NON-RESISTIVE CONTACT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR VISUALIZING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF OBJECTS OR SYSTEMS

• US 20150305636A1
• Filed: 06/15/2015
• Published: 10/29/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 02/22/2012
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Rescon Ltd.
• Original Assignee: Rescon Ltd.
• Inventors: DAWSON, Thomas Andrew
• Granted Patent: US 9,456,758 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2503/40 Animals
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/01 Measuring temperature of body parts ; Diagnostic temperature sensing, e.g. for malignant or inflamed tissue clinical contact thermometers G01K13/20
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0536 Impedance imaging, e.g. by tomography
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/061 Determining position of a probe within the body employing means separate from the probe, e.g. sensing internal probe position employing impedance electrodes on the surface of the body A61B1/00158 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/062 using magnetic field
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/08 Detecting, measuring or recording devices for evaluating the respiratory organs A61B5/0205 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/24 Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/2415 Measuring direct current [DC] or slowly varying biopotentials
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/25 Bioelectric electrodes therefor
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/291 for electroencephalography [EEG]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/296 for electromyography [EMG]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/341 Vectorcardiography [VCG]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/742 using visual displays A61B5/339 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/12 Arrangements for detecting or locating foreign bodies
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 8/0841 for locating instruments
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 27/00 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means G01N3/00 – G01N25/00 take precedence; measurement or testing of electric or magnetic variables or of electric or magnetic properties of materials G01R
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 27/60 by investigating electrostatic variables , e.g. electrographic flaw testing G01N27/007 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 35/00 Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor

Abstract

Methods and systems for sensing properties of an object or entity utilize non-resistive contact sensors alone or in combination with other sensors. The sensor data is utilized for detecting and visualizing properties of one or more biological or non-biological objects or entities.

Claims

1. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of a structure of the entity;

(c) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the structure.

138. A system configured for performance of the method of any of claims 1-137.

2. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact sensors at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact sensors, a magnetic potential associated with two or more sections of a structure of the entity;

(c) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the structure.

3. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of a structure of the entity;

(c) electronically comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to data associated with typical measurements of the structure for other entities;

(d) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the structure, together with a visualization of a typical structure generated based on the data associated with typical measurements of the structure for other entities.

4. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of a structure of the entity;

(c) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the structure, together with a visualization of a typical structure generated based on data associated with typical measurements of the structure for other entities.

5. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) continually measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of a structure of the entity;

(c) accessing data related to past measurements, utilizing non-resistive contact electric field sensors, of the structure of the entity; and

(d) generating, utilizing data obtained from the continual measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the structure, together with a visualization of a typical condition of the structure generated based on the accessed data related to past measurements of the structure of the entity.

6. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at a first entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular location;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of an electrically active structure of the first entity;

(c) accessing, from a database, data corresponding to measurements of an electrically active structure, which is of the same type as the electrically active structure of the first entity, for a plurality of other entities, the measurements having been taken utilizing non-resistive contact electric field sensors;

(d) electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the electrically active structure of the first entity; and

(e) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the electrically active structure of the first entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the an electrically active structure, together with a visualization of a “

normal”

electrically active structure generated based on the accessed data corresponding to measurements of electrically active structures for a plurality of other entities.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, an atypical property of the structure of the first entity.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, an atypical property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining that the structure of the first entity is smaller than a “

normal”

structure.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, an atypical property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining that the structure of the first entity is larger than a “

normal”

structure.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, an atypical property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining that the structure of the first entity is damaged.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, an atypical property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining that one or more of the two or more sections of the structure of the first entity is damaged.

12. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining that voltage measurements of the structure of the first entity are lower than typical voltage measurements from the accessed data.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the determination that voltage measurements of the structure of the first entity are lower than typical voltage measurements from the accessed data is utilized to ascertain that the electrically active structure of the first entity is smaller than a “

normal”

electrically active structure.

14. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining that voltage measurements of the structure of the first entity are higher than typical voltage measurements from the accessed data.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the determination that voltage measurements of the structure of the first entity are lower than typical voltage measurements from the accessed data is utilized to ascertain that the electrically active structure of the first entity is larger than a “

normal”

electrically active structure.

16. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, that the electrically active structure of the first entity has an atypical shape.

17. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, that one or more or of the two or more sections of the electrically active structure of the first entity has an atypical shape.

18. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, that the electrically active structure of the first entity has a greater area of electrically active substance in one or more of the two or more sections of the electrically active structure of the first entity.

19. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, that the electrically active structure of the first entity has a greater volume of electrically active substance in one or more of the two or more sections of the electrically active structure of the first entity.

20. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, that the electrically active structure of the first entity, as compared to a “

normal”

electrically active structure, has a greater area of electrically active substance in one or more of the two or more sections of the electrically active structure of the first entity.

21. The method of claim 6, wherein electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a property of the structure of the first entity comprises electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, that the electrically active structure of the first entity, as compared to a “

normal”

electrically active structure, has a greater volume of electrically active substance in one or more of the two or more sections of the electrically active structure of the first entity.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the electrically active substance comprises tissue.

23. The method of claim 6, wherein repeatedly measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of an electrically active structure of the first entity comprises determining three dimensional electrical vectors associated therewith.

24. The method of claim 6, wherein the first entity comprises a living organism.

25. The method of claim 6, wherein the first entity comprises an animal.

26. The method of claim 6, wherein the first entity comprises a human.

27. The method of claim 6, wherein the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors comprises at least six non-resistive contact electric field sensors.

28. The method of claim 6, wherein the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors comprises at least ten non-resistive contact electric field sensors.

29. The method of claim 6, wherein the number of non-resistive contact electric field sensors utilized is selected based on a desired resolution of spatial information.

30. The method of claim 6, wherein the method includes selecting a number of non-resistive contact electric field sensors to utilize based on a desired resolution of spatial information.

31. The method of claim 6, wherein, in positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at a first entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors is positioned proximate a different generally predetermined particular location.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at a first entity comprises positioning each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at a location proximate a predetermined portion of a body of a person.

33. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further includes a step of utilizing one or more additional sensors to inform placement of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors.

34. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further includes a step of utilizing an ultrasound probe to inform placement of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors.

35. The method of claim 6, wherein one or more of the non-resistive contact electric field sensors is enveloped in a biocompatible sleeve.

36. The method of claim 6, wherein one or more of the non-resistive contact electric field sensors is enveloped in a disposable biocompatible sleeve.

37. The method of claim 6, wherein the non-resistive contact electric field sensors are arranged as an array.

38. The method of claim 6, wherein one of the non-resistive contact electric field sensors comprises a signal transduction component.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the one of the non-resistive contact electric field sensors is implanted or temporarily placed within the first entity with a membrane or structure separating the signal transduction component of the from the substance of the entity.

40. The method of claim 6, wherein the electrically active structure comprises a heart.

41. The method of claim 6, wherein the electrically active structure comprises a brain.

42. The method of claim 6, wherein the electrically active structure comprises an organ system.

43. The method of claim 6, wherein the first entity comprises an inanimate object.

150. The method of claim 12, wherein the structure is a sub-structure or component of the entity.

44. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of an electrically active structure of the entity;

(c) accessing, from a database, data corresponding to past measurements of the electrically active structure taken utilizing non-resistive contact electric field sensors;

(d) electronically determining, by comparing data obtained from the repeated measuring to the accessed data, a current property of the electrically active structure of the entity; and

(e) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the electrically active structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the electrically active structure, together with a visualization of a typical state of the electrically active structure generated based on the accessed data.

45. A method comprising:

(a) positioning one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate an entity;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a structure of the entity;

(c) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the entity.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the method includes using one or more properties of a sensor signal to inform on the position of the structure of the entity.

47. The method of claim 45, wherein the method includes using one or more properties of a sensor signal to inform on the shape of the structure of the entity.

48. The method of claim 45, wherein the method includes using one or more properties of a sensor signal to inform on the size of the structure of the entity.

49. The method of claim 45, wherein the method includes using the amplitude of a sensor signal to inform on the position of the structure of the entity.

50. The method of claim 45, wherein the method includes using the strength of a sensor signal to inform on the position of the structure of the entity.

51. The method of claim 45, wherein the method comprises repeatedly repositioning the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate the entity and determining a location of the structure of the entity based on progressive decay with distance from the source.

52. The method of claim 45, wherein the method comprises isolating different waveforms by performing frequency analysis.

53. The method of claim 45, wherein the method comprises applying bandwidth filters.

54. The method of claim 45, wherein the structure of the entity comprises a brain, and the method comprises determining the relative power of different frequencies of brain voltage/time relations.

55. The method of claim 45, wherein the method comprises utilizing known path information to inform on the structure or function of the structure of the entity.

56. The method of claim 45, wherein the entity is an organ, and wherein the method comprises utilizing known path information to inform on the structure or function of the organ.

57. The method of claim 45, wherein the method further includes utilizing external stimulus, and synchronizing the sensors with the external stimulus.

58. The method of claim 45, wherein the method further includes utilizing external stimulus, and synchronizing the sensors with the external stimulus, repeatedly measuring the response to the external stimulus, and averaging measurement results to remove random noise.

59. The method of claim 45, wherein the method includes one or more other interrogation modalities to inform, target, calibrate, and validate the electric field visualization.

60. The method of claim 45, wherein other scanning modalities are utilized to identify electrical firing patterns.

61. The method of claim 45, wherein functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is utilized to identify electrical firing patterns.

62. The method of claim 45, wherein spectroscopy is utilized to identify and validate electrical firing patterns relating to electric field detection.

63. The method of claim 45, wherein the method includes repositioning at least one of the one or more sensors based on information obtained utilizing an imaging methodology.

64. The method of claim 45, wherein sensor findings are verified utilizing ultrasound when visualizing the structure of the entity.

65. The method of claim 45, wherein sensor findings are verified utilizing X-ray when visualizing the structure of the entity.

66. The method of claim 45, wherein sensor findings are tuned utilizing ultrasound when visualizing the structure