APPARATUS AND METHOD CONTROLLING SEQUENCINGS FOR MULTIPLE ELECTROLYTE STORAGE TANKS IN A REDUCTION-OXIDATION FLOW BATTERY

• US 20140320061A1
• Filed: 04/30/2014
• Published: 10/30/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 04/30/2013
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Ashlawn Energy, LLC
• Original Assignee: Ashlawn Energy, LLC
• Inventors: DANIEL, Maurice
• Application Number:
  US14/265,908
• Publication Number:
  US 20140320061A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 320/103
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04373 of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformers, compressors, burners
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04477 of the electrolyte
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04738 of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformer, compressor, burner
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0482 of the electrolyte
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/188 by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

A flow battery system and method are provided. The flow battery system includes first and second storage tanks initially respectively storing first and second electrolyte and a battery stack that includes a half-cell configured to charge and/or discharge a positive or negative liquid electrolyte provided from the first and second storage tanks. Electrolytes returned from the battery stack are returned with a higher SOC when the selected mode indicates a charging mode and electrolytes are returned from the battery stack with a lower SOC when the selected mode indicates a discharging mode. The flow battery system and method control a defined sequence for a selected mode of one of charging or discharging of the first and second electrolytes to charge or discharge the first electrolyte before charging or discharging the second electrolyte, based on the selected mode.

Claims

1. A flow battery system comprising:

a first battery stack including a first half-cell configured to charge and/or discharge a positive or negative liquid electrolyte;

a first feed system to provide electrolyte to the first battery stack, including at least a first storage tank initially storing a first electrolyte having a first state of charge (SOC) and a second storage tank initially storing a second electrolyte having a second SOC;

a first return system to return one of the positive electrolyte or negative liquid electrolyte from the first half-cell of the first battery stack to one of the first storage tank and the second storage tank with a higher SOC during a charging of the first or second electrolytes and with a lower SOC during a discharging of the first or second electrolytes; and

a controller to control a defined sequence for a selected mode of one of charging or discharging of the first and second electrolytes, so as to accordingly charge or discharge the first electrolyte before charging or discharging the second electrolyte based on the selected mode.

2. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the first feed system includes a third storage tank that does not store electrolyte at least once during the charging or discharging of the flow battery system.

3. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the controller controls the sequence so as to control the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, after being returned from the first battery stack to the first storage tank, so as to mix charged first electrolytes existing in the first storage tank with differently charged first electrolytes returned to the first storage tank from the first battery stack.

4. The flow battery system of claim 3, wherein the controller controls the sequence so that the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte are each provided to the first battery stack with differing flow rates that respectively depend on a determined SOC level of the first SOC and determined SOC level of the second SOC, with a fully charged status of a charged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the charged electrolyte meets a determined high SOC level and a fully discharged status of a discharged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the discharged electrolyte meets a determined low SOC level.

5. The flow battery system of claim 4, wherein the determined high SOC level is about 80% SOC and the determined low SOC level is about 20% SOC.

6. The flow battery system of claim 4, wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level are respectively controlled to change based on a determined number of passes of a full volume of the first or second storage tanks required to transit through the first battery stack to increase the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined high SOC level or to decrease the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined low SOC level.

7. The flow battery system of claim 4, wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level are respectively controlled to change based on a determined amount of osmotic water transfer between the first half-cell and another half-cell and/or determined temperature of the first electrolyte and/or the second electrolyte.

8. The flow battery system of claim 4, wherein the controller controls a first point in time to implement the sequence for controlling the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, to be different from a second point in time when an other sequence is implemented controlling a first other electrolyte from a first other storage tank in a second flow battery string, different from a first flow battery string that includes at least the first battery stack and the first feed system and the first return system, to be charged or discharged according to the selected mode, so that full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes from differing storage tanks in the first flow battery string occur at different times than full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes from differing storage tanks in the second flow battery string.

