or removal detection of the child unit from child or article
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 21/0446 worn on the body to detect changes of posture, e.g. a fall, inclination, acceleration, gait
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 25/016 Personal emergency signalling and security systems emergency non-personal manually actuated alarm activators G08B25/12
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 40/67 for remote operation
• CPC Class Codes: G16Z 99/00 Subject matter not provided for in other main groups of this subclass

Abstract

A personal monitoring and communication system includes a monitoring and communication control device, at least one personal monitoring communication device coupled with a person and a personal monitoring communication device finder. The personal monitoring communication device includes a GPS receiver, cellular telephone circuits, and short-range wireless radio circuits for communicating with caregivers. The personal monitoring communication device finder receives an emergency beacon generated by one personal monitoring communication device and determines a location of the personal monitoring communication device. A dead reckoning circuit determines the position of the person from a reference location. A motion detection circuit determines that the person is moving, not moving, or has fallen. A battery power management circuit minimizes power consumption to increase battery life of a battery powering the personal monitoring communication device. A tamper detection circuit determines whether the personal monitoring communication device is coupled to the person.

Claims

1. A personal monitoring and communication system comprises:

at least one monitoring and communication control device;

at least one personal monitoring communication device that is coupled with a person being monitored and is in communication with the at least on monitoring and communication control device, wherein the personal monitoring control device comprises;

a panic button which the person being monitored can activate in an emergency,

a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver in communication with the at least one monitoring and communication control device, and

an emergency beacon generator that is connected to the panic button which when pressed by a person being monitored activates the emergency beacon generator that generates an emergency beacon frequency hopping signal at a slow frequency hopping rate and including an arbitrarily long pseudorandom bit sequence for transfer to the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver for transmission.

2. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 1 wherein the long pseudorandom bit sequence comprises:

a bit repetition factor to maximize demodulation and detection by a receiver,

a maximum length that is determined by a minimum signal bandwidth dictated by regulatory requirements wherein a product of a bit period multiplied by the repetition factor and the length of the long pseudorandom bit sequence determines a dwell time that complies with the regulatory requirements.

3. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 2 wherein the dwell time is 0.4 seconds.

4. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 1 further comprising a personal monitoring communication device finder comprising:

a receiver for acquiring the emergency beacon frequency hopping signal;

a slow frequency hopping sequence generator that provides a frequency sequence for the receiver that matches the slow frequency hopping rate to receive the emergency beacon frequency hopping signal;

a frequency shift keying demodulator extracting the long pseudorandom bit sequence; and

a correlator in communication with the frequency shift keying demodulator to receive the extracted long pseudorandom bit sequence and a local version of the long pseudorandom bit sequence for determining a sampling absolute correlation value for the extracted long pseudorandom bit sequence and the local long pseudorandom bit sequence to determine an estimate of the distance of the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

5. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 4 wherein the distance is determined as a function of the personal monitoring communication device transmit power, a gain of the receiver of the personal monitoring communication device finder, and a propagation path loss model.

6. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 4 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises at least one directional antenna for determining a direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

7. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 4 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises a display for presenting the distance and direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

8. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 4 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises a sound producing device for presenting an audible indication of the distance and direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

9. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 4 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder is incorporated in the monitoring and communication control device for determining the location of a personal monitoring communication device transmitting an emergency beacon.

10. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 1 wherein the personal monitoring communication device further comprises a dead reckoning circuit for determining the position of the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device, the dead reckoning circuit comprises:

a gyroscope for determining a direction that the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device is moving;

a three-axis accelerometer for determining an acceleration vector when the person moves;

an integration unit in communication with the three axis accelerometer to receive the acceleration vector to double integrate the acceleration vector to determine a displacement from a reference location.

11. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 10 wherein the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver receives a signal from the monitoring and communication control device and from the signal, the dead reckoning device establishes a reference location from at least one monitoring and communication control device.

12. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 11 wherein the dead reckoning circuit determines the reference location when a receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI) level for the signal received by the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver from the monitoring and communication control device exceeds a threshold hold level.

13. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 1 wherein the personal monitoring communication device further comprises a motion detection circuit for determining that the person to which the personal monitoring communication device is coupled is in motion, has not been in motion for an extended period of time, or has fallen.

14. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 13 wherein the motion detection circuit comprises:

a gyroscope for generating a direction signal indicating a direction that the person is moving;

an three-axis accelerometer for generating signals indicating an acceleration vector indicating that the person is motion;

a motion computation circuit coupled to the gyroscope and the three-axis accelerometer to receive the direction signal and the acceleration vector signals and determines if the person is in motion, or if the person has been inactive for an extended period of time, or if the person has fallen.

15. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 14 wherein the gyroscope and the three-axis accelerometer measures motions to create displacement vectors that form a path that the personal monitoring and communication device has traveled.

16. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 15 wherein averaging and low-pass filtering of the displacement data removes small scale changes and extracts large scale changes for location determination.

17. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 1 wherein the personal monitoring communication device further comprising:

a battery power management circuit connected to a battery for minimizing power consumption to increase battery life of the battery powering the personal monitoring communication devices, wherein the battery power management circuit comprises;

a battery power sensing device for determining an amount of power remaining in the battery;

a function status monitor connected to a plurality of personal monitoring communication device circuits; and

a state machine in communication with the battery power sensing device and the function status monitor to determine which of the personal monitoring communication device circuits may be deactivated or functionally degraded to conserve energy within the battery.

30. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 1 wherein the personal monitoring communication device has a tamper detection circuit to determine whether the personal monitoring communication device is coupled to the person being monitored.

31. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 30 wherein the tamper detection circuit comprises:

a capacitive sensor that senses the presence of the person being monitored; and

a device-not-on-body reading circuit connected to the capacitive sensor to determine if the personal monitoring communication device is present such that when the personal monitoring communication device is not coupled to the person for a predetermined period of time an alert is triggered.

42. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 4lwherein the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver receives a signal from the monitoring and communication control device and from the signal, the dead reckoning device establishes a reference location from at least one monitoring and communication control device.

43. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 42 wherein the dead reckoning circuit determines the reference location when a receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI) level for the signal received by the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver from the monitoring and communication control device exceeds a threshold hold level.

18. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein the personal monitoring communication device circuits comprise a global positioning system receiver, a cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver, and the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver and the motion detection circuit.

20. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is not in communication with a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver of the monitoring and communication control device, the state machine instructs the global positioning system receiver and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver to be activated.

21. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver loses communication with the cellular telephone network, the state machine instructs the global positioning system receiver to be deactivated and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver is placed into a network search mode or in a standby mode.

22. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver has lost communication with the cellular telephone network, the state machine instructs that the emergency beacon be activated and transmitted on the short range wireless radio transmitter such that the personal monitoring communication device finder may be able to locate the personal monitoring communication device.

23. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is not in contact with the monitoring and communication control device, the state machine instructs the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver to be deactivated.

24. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the personal monitoring communication device is brought within a relatively close distance of the reference home location, the state machine instructs that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver be activated to establish contact with the monitoring and communication control device.

25. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the motion detection circuit determines that the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device is not in motion, the state machine instructs that the global positioning system receiver is deactivated.

26. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the motion detection circuit determines that the person is in motion, state machine instructs that the global positioning system receiver is activated.

27. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the battery sensing device indicates that the status of the battery has deteriorated to a first level, the state machine instructs that the personal monitoring communication device to reduce the location reporting frequency to the monitoring and communication control device and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver and the global positioning system receiver be placed in a low-power standby mode for a longer period between the location reporting times.

28. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 18 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the battery sensing device indicates that the status of the battery has deteriorated to a second level, the state machine instructs that the personal monitoring communication device place the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver in the low-power standby mode and the global positioning system receiver be disabled.

29. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 28 wherein the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver is turned on when commanded through the cellular telephone network from the monitoring and communication control device.

19. The personal monitoring and communication system of claim 19 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is in communication with a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver of the monitoring and communication control device, the state machine instructs the global positioning system receiver and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver to be deactivated.

32. A personal monitoring communication device that is coupled with a person being monitored and is in communication with at least one monitoring and communication control device for monitoring and communicating with the person, wherein the personal monitoring communication device comprises:

a panic button which the person being monitored can activate in an emergency;

a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver in communication with the at least one monitoring and communication control device; and

an emergency beacon generator that is connected to the panic button which when pressed by a person being monitored activates the emergency beacon generator that generates an emergency beacon frequency hopping signal at a slow frequency hopping rate and including an arbitrarily long pseudorandom bit sequence for transfer to the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver for transmission.

33. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 32 wherein the long pseudorandom bit sequence comprises:

a bit repetition factor to maximize demodulation and detection by a receiver,

a maximum length that is determined by a minimum signal bandwidth dictated by regulatory requirements wherein a product of a bit period multiplied by the repetition factor and the length of the long pseudorandom bit sequence determines a dwell time that complies with the regulatory requirements.

34. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 33 wherein the dwell time is 0.4 seconds.

35. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 32 wherein the personal monitoring communication device is in communication with a personal monitoring communication device finder comprising:

a receiver for acquiring the emergency beacon frequency hopping signal;

a slow frequency hopping sequence generator that provides a frequency sequence for the receiver that matches the slow frequency hopping rate to receive the emergency beacon frequency hopping signal;

a frequency shift keying demodulator extracting the long pseudorandom bit sequence; and

a correlator in communication with the frequency shift keying demodulator to receive the extracted long pseudorandom bit sequence and a local version of the long pseudorandom bit sequence for determining a sampling absolute correlation value for the extracted long pseudorandom bit sequence and the local long pseudorandom bit sequence to determine an estimate of the distance of the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

36. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 35 wherein the distance is determined as a function of the personal monitoring communication device transmit power, a gain of the receiver of the personal monitoring communication device finder, and a propagation path loss model.

37. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 35 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises at least one directional antenna for determining a direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

38. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 35 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises a display for presenting the distance and direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

39. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 35 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises a sound producing device for presenting an audible indication of the distance and direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

40. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 35 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder is incorporated in the monitoring and communication control device for determining the location of a personal monitoring communication device transmitting an emergency beacon.

41. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 32 further comprising a dead reckoning circuit for determining the position of the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device, the dead reckoning circuit comprises:

a gyroscope for determining a direction that the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device is moving;

a three-axis accelerometer for determining an acceleration vector when the person moves;

integration unit in communication with the three axis accelerometer to receive the acceleration vector to double integrate the acceleration vector to determine a displacement from a reference location.

44. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 32 further comprising a motion detection circuit for determining that the person to whom the personal monitoring communication device is coupled is in motion, has not been in motion for an extended period of time, or has fallen.

48. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 32 wherein the further comprising:

a battery power management circuit connected to a battery for minimizing power consumption to increase battery life of the battery powering the personal monitoring communication devices, wherein the battery power management circuit comprises;

a battery power sensing device for determining an amount of power remaining in the battery;

a function status monitor connected to a plurality of personal monitoring communication device circuits; and

a state machine in communication with the battery power sensing device and the function status monitor to determine which of the personal monitoring communication device circuits may be deactivated or functionally degraded to conserve energy within the battery.

49. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 48 wherein the personal monitoring communication device circuits comprise a global positioning device receiver, a cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver, and the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver and the motion detection circuit.

50. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is in communication with a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver of the monitoring and communication control device, the state machine instructs the global positioning device receiver and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver to be deactivated.

51. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is not in communication with a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver of the monitoring and communication control device the state machine instructs the global positioning device receiver and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver to be activated.

52. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver loses communication with the cellular telephone network, the state machine instructs the global positioning device receiver to be deactivated and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver is placed into a network search mode or in a standby mode.

53. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver has lost communication with the cellular telephone network, the state machine instructs that the emergency beacon be activated and transmitted on the short range wireless radio transmitter such that the personal monitoring communication device finder may be able to locate the personal monitoring communication device.

54. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is not in contact with the monitoring and communication control device, the state machine instructs the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver to be deactivated.

55. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the personal monitoring communication device is brought within a relatively close distance of the reference home location, the state machine instructs that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver be activated to establish contact with the monitoring and communication control device.

56. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the motion detection circuit determines that the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device is not in motion, the state machine instructs that the global positioning device receiver is deactivated.

57. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the motion detection circuit determines that the person is in motion, state machine instructs that the global positioning device receiver is activated.

58. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the battery sensing device indicates that the status of the battery has deteriorated to a first level, the state machine instructs the personal monitoring communication device to reduce the location reporting frequency to the monitoring and communication control device and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver and the global positioning device receiver be placed in a low-power standby mode for a longer period between the location reporting times.

59. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the battery sensing device indicates that the status of the battery has deteriorated to a second level, the battery state machine instructs that the personal monitoring communication device place the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver in the low-power standby mode and the global positioning device receiver be disabled.

60. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 49 wherein the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver is turned on when commanded through the cellular telephone network from the monitoring and communication control device.

61. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 32 further comprising a tamper detection circuit to determine whether the personal monitoring communication device is coupled to the person being monitored.

62. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 61 wherein the tamper detection circuit comprises:

a capacitive sensor that senses the presence of the person being monitored; and

a device-not-on-body reading circuit connected to the capacitive sensor to determine if the personal monitoring communication device is present such that when the personal monitoring communication device is not coupled to the person for a predetermined period of time an alert is triggered.

45. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 45 wherein the motion detection circuit comprises:

a gyroscope for generating a direction signal indicating a direction that the person is moving;

an three-axis accelerometer for generating signals indicating an acceleration vector indicating that the person is motion;

a motion computation circuit coupled to the gyroscope and the three-axis accelerometer to receive the direction signal and the acceleration vector signals and determines if the person is in motion, or if the person has been inactive for an extended period of time, or if the person has fallen.

46. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 45 wherein the gyroscope and the three-axis accelerometer measures motions to create displacement vectors that form a path that the personal monitoring and communication device has traveled.

47. The personal monitoring and communication device of claim 46 wherein averaging and low-pass filtering of the displacement data removes small scale changes and extracts large scale changes for location determination.

63. A personal monitoring communication device finder in communication with a personal monitoring communication device comprising:

a receiver for acquiring the emergency beacon frequency hopping signal transmitted by the personal monitoring communication device;

a slow frequency hopping sequence generator that provides a frequency sequence for the receiver that matches the slow frequency hopping rate to receive the emergency beacon frequency hopping signal;

a frequency shift keying demodulator extracting a long pseudorandom bit sequence from the acquired emergency beacon frequency hopping signal; and

a correlator in communication with the frequency shift keying demodulator to receive the extracted long pseudorandom bit sequence and a local version of the long pseudorandom bit sequence for determining a sampling absolute correlation value for the extracted long pseudorandom bit sequence and the local long pseudorandom bit sequence to determine an estimate of the distance of the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

64. The personal monitoring communication device finder of claim 63 wherein the personal monitoring communication device is coupled with a person being monitored wherein the personal monitoring communication device comprises:

a panic button which the person being monitored can activate in an emergency;

a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver in communication with the at least one monitoring and communication control device; and

an emergency beacon generator that is connected to the panic button which when pressed by a person being monitored activates the emergency beacon generator that generates the emergency beacon frequency hopping signal at a slow frequency hopping rate and including an arbitrarily long pseudorandom bit sequence to the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver for transmission.

65. The personal monitoring communication device finder of claim 64 wherein the long pseudorandom bit sequence comprises:

a bit repetition factor to maximize demodulation and detection by a receiver,

a maximum length that is determined by a minimum signal bandwidth dictated by regulatory requirements wherein a product of a bit period multiplied by the repetition factor and the length of the long pseudorandom bit sequence determines a dwell time that complies with the regulatory requirements.

66. The personal monitoring and communication device finder of claim 65 wherein the dwell time is 0.4 seconds.

67. The personal monitoring and communication device finder of claim 63 a wherein the distance is determined as a function of the personal monitoring communication device transmit power, a gain of the receiver of the personal monitoring communication device finder, and a propagation path loss model.

68. The personal monitoring and communication device finder of claim 67 further comprising at least one directional antenna for determining a direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

69. The personal monitoring and communication device finder of claim 68 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises a display for presenting the distance and direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

70. The personal monitoring and communication device finder of claim 68 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder further comprises a sound producing device for presenting an audible indication of the distance and direction from the personal monitoring communication device finder to the personal monitoring communication device transmitting the emergency beacon.

71. The personal monitoring and communication device finder of claim 68 wherein the personal monitoring communication device finder is incorporated in the monitoring and communication control device for determining the location of a personal monitoring communication device transmitting an emergency beacon.

72. A dead reckoning circuit incorporated within a personal monitoring and communication device for determining the position of the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device, the dead reckoning circuit comprising:

a gyroscope for determining a direction that the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device is moving;

a three-axis accelerometer for determining an acceleration vector when the person moves; and

integration unit in communication with the three axis accelerometer to receive the acceleration vector that double integrates the acceleration vector to determine a displacement from a reference location.

