DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR SWITCH-MODE DC-DC CONVERTERS AND METHOD

• US 20140117955A1
• Filed: 10/30/2013
• Published: 05/01/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 11/01/2012
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Stellamar LLC
• Original Assignee: Stellamar LLC
• Inventors: Zoso, Luciano, Chin, Allan P.
• Granted Patent: US 9,281,745 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 323/271
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/0012 Control circuits using digital or numerical techniques in DC/DC converters H02M3/157, H02M3/33515; in DC-AC converters H02M7/53873
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/157 with digital control

Abstract

A fully digital synthesizable digital controller (152,152a) controls a switch-mode DC-DC converter (150,230,240,250,260) having switching elements (154) and an LC circuit (156,157) for producing an output voltage (160) that is maintained at a desired level regardless of load changes that can occur on the output. The digital controller (152,152a) comprises an input stage (164), proportional-integral-derivative (PID) compensator (170), and a digital sigma-delta modulator (172). The input stage (164) produces a difference signal between a reference voltage Vref and a feedback voltage Vfbk, and comprises (i) first and second delta-sigma-delta modulators (178,180) and a subtractor (182), (ii) a delta-sigma-delta modulator (180) and a subtractor (182); or (iii) a comparator (218). The PID compensator (170) processes the difference signal to compensate for an undesired phase shift and to stabilize the feedback loop. The digital sigma-delta modulator (172) generates a switching element control signal for controlling at least one of the switching elements.

Claims

1. A digital controller for a switch-mode DC-DC converter, the DC-DC converter having at least two switching elements and an LC circuit for producing an output voltage on an output of the DC-DC converter that is maintained at a desired level regardless of load changes that can occur on the output, the digital controller comprising:

an input stage configured to produce a difference signal between a reference voltage (V_ref) and a feedback voltage (V_fbk) in a feedback loop of the DC-DC converter representative of the output voltage, wherein the input stage comprises one selected from the group consisting of (i) first and second delta-sigma-delta modulators and a subtractor, (ii) a delta-sigma-delta modulator and a subtractor, and (iii) a comparator;

a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) compensator configured to process the difference signal to stabilize the feedback loop by compensating for an undesired phase shift introduced in the DC-DC converter output voltage by the LC circuit for large variations on a load on the output of the DC-DC converter, the load variations ranging from no load to just more than zero ohms, the PID compensator having an output for outputting a processed difference signal; and

a digital sigma-delta modulator coupled to the PID compensator output configured to (i) generate at least one switching element control signal in response to the processed difference signal and (ii) output the at least one switching element control signal to a control input of at least one of the at least two switching elements for controlling a respective switching element of the DC-DC converter.

2. The digital controller of claim 1, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the digital controller further comprising:

a pulse generator coupled between the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator and a respective control input of the first and second switching elements, wherein responsive to the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator, the pulse generator is configured to generate the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

3. The digital controller of claim 1, wherein the digital controller is configured to control a switch-mode DC-DC converter that comprises one selected from the group consisting of a buck, boost, buck-boost, and cuk DC-DC converter.

4. The digital controller of claim 1, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises an analog reference voltage signal and the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises first and second delta-sigma-delta modulators and a subtractor,

the first delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator input configured to receive the analog reference voltage signal, and a modulator output configured to supply a digital signal, wherein the digital signal comprises a digital representation of the analog reference input signal,

the second delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator input configured to receive the analog feedback voltage signal, and a modulator output configured to supply a digital signal, wherein the digital signal comprises a digital representation of an analog output signal of the LC circuit, and

the subtractor having a first input for receiving the digital representation of the analog reference input signal and a second input for receiving the digital representation of the analog output signal of the LC circuit, wherein the subtractor is configured to generate and output the difference signal on a subtractor output in response to the first and second inputs.

5. The digital controller of claim 4, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the digital controller further comprising:

a pulse generator coupled between the output of the sigma-delta modulator and a respective control input of the first and second switching elements, wherein responsive to the output of the sigma-delta modulator, the pulse generator is configured to generate the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

6. The digital controller of claim 1, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises a digital reference voltage signal and wherein the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises a delta-sigma-delta modulator and a subtractor,

the delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator input configured to receive the analog feedback voltage signal, and a modulator output configured to supply a digital signal, wherein the digital signal comprises a digital representation of an analog output signal of the LC circuit, and

the subtractor having a first input for receiving the digital reference voltage signal and a second input for receiving the digital representation of the analog output signal of the LC circuit, wherein the subtractor is configured to generate and output the difference signal on a subtractor output in response to the first and second inputs.

7. The digital controller of claim 6, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the digital controller further comprising:

a pulse generator coupled between the output of the sigma-delta modulator and a respective control input of the first and second switching elements, wherein responsive to the output of the sigma-delta modulator, the pulse generator is configured to generate the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

8. The digital controller of claim 1, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises an analog reference voltage signal and wherein the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises a comparator with first and second inputs, the first input configured to receive the analog reference voltage signal, the second input configured to receive the analog feedback voltage signal, the comparator further having an output for outputting a digital signal in response to a comparison of the first and second inputs, the digital signal corresponding to a 1-bit representation of the difference signal for processing by the PID compensator.

9. The digital controller of claim 8, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the digital controller further comprising:

a pulse generator coupled between the output of the sigma-delta modulator and a respective control input of the first and second switching elements, wherein responsive to the output of the sigma-delta modulator, the pulse generator is configured to generate the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

10. The digital controller of claim 1, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises an analog reference voltage signal and wherein the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises a comparator with first and second inputs, a flip-flop, and a multiplexer,

wherein the first input is configured to receive the analog reference voltage signal, and the second input is configured to receive the analog feedback voltage signal, the comparator further having an output for outputting a comparator output signal that is produced by the comparator in response to the first and second inputs,

wherein the flip-flop has an input for receiving the comparator output signal, the flip-flop further having an output for outputting a sampled signal that is generated by the flip-flop in response to the received comparator output signal, and

wherein the multiplexer is configured to multiplex, in response to the sampled signal, quantization values on an output of the multiplexer, wherein multiplexing the quantization values converts the sampled signal which corresponds to an unsigned signal of 0'"'"'s and 1'"'"'s into a two'"'"'s complement signal, wherein the two'"'"'s complement signal comprises the difference signal for processing by the PID compensator.

11. The digital controller of claim 1, wherein the PID compensator includes a transfer function having first and second real zeros configured to stabilize the feedback loop regardless of load variations that can occur on the DC-DC converter output, the first real zero being located before a resonant frequency of the LC circuit and the second real zero being located after the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

12. A method of digitally controlling a switch-mode DC-DC converter, the DC-DC converter having at least two switching elements and an LC circuit for producing an output voltage on an output of the DC-DC converter that is maintained at a desired level regardless of load changes that can occur on the output, the method comprising:

producing, via an input stage, a difference signal between a reference voltage (V_ref) and a feedback voltage (V_fbk) in a feedback loop of the DC-DC converter representative of the output voltage, wherein producing the difference signal via the input stage comprises producing the difference signal via one selected from the group consisting of (i) first and second delta-sigma-delta modulators and a subtractor, (ii) a delta-sigma-delta modulator and a subtractor; and

(iii) a comparator;

processing, via a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) compensator, the difference signal to stabilize the feedback loop by compensating for an undesired phase shift introduced in the DC-DC converter output voltage by the LC circuit circuit for large variations on a load on the output of the DC-DC converter, the load variations ranging from no load to just more than zero ohms, wherein processing further comprises outputting, via an output of the PID compensator, a processed difference signal; and

generating, via a digital sigma-delta modulator coupled to the PID compensator output, at least one switching element control signal in response to the processed difference signal, wherein generating further comprises outputting, via an output of the digital sigma-delta modulator, the at least one switching element control signal to at least one of the at least two switching elements for controlling a respective switching element of the DC-DC converter.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the method further comprising:

generating, via a pulse generator coupled between the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator and the first and second switching elements, the first and second control signals in response to the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator, the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the switch-mode DC-DC converter comprises one selected from the group consisting of a buck, boost, buck-boost, and cuk DC-DC converter.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises an analog reference voltage signal and wherein the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises first and second delta-sigma-delta modulators and a subtractor, wherein producing the difference signal comprises

receiving, via the first delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator input, the analog reference voltage signal, and supplying, via the first delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator output, a digital signal, wherein the digital signal comprises a digital representation of the analog reference input signal,

receiving, via the second delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator input, the analog feedback voltage signal, and supplying, via the second delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator output, a digital signal, wherein the digital signal comprises a digital representation of an analog output signal of the LC circuit, and

receiving, via the subtractor having a first input and a second input, the digital representation of the analog reference input signal and the digital representation of the analog output signal of the LC circuit, and generating the difference signal, via the subtractor, in response to the first and second inputs.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the method further comprising:

generating, via a pulse generator coupled between the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator and the first and second switching elements, the first and second control signals in response to the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator, the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises a digital reference voltage signal and wherein the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises a delta-sigma-delta modulators and a subtractor, wherein producing the difference signal comprises

receiving, via the delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator input, the analog feedback voltage signal, and supplying, via the delta-sigma-delta modulator having a modulator output, a digital signal, wherein the digital signal comprises a digital representation of an analog output signal of the LC circuit, and

receiving, via the subtractor having a first input and a second input, the digital reference voltage signal and the digital representation of the analog output signal of the LC circuit, and generating the difference signal, via the subtractor, in response to the first and second inputs.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the method further comprising:

generating, via a pulse generator coupled between the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator and the first and second switching elements, the first and second control signals in response to the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator, the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

19. The method of claim 12, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises an analog reference voltage signal and wherein the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises a comparator with first and second inputs, wherein producing the difference signal comprises

receiving, via the first and second inputs of the comparator, the analog reference voltage signal and the analog feedback voltage signal, and producing, via the comparator, a digital signal in response to the first and second inputs, the digital signal corresponding to a 1-bit representation of the difference signal for processing by the PID compensator.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, the method further comprising:

generating, via a pulse generator coupled between the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator and a respective control input of the first and second switching elements, first and second control signals in response to the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator, the first and second synchronized control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.

21. The method of claim 12, wherein the reference voltage (V_ref) comprises an analog reference voltage signal and wherein the feedback voltage (V_fbk) comprises an analog feedback voltage signal, further wherein the input stage comprises a comparator with first and second inputs, a flip-flop, and a multiplexer, wherein producing the difference signal comprises

receiving, via the first and second inputs of the comparator, the analog reference voltage signal and the analog feedback voltage signal, and producing, via the comparator, a comparator output signal in response to the first and second inputs,

receiving, via an input of the flip-flop, the comparator output signal, and generating, via the flip-flop, a sampled signal in response to the received comparator output signal, and

multiplexing, via the multiplexer, in response to the sampled signal, quantization values on an output of the multiplexer, wherein multiplexing the quantization values converts the sampled signal which corresponds to an unsigned signal of 0'"'"'s and 1'"'"'s into a two'"'"'s complement signal, wherein the two'"'"'s complement signal comprises the difference signal for processing by the PID compensator.

22. The method of claim 12, wherein processing, via the PID compensator, comprises processing via a PID compensator that includes a transfer function having first and second real zeros configured to stabilize the feedback loop regardless of load variations that can occur on the DC-DC converter output, the first real zero being located before a resonant frequency of the LC circuit and the second real zero being located after the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

23. A switch-mode DC-DC converter comprising:

at least two switching elements, wherein at least one of the at least two switching elements is configured to switch in response to a switching element control signal;

an LC circuit coupled to the at least two switching elements for producing an output voltage on an output of the DC-DC converter in response to switching of the at least two switching elements; and

a digital controller, wherein the digital controller comprises;

(a) an input stage for producing a difference signal between a reference voltage (V_ref) and a feedback voltage (V_fbk) in a feedback loop of the DC-DC converter representative of the output voltage, wherein the input stage comprises one selected from the group consisting of (i) first and second delta-sigma-delta modulators and a subtractor, (ii) a delta-sigma-delta modulator and a subtractor, and (iii) a comparator;

(b) a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) compensator for processing the difference signal to stabilize the feedback loop by compensating for an undesired phase shift introduced in the DC-DC converter output voltage by the LC circuit for large variations on a load on the output of the DC-DC converter, the load variations ranging from no load to just more than zero ohms, the PID compensator having an output for outputting a processed difference signal; and

(c) a digital sigma-delta modulator coupled to the PID compensator output for (i) generating at least one switching element control signal in response to the processed difference signal and (ii) outputting the at least one switching element control signal to a control input of the at least one of the at least two switching elements for controlling a respective switching element of the DC-DC converter.

24. The switch-mode DC-DC converter of claim 23, further comprising one selected from the group consisting of a buck, boost, buck-boost, and cuk DC-DC converter.

25. The switch-mode DC-DC converter of claim 23, wherein the at least two switching elements comprise first and second switching elements controllable via first and second control signals, respectively, wherein the digital controller further comprises:

(d) a pulse generator coupled between the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator and a respective control input of the first and second switching elements, wherein responsive to the output of the digital sigma-delta modulator, the pulse generator is configured to generate the first and second control signals for controlling the first and second switching elements, respectively, of the DC-DC converter.