9. The flow battery system of claim 8, wherein the controller controls the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from differing flow rates for the second flow battery string implementing the other sequence.

10. The flow battery system of claim 9, wherein the controller controls the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from the differing flow rates for the second flow battery string so that each full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the first flow battery string occur at different times than each of full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the second flow battery string, except when both of all electrolytes in the first flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged and all electrolytes in the second flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged, based on the selected mode, so scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the first flow battery string is scheduled to occur at a same time as a scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the second flow battery string.

11. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the controller controls the sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the first electrolyte between the first storage tank and an empty tank to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the second electrolyte between the second storage tank and the first storage tank, so that the first electrolyte from the first storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is returned to the empty tank and the second electrolyte from the second storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is returned to the first storage tank.

12. The flow battery system of claim 11, wherein the controller controls the sequence so that when the charging or the discharging of the first electrolyte is complete the empty tank becomes full with the first electrolyte after having been fully charged or discharged by the first battery stack and then the second electrolyte stored in the second storage tank is charged or discharged by providing the second electrolyte from the second storage tank to the first battery stack and returned to the first storage tank after having been fully charged or discharged by the first battery stack until the second storage tank is empty and the first storage tank is full of the fully charged or discharged second electrolyte.

13. The flow battery system of claim 11, wherein the controller controls the sequence so that the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte are each provided to the first battery stack with differing flow rates that respectively depend on a determined SOC level of the first SOC and determined SOC level of the second SOC, with a fully charged status of a charged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the charged electrolyte meets a determined high SOC level and a fully discharged status of a discharged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the discharged electrolyte meets a determined low SOC level.

14. The flow battery system of claim 13, wherein the determined high SOC level is about 80% SOC and the determined low SOC level is about 20% SOC.

15. The flow battery system of claim 13, wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level are respectively controlled to change based on a determined number of passes of a full volume of the first or second storage tanks required to transit through the first battery stack to increase the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined high SOC level or to decrease the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined low SOC level.

16. The flow battery system of claim 13, wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level are respectively controlled to change based on a determined amount of osmotic water transfer between the first half-cell and another half-cell and/or determined temperature of the first electrolyte and/or the second electrolyte.

17. The flow battery system of claim 13, wherein the controller controls a first point in time to implement the sequence for controlling the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, to be different from a second point in time when an other sequence is implemented controlling a first other electrolyte from a first other storage tank in a second flow battery string, different from a first flow battery string that includes at least the first battery stack and the first feed system and the first return system, to be charged or discharged according to the selected mode, so that full charging or full discharging respective electrolytes from differing storage tanks in the first flow battery string occur at different times than full charging or full discharging of respective electrolyte from differing storage tanks in the second flow battery string.

18. The flow battery system of claim 17, wherein the controller controls the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from differing flow rates for the second flow battery string implementing the other sequence.

19. The flow battery system of claim 18, wherein the controller controls the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from the differing flow rates for the second flow battery string so that each full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the first flow battery string are scheduled to occur at different times than each of full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the second flow battery string, except when both of all electrolytes in the first flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged and all electrolytes in the second flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged, based on the selected mode, so scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the first flow battery string is scheduled to occur at a same time as a scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the second flow battery string.

20. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the controller controls the sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the first electrolyte between the first storage tank and an empty tank to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the second electrolyte between the second storage tank and the empty tank, so that the first electrolyte from the first storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is initially returned to the empty tank and ultimately returned back to the first storage tank and the second electrolyte from the second storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is subsequently initially returned to the empty tank and ultimately returned back to the second storage tank.

21. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the first battery stack including the first half cell, first feed system, and first return system are all parts of a first flow battery string of the flow battery system that performs a first charging or first discharging, and the flow battery system further comprises a separate and distinct second flow battery string including:

a second battery stack including a second half-cell configured to charge and/or discharge the positive and negative liquid electrolyte;

a second feed system to provide electrolyte to the first battery stack, including at least a third storage tank storing third electrolyte having a third state of charge (SOC) and a fourth storage tank storing fourth electrolyte having a fourth SOC; and

a second return system to return one of the positive electrolyte or negative liquid electrolyte from the second half-cell of the second battery stack to one of the third storage tank and the fourth storage tank with a higher SOC during a charging of the third or fourth electrolytes and with a lower SOC during a discharging of the third or fourth electrolytes,

wherein the controller controls a defined other sequence for accordingly charging or discharging the third electrolyte before charging or discharging the fourth electrolyte, based on the selected mode.

22. The flow battery system of claim 21, wherein the controller controls the sequence so that the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte are each provided to the first battery stack with differing flow rates that respectively depend on a determined SOC level of the first SOC and determined SOC level of the second SOC and the controller controls the other sequence so that the third electrolyte and the fourth electrolyte are each provided to the second battery stack with differing flow rates that respectively depend on a determined SOC level of the third SOC and determined SOC level of the fourth SOC, with a fully charged status of a charged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the charged electrolyte meets a determined high SOC level and a fully discharged status of a discharged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the discharged electrolyte meets a determined low SOC level.

23. The flow battery system of claim 22, wherein the determined high SOC level is about 80% SOC and the determined low SOC level is about 20% SOC.

24. The flow battery system of claim 22, wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level respectively are controlled to change for the first flow battery string based on a determined number of passes of a full volume of the first or second storage tanks required to transit through the first battery stack to increase the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined high SOC level or required to transit through the first battery stack to decrease the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined low SOC level, and wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level respectively are controlled to change for the second flow battery string based on a determined number of passes of a full volume of the third or fourth storage tanks required to transit through the second battery stack to increase the respective third SOC or fourth SOC to the determined high SOC level or required to transit through the second battery stack to decrease the respective third SOC or fourth SOC to the determined low SOC level.

25. The flow battery system of claim 22, wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the low SOC level for the first flow battery string are respectively controlled to change based on a determined amount of osmotic water transfer between the first half-cell and another half-cell of the first flow battery string and/or determined temperature of the first electrolyte and/or the second electrolyte, and wherein the determined high SOC level and/or the low SOC level for the second flow battery string are respectively controlled to change based on a determined amount of osmotic water transfer between the second half-cell and another half-cell of the second flow battery string and/or determined temperature of the third electrolyte and/or the fourth electrolyte.

26. The flow battery system of claim 22, wherein the controller controls a first point in time to implement the sequence for controlling the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, to be different from a second point in time when the other sequence is implemented controlling the third electrolyte from the third storage tank, so that full charging or full discharging of differing electrolytes in the first flow battery string occur at different times than full charging or full discharging of differing electrolytes in the second flow battery string.

27. The flow battery system of claim 26, wherein the controller controls the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from differing flow rates for the second flow battery string implementing the other sequence.

28. The flow battery system of claim 27, wherein the controller controls the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from the differing flow rates for the second flow battery string so that each full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the first flow battery string are scheduled to occur at different times than each of full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the second flow battery string, except when both of all electrolytes in the first flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged and all electrolytes in the second flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged, based on the selected mode, so scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the first flow battery string is scheduled to occur at a same time as a scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the second flow battery string.

29. The flow battery system of claim 21, wherein the controller controls the sequence so as to control the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, after being returned from the first battery stack to the first storage tank, so as to mix charged first electrolytes existing in the first storage tank with differently charged first electrolytes returned to the first storage tank from the first battery stack, and the controller controls the other sequence so as to control the third electrolyte from the third storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, after being returned from the second battery stack to the third storage tank, so as to mix charged third electrolytes existing in the third storage tank with differently charged third electrolytes returned to the third storage tank from the second battery stack.

