METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR USING DEMAND SIDE RESOURCES TO PROVIDE FREQUENCY REGULATION USING A DYNAMIC ALLOCATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

• US 20140214227A1
• Filed: 03/27/2014
• Published: 07/31/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 12/07/2012
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Battelle Memorial Institute
• Original Assignee: Battelle Memorial Institute
• Inventors: Thornton, Douglas, Rehberg, Eric, Adams, Lauren
• Granted Patent: US 9,537,313 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 700/295
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 15/02 electric
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00004 characterised by the power network being locally controlled
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00007 using the power network as support for the transmission
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00016 using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00024 by means of mobile telephony
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00026 involving a local wireless network, e.g. Wi-Fi, ZigBee or Bluetooth
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/12 The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/58 The condition being electrical
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/00 Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/14 by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 4/00 Circuit arrangements for mains or distribution networks not specified as ac or dc
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00036 Charger exchanging data with battery
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/02 for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 9/062 for AC powered loads
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/3225 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 90/20 Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector smart grids supporting the management or operation of end-user stationary applications in general, or like technologies with no associated climate change mitigation effect Y04S20/00
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/12 Energy storage units, uninterruptible power supply [UPS] systems or standby or emergency generators, e.g. in the last power distribution stages
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/222 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/121 using the power network as support for the transmission
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/124 using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/126 : using wireless data transmission

Abstract

Dispatch engines service endpoints by transmitting dispatch signals to the serviced endpoints that cause the endpoints to adjust their electric power consumption from the electric power grid in accord with a control signal received by the dispatch engine. A market interface dispatch engine receives its control signal from an electric power grid managing entity, and downstream dispatch engines form a hierarchy cascading downstream from the market interface dispatch engine with each downstream dispatch engine being an endpoint serviced by a dispatch engine located upstream in the hierarchy. The control signal received by each downstream dispatch engine comprises dispatch signals transmitted by the upstream dispatch engine. The endpoints further include electric power-consuming loads. A suitable load controller comprises separate power interface and logic elements operatively connected to define the load controller, with the logic element powered by low voltage DC power received from the power interface element.

Claims

1. A system operative in conjunction with an electric power grid managed by an electric power grid managing entity, the system comprising:

a plurality of dispatch engines comprising electronic data processing devices, each dispatch engine configured to service endpoints operatively connected with the dispatch engine by transmitting dispatch signals to the serviced endpoints that cause the serviced endpoints to adjust electric power consumed by the endpoints from the electric power grid in accord with a control signal received by the dispatch engine;

wherein the plurality of dispatch engines includes;

a market interface dispatch engine operatively connected to receive its control signal from the electric power grid managing entity, and

second level dispatch engines operatively connected to receive their control signals from the market interface dispatch engine wherein their control signals comprise dispatch signals transmitted from the market interface dispatch engine to the second level dispatch engines and wherein the second level dispatch engines are configured to service endpoints comprising electric power-consuming loads that consume electric power from the electric power grid.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein each dispatch engine is configured to service the endpoints operatively connected with the dispatch engine by operations including:

at the dispatch engine, receiving endpoint state information from the serviced endpoints that is indicative of energy stored at the serviced endpoints;

at the dispatch engine, computing dispatch signals based on the endpoint state information and the control signal received by the dispatch engine; and

transmitting the computed dispatch signals to the serviced endpoints to cause the serviced endpoints to adjust electric power consumed by the endpoints from the electric power grid in accord with the control signal received by the dispatch engine.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein each dispatch engine is configured to service the endpoints operatively connected with the dispatch engine by operations further including:

at the dispatch engine, constructing a power consumption schedule for the serviced endpoints based on the received endpoint state information, the dispatch signals being computed at the dispatch engine based on the power consumption schedule and the control signal received by the dispatch engine.

