ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS
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Abstract
Described herein are substrates, sensors and systems related to measuring the concentration of an analyte such as hydrogen ion in a sample. Redox active moieties whose reduction and/or oxidation potentials are sensitive to the presence of an analyte are immobilized onto a surface of an electrode. Immobilized redox active moieties whose reduction and/or oxidation potential are insensitive to the analyte can be used for reference. Voltammetric measurements made using such modified surfaces can accurately determine the presence and/or concentrations of analytes in a sample of interest. The electrochemical sensors of the invention are robust and can be made so as not to require calibration or re-calibration.
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Citations
47 Claims
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1-27. -27. (canceled)
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28. A sensor, comprising:
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a solid state electrode comprising a non-metallic substrate having a surface having immobilized thereon a redox-active moiety, wherein the solid state electrode exhibits an oxidation potential and/or a reduction potential that is sensitive to the presence of an analyte at an accuracy of plus or minus about 10% or less when in use or storage for about ten hours or more, wherein the redox-active moiety is immobilized on the surface through a carbon covalent bond, and wherein the sensor is capable of measuring analyte concentration from about 10−
13 moles per liter to about 10−
2 moles per liter. - View Dependent Claims (29, 30, 31, 32, 33)
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34. A sensor, comprising:
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a first working electrode comprising a first non-metallic substrate having immobilized thereon a first redox-active moiety, wherein the first working electrode exhibits an oxidation potential and/or a reduction potential that is sensitive to the presence of an analyte; and a second working electrode comprising a second non-metallic substrate having immobilized thereon a second redox-active moiety, wherein the second working electrode exhibits an oxidation potential and/or reduction potential that is insensitive to the presence of the analyte, wherein the first or second non-metallic substrate has a resistivity of about 0.001 ohm-centimeters or more. - View Dependent Claims (35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)
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43. A sensor, comprising:
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a solid state electrode comprising a non-metallic substrate having a surface having immobilized thereon a redox-active moiety, wherein the solid state electrode exhibits an oxidation potential and/or a reduction potential that is sensitive to the presence of an analyte; and a microprocessor programmed to measure the concentration of the analyte in a concentration range from about 10−
13 moles per liter to about 10−
2 moles per liter without calibration or re-calibration when in use or storage for about ten hours or more. - View Dependent Claims (44, 45, 46, 47)
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Specification