30. The flow battery system of claim 21, wherein the controller controls the sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the first electrolyte between the first storage tank and an empty tank of the first flow battery string to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the second electrolyte between the second storage tank and the first storage tank, so that the first electrolyte from the first storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is returned to the empty tank and the second electrolyte from the second storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is returned to the first storage tank, and the controller controls the other sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the third electrolyte between the third storage tank and an empty tank of the second flow battery string to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the fourth electrolyte between the fourth storage tank and the third storage tank, so that the third electrolyte from the third storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the second battery stack is returned to the empty tank of the second battery flow string and the fourth electrolyte from the fourth storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the second battery stack is returned to the third storage tank.

31. The flow battery system of claim 21, wherein the controller controls the sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the first electrolyte between the first storage tank and an empty tank of the first flow battery string to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the second electrolyte between the second storage tank and the empty tank of the first flow battery string, so that the first electrolyte from the first storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is initially returned to the empty tank and ultimately returned back to the first storage tank and the second electrolyte from the second storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is subsequently initially returned to the empty tank of the first battery string and ultimately returned back to the second storage tank, and the controller controls the other sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the third electrolyte between the third storage tank and an empty tank of the second flow battery string to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the fourth electrolyte between the fourth storage tank and the empty tank of the second flow battery string, so that the third electrolyte from the third storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the second battery stack is initially returned to the empty tank of the second flow battery string and ultimately returned back to the third storage tank and the fourth electrolyte from the fourth storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the second battery stack is subsequently initially returned to the empty tank of the second flow battery string and ultimately returned back to the fourth storage tank.

32. The flow battery system of claim 1, further comprising one or more pulsation dampers to absorb large changes in controlled flow rates caused by a rapid changing between a high flow rate and a low flow rate upon at least one of:

a changing of the selected mode before all electrolytes have been fully charged or discharged;

a suspension of a conversion of the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, from a high SOC to a low SOC and starting of a conversion of the second electrolyte, from the second storage tank, from the high SOC to the low SOC while the conversion of the first electrolyte from the high SOC to the low SOC is suspended, based on the sequence; and

a suspension of a conversion of the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, from the low SOC to the high SOC and starting of a conversion of the second electrolyte, from the second storage tank, from the low SOC to the high SOC while the conversion of the first electrolyte from the low SOC to the high SOC is suspended, based on the sequence.

33. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, is chosen by the controller for discharging based on a determination that the first electrolyte has a higher initial SOC than the second electrolyte and/or wherein the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, is chosen by the controller for charging based on a determination that the first electrolyte has a lower initial SOC than the second electrolyte.

34. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the controller implements the sequence based upon a predetermined algorithm and an applying of determined factors to the predetermined algorithm, with the determined factors including a measured height of electrolytes in one or more storage tanks on at least one of a positive and negative side of the flow battery system and measured SOC'"'"'s for electrolytes stored in one or more storage tanks on at least one of the positive and negative side of the flow battery system, so as to modify the schedule for sequencing each charging and/or discharging of electrolytes respectively included in each storage tank on at least one of the positive and negative side of the flow battery system.

35. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the controller implements a respective positive sequence for a positive side of the flow battery system and implements a negative sequence for a negative side of the flow battery system, and selectively controls the positive sequence to operate differently from the negative sequence.

36. The flow battery system of claim 1, wherein the flow battery system is a vanadium redox flow battery system.

37. A flow battery control method for controlling a flow battery system having at least a first flow battery string that includes a first storage tank initially storing a first electrolyte with a first state of charge (SOC), a second storage tank initially storing a second electrolyte with a second SOC, and a first battery stack that includes a first half-cell configured to charge and/or discharge a positive or negative liquid electrolyte provided from the first and second storage tanks, the method comprising:

controlling a defined sequence for a selected mode of one of charging or discharging of the first and second electrolytes to charge or discharge the first electrolyte before charging or discharging the second electrolyte, based on the selected mode, such that electrolytes returned from the first battery stack are returned with a higher SOC when the selected mode indicates that the first flow battery string is in a charging mode and electrolytes returned from the first battery stack are returned with a lower SOC when the selected mode indicates that the first flow battery string is in a discharging mode.