4. The system of claim 3 wherein the power consumption schedule for the serviced endpoints is constructed further based on a capacity of each endpoint and a maximum rate of change of each endpoint wherein the capacity is the maximum power the endpoint can consume from the electric grid and the maximum rate of change is the maximum rate of change in power consumed by the endpoint from the electric grid.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of dispatch engines further includes:

at least one further downstream dispatch engine operatively connected to receive its control signal from one of the second level dispatch engines comprising a dispatch signal transmitted from the second level dispatch engine to the further downstream dispatch engine;

wherein the at least one further downstream dispatch engine is configured to service endpoints comprising electric power-consuming loads that consume electric power from the electric power grid.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the second level dispatch engines are configured to service endpoints further comprising sources that supply electric power to the electric power grid wherein the sources consume negative electric power from the electric grid corresponding to supplying electric power to the electric grid.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein the market interface dispatch engine is configured to service endpoints comprising (1) the second level dispatch engines and (2) electric power-consuming loads that consume electric power from the electric power grid.

8. The system of claim 7 wherein the market interface dispatch engine:

updates dispatch signals to the electric power-consuming loads at an advising rate and

updates dispatch signals to the second level dispatch engines at a rate that is at least twice the advising rate at which the market interface dispatch engine updates dispatch signals to the electric power-consuming loads.

9. The system of claim 1 further comprising:

load controllers disposed with the electric power-consuming loads, the load controller disposed with each electric power-consuming load configured to control electric power consumption by the electric power-consuming load in accord with dispatch signals transmitted to the electric power-consuming load by the dispatch engine servicing the electric power-consuming load.

10. The system of claim 9 wherein each load controller comprises:

a power interface element comprising electric power circuitry configured to conduct AC electric power capable of powering the electric power-consuming load and further containing an AC/DC converter generating low voltage DC power; and

a logic element comprising an electronic data processing device configured to receive the dispatch signals transmitted by the dispatch engine servicing the electric power-consuming load, the logic element not containing electric power circuitry configured to conduct AC electric power capable of powering the electric power-consuming load;

wherein the logic element and the power interface element are separate units that are operatively connected to define the load controller, and the logic element is powered by the low voltage DC power generated by the AC/DC converter of the power interface element.

11. The system of claim 1 wherein the second level dispatch engines are configured to service electric power-consuming loads including a water heater configured to heat water in a hot water tank using electric power consumed by the water heater from the electric power grid.

12. The system of claim 1 wherein the second level dispatch engines are distributed geographically over a plurality of geographical locations.

13. A system operative in conjunction with an electric power grid managed by an electric power grid managing entity, the system comprising:

a plurality of dispatch engines comprising electronic data processing devices, each dispatch engine configured to service endpoints operatively connected with the dispatch engine by transmitting dispatch signals to the serviced endpoints that cause the serviced endpoints to adjust electric power consumed by the endpoints from the electric power grid in accord with a control signal received by the dispatch engine, the plurality of dispatch engines including;

a market interface dispatch engine operatively connected to receive its control signal from the electric power grid managing entity; and

downstream dispatch engines forming a hierarchy cascading downstream from the market interface dispatch engine with each downstream dispatch engine being an endpoint serviced by a dispatch engine located upstream in the hierarchy and wherein the control signal received by each downstream dispatch engine comprises dispatch signals transmitted by the dispatch engine located upstream in the hierarchy;

wherein the endpoints serviced by the plurality of dispatch engines further include electric power-consuming loads that consume electric power from the electric power grid.

14. The system of claim 13 wherein the hierarchy has D=2 where cascade depth D is the longest path of cascaded dispatch engines, including the market interface dispatch engine, in the hierarchy.

15. The system of claim 13 wherein the hierarchy has D=3 where cascade depth D is the longest path of cascaded dispatch engines, including the market interface dispatch engine, in the hierarchy.

16. The system of claim 13 wherein:

the hierarchy has a cascade depth D which is the longest path of cascaded dispatch engines, including the market interface dispatch engine, in the hierarchy,

dispatch signals to the electric power-consuming loads are updated at an advising rate, and

dispatch signals to downstream dispatch engines are updated at a rate that is at least D times the advising rate at which the dispatch signals to the electric power-consuming loads are updated.