73. The dead reckoning circuit of claim 72 wherein the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver receives a signal from the monitoring and communication control device and from the signal the dead reckoning device establishes a reference location from at least one monitoring and communication control device.

74. The dead reckoning circuit of claim 72 wherein the dead reckoning circuit determines the reference location when a receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI) level for the signal received by the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver from the monitoring and communication control device exceeds a threshold hold level.

75. A motion detection circuit within a personal monitoring communication device for determining that the person to which the personal monitoring communication device is coupled is in motion has no been in motion for an extended period of time, or has fallen, comprising:

a gyroscope for generating a direction signal indicating a direction that the person is moving;

an three-axis accelerometer for generating signals indicating an acceleration vector indicating that the person is motion;

a motion computation circuit couple to the gyroscope and the three-axis accelerometer to receive the direction signal and the acceleration vector signals and determines if the person is in motion, or if the person has been inactive for an extended period of time, or if the person has fallen.

76. The motion detection circuit of claim 75 wherein the gyroscope and the three-axis accelerometer measures motions to create displacement vectors that form a path that the personal monitoring and communication system has traveled.

77. The motion detection circuit of claim 76 wherein averaging and low-pass filtering of the displacement data removes small scale changes and extracts large scale changes for location determination.

78. A battery power management circuit incorporated in on personal monitoring and communication device connected to a battery for minimizing power consumption to increase battery life of the battery powering the personal monitoring to communication device, wherein the battery power management circuit comprises:

a battery power sensing device for determining an amount of power remaining in the battery;

a function status monitor connected to a plurality of personal monitoring communication device circuits; and

a state machine in communication with the battery power sensing device and the function status monitor to determine which of the personal monitoring communication device circuits may be deactivated or functionally degraded to conserve energy within the battery.

79. The battery power management circuit of claim 78 wherein the personal monitoring communication device circuits comprise a global positioning device receiver, a cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver, and the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver and the motion detection circuit.

81. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is not in communication with a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver of the monitoring and communication control device the state machine instructs the global positioning device receiver and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver to be activated.

82. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver loses communication with the cellular telephone network, the state machine instructs the global positioning device receiver to be deactivated and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver is placed into a network search mode or in a standby mode.

83. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver has lost communication with the cellular telephone network, the state machine instructs that the emergency beacon be activated and transmitted on the short range wireless radio transmitter such that the personal monitoring communication device finder may be able to locate the personal monitoring communication device.

84. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is not in contact with the monitoring and communication control device, the state machine instructs the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver to be deactivated.

85. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the personal monitoring communication device is brought within a relatively close distance of the reference home location, the state machine instructs that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver be activated to establish contact with the monitoring and communication control device.

86. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the motion detection circuit determines that the person coupled to the personal monitoring communication device is not in motion, the state machine instructs that the global positioning device receiver is deactivated.

87. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the motion detection circuit determines that the person is in motion, state machine instructs that the global positioning device receiver is activated.

88. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the battery sensing device indicates that the status of the battery has deteriorated to a first level, the state machine instruct the personal monitoring communication device to reduce the location reporting frequency to the monitoring and communication control device and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver and the global positioning device receiver be placed in a low-power standby mode for a longer period between the location reporting times.

89. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the battery sensing device indicates that the status of the battery has deteriorated to a second level, the battery state machine instructs that the personal monitoring communication device place the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver in the low-power standby mode and the global positioning device receiver be disabled.

90. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 wherein the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver is turned on when commanded through the cellular telephone network from the monitoring and communication control device.

91. The battery power management circuit of claim 79 further comprising a tamper detection circuit to determine whether the personal monitoring communication device is coupled to the person being monitored.

80. The battery power management circuit of claim 80 wherein when the function status monitor determines that the short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver is in communication with a short range wireless radio transmitter/receiver of the monitoring and communication control device, the state machine instructs the global positioning device receiver and the cellular telephone radio transmitter/receiver to be deactivated.

92. A tamper detection circuit incorporated in a personal monitoring and communication device for detecting that person connected to the personal monitoring and communication device finder comprising:

a capacitive sensor that senses the presence of the person being monitored; and

a device-not-on-body reading circuit connected to the capacitive sensor to determine if the personal monitoring communication device is present such that when the personal monitoring communication device is not coupled to the person for a predetermined period of time an alert is triggered.