38. The flow battery control method of claim 37, further comprising controlling the sequence so as to control the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, after being returned from the first battery stack to the first storage tank, so as to mix charged first electrolytes existing in the first storage tank with differently charged first electrolytes returned to the first storage tank from the first battery stack.

39. The flow battery control method of claim 38, further comprising controlling the sequence so that the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte are each provided to the first battery stack with differing flow rates that respectively depend on a determined SOC level of the first SOC and determined SOC level of the second SOC, with a fully charged status of a charged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the charged electrolyte meets a determined high SOC level and a fully discharged status of a discharged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the discharged electrolyte meets a determined low SOC level.

40. The flow battery control method of claim 39, wherein the determined high SOC level is about 80% SOC and the determined low SOC level is about 20% SOC.

41. The flow battery control method of claim 39, further comprising respectively controlling the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level to change based on a determined number of passes of a full volume of the first or second storage tanks required to transit through the first battery stack to increase the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined high SOC level or to decrease the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined low SOC level.

42. The flow battery control method of claim 39, further comprising respectively controlling the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level to change based on a determined amount of osmotic water transfer between the first half-cell and another half-cell and/or determined temperature of the first electrolyte and/or the second electrolyte.

43. The flow battery control method of claim 39, further comprising controlling a first point in time to implement the sequence controlling the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, to be different from a second point in time when an other sequence is implemented controlling a first other electrolyte from a first other storage tank in a second flow battery string, different from the first flow battery string, to be charged or discharged according to the selected mode, so that full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes from differing storage tanks in the first flow battery string occur at different times than full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes from differing storage tanks in the second flow battery string.

44. The flow battery control method of claim 43, further comprising controlling the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from differing flow rates for the second flow battery string implementing the other sequence.

45. The flow battery control method of claim 44, further comprising controlling the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from the differing flow rates for the second flow battery string so that each full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the first flow battery string occur at different times than each of full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the second flow battery string, except when both of all electrolytes in the first flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged and all electrolytes in the second flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged, based on the selected mode, so scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the first flow battery string is scheduled to occur at a same time as a scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the second flow battery string.

46. The flow battery control method of claim 37, further comprising controlling the sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the first electrolyte between the first storage tank and an empty tank to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the second electrolyte between the second storage tank and the first storage tank, so that the first electrolyte from the first storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is returned to the empty tank and the second electrolyte from the second storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is returned to the first storage tank.

47. The flow battery control method of claim 46, further comprising controlling the sequence so that when the charging or the discharging of the first electrolyte is complete the empty tank becomes full with the first electrolyte after having been fully charged or discharged by the first battery stack and then the second electrolyte stored in the second storage tank is charged or discharged by providing the second electrolyte from the second storage tank to the first battery stack and returned to the first storage tank after having been fully charged or discharged by the first battery stack until the second storage tank is empty and the first storage tank is full of the fully charged or discharged second electrolyte.

48. The flow battery control method of claim 46, further comprising controlling the sequence so that the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte are each provided to the first battery stack with differing flow rates that respectively depend on a determined SOC level of the first SOC and determined SOC level of the second SOC, with a fully charged status of a charged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the charged electrolyte meets a determined high SOC level and a fully discharged status of a discharged electrolyte being when an SOC level of the discharged electrolyte meets a determined low SOC level.

49. The flow battery control method of claim 48, wherein the determined high SOC level is about 80% SOC and the determined low SOC level is about 20% SOC.

50. The flow battery control method of claim 48, further comprising respectively controlling the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level to change based on a determined number of passes of a full volume of the first or second storage tanks required to transit through the first battery stack to increase the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined high SOC level or to decrease the respective first SOC or second SOC to the determined low SOC level.

51. The flow battery control method of claim 48, further comprising respectively controlling the determined high SOC level and/or the determined low SOC level to change based on a determined amount of osmotic water transfer between the first half-cell and another half-cell and/or determined temperature of the first electrolyte and/or the second electrolyte.

52. The flow battery control method of claim 48, further comprising controlling a first point in time to implement the sequence for controlling the first electrolyte from the first storage tank to be charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, to be different from a second point in time when an other sequence is implemented controlling a first other electrolyte from a first other storage tank in a second flow battery string, different from the first flow battery string, to be charged or discharged according to the selected mode, so that full charging or full discharging respective electrolytes from differing storage tanks in the first flow battery string occur at different times than full charging or full discharging of respective electrolyte from differing storage tanks in the second flow battery string.

53. The flow battery control method of claim 52, further comprising controlling the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from differing flow rates for the second flow battery string implementing the other sequence.

54. The flow battery control method of claim 53, further comprising controlling the differing flow rates for the first flow battery string to be selectively different from the differing flow rates for the second flow battery string so that each full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the first flow battery string are scheduled to occur at different times than each of full charging or full discharging of respective electrolytes stored in all storage tanks in the second flow battery string, except when both of all electrolytes in the first flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged and all electrolytes in the second flow battery string are scheduled to be fully charged or discharged, based on the selected mode, so scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the first flow battery string is scheduled to occur at a same time as a scheduled completion of all charging or discharging for the second flow battery string.

55. The flow battery control method of claim 37, further comprising controlling the sequence for a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the first electrolyte between the first storage tank and an empty tank to occur before a charging or discharging, according to the selected mode, of the second electrolyte between the second storage tank and the empty tank, so that the first electrolyte from the first storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is initially returned to the empty tank and ultimately returned back to the first storage tank and the second electrolyte from the second storage tank having been charged or discharged, according to the selected mode, by the first battery stack is subsequently initially returned to the empty tank and ultimately returned back to the second storage tank.

56. The flow battery control method of claim 37, further comprising, using one or more pulsation dampers in the first flow battery string, absorbing large changes in controlled flow rates caused by a rapid changing between a high flow rate and a low flow rate upon at least one of:

a changing of the selected mode before all electrolytes have been fully charged or discharged;

a suspension of a conversion of the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, from a high SOC to a low SOC and starting of a conversion of the second electrolyte, from the second storage tank, from the high SOC to the low SOC while the conversion of the first electrolyte from the high SOC to the low SOC is suspended, based on the sequence; and

a suspension of a conversion of the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, from the low SOC to the high SOC and starting of a conversion of the second electrolyte, from the second storage tank, from the low SOC to the high SOC while the conversion of the first electrolyte from the low SOC to the high SOC is suspended, based on the sequence.

57. The flow battery control method of claim 37, further comprising choosing the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, for discharging based on a determination that the first electrolyte has a higher initial SOC than the second electrolyte and/or choosing the first electrolyte, from the first storage tank, for charging based on a determination that the first electrolyte has a lower initial SOC than the second electrolyte.

58. The flow battery control method of claim 37, further comprising respectively implementing the sequence based upon a predetermined algorithm and applying determined factors to the predetermined algorithm, with the determined factors including a measured height of electrolytes in one or more storage tanks on at least one of a positive and negative side of the flow battery system and measured SOC'"'"'s for electrolytes stored in one or more storage tanks on at least one of the positive and negative side of the flow battery system, so as to modify the schedule for sequencing each charging and/or discharging of electrolytes respectively included in each storage tank on at least one of the positive and negative side of the flow battery system.

59. The flow battery control method of claim 37, further comprising implementing a respective positive sequence for a positive side of the flow battery system and implementing a negative sequence for a negative side of the flow battery system, and selectively controlling the positive sequence to operate differently from the negative sequence.

60. The flow battery control method of claim 37, wherein the flow battery system is a vanadium redox flow battery system.