17. The system of claim 13 wherein each dispatch engine is configured to service the endpoints operatively connected with the dispatch engine by operations including:

at the dispatch engine, receiving state information from the serviced endpoints that is indicative of energy stored at the serviced endpoints;

at the dispatch engine, computing dispatch signals based on the received control signal and the state information received from the serviced endpoints; and

transmitting the computed dispatch signals to the serviced endpoints.

18. The system of claim 17 wherein the dispatch signals are computed further based on a capacity of each endpoint and a maximum rate of change of each endpoint wherein the capacity is the maximum power the endpoint can consume from the electric grid and the maximum rate of change is the maximum rate of change in power consumed by the endpoint from the electric grid.

19. The system of claim 13 wherein the endpoints serviced by the plurality of dispatch engines further include sources that supply electric power to the electric power grid wherein the sources consume negative electric power from the electric grid corresponding to supplying electric power to the electric grid.

20. The system of claim 13 wherein the downstream dispatch engines are distributed over a plurality of geographical locations.

21. The system of claim 13 further comprising:

load controllers disposed with the electric power-consuming loads, the load controller disposed with each electric power-consuming load configured to control electric power consumption by the electric power-consuming load in accord with dispatch signals transmitted by the dispatch engine servicing the electric power-consuming load, wherein each load controller comprises;

a power interface element comprising electric power circuitry configured to conduct AC electric power capable of powering the electric power-consuming load; and

a logic element comprising an electronic data processing device configured to receive the dispatch signals transmitted by the dispatch engine servicing the electric power-consuming load, the logic element not containing electric power circuitry configured to conduct AC electric power capable of powering the electric power-consuming load;

wherein the logic element and the power interface element are separate units that are operatively connected to define the load controller with the logic element powered by low voltage DC power received from the power interface element.

22. A hierarchical system comprising:

a hierarchy of systems wherein each system includes;

an aggregation of energy consuming loads wherein each energy consuming load of the aggregation includes electronics configured to generate a bid comprising a state indicating urgency and a consumption power value;

an aggregate dispatch controller comprising a computer configured to receive the bids of the energy consuming loads of the aggregation and to compute an initial dispatch signal for a next time interval and to transmit the initial dispatch signal to the energy consuming loads of the aggregation;

wherein the electronics of each energy consuming load of the aggregation further decides whether to operate the energy consuming load over the next time interval at the bid consumption power value based on comparison of its bid state with the initial dispatch signal; and

wherein the aggregate dispatch controller is further configured to update the dispatch signal over the next time interval based on information acquired over the next time interval and to transmit the updated dispatch signal to the energy consuming loads of the aggregation, the electronics of each energy consuming load of the aggregation updating the decision to operate the energy consuming load over the next time interval at the bid consumption power value as a function of time based on comparison of the updated dispatch signal with its bid state;

wherein the aggregate dispatch controller of each lower-level system in the hierarchy of systems is an effective energy consuming load in the system above it in the hierarchy.

23. An apparatus comprising:

a load controller configured to control electric power consumption by an electric power-consuming load in accord with a dispatch signal received by the load controller, the load controller including;

a power interface element comprising electric power circuitry configured to conduct AC electric power capable of powering the electric power-consuming load; and

a logic element comprising an electronic data processing device configured to receive a dispatch signal and to control power delivered to the electric power-consuming load by the power interface element based on the received dispatch signal, the logic element not containing electric power circuitry configured to conduct AC electric power capable of powering the electric power-consuming load;

wherein the logic element and the power interface element are separate units that are operatively connected to define the load controller with the logic element powered by low voltage DC power received from the power interface element.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the power interface element includes an AC/DC converter configured to generate the low voltage DC power from AC electric power capable of powering the electric power-consuming load.

25. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the logic element is further configured to generate a value for a state parameter that is indicative of energy stored at the electric power-consuming load.

26. The apparatus of claim 23 further comprising said electric power-consuming load including:

a hot water tank; and

a water heater configured to heat water in the hot water tank;

wherein the load controller is operatively connected with the water heater to control power delivered to the water heater based on the received dispatch signal.

27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the logic element is further configured to generate a value for a state parameter that is indicative of thermal energy stored in the hot water tank based on one or more measurements of water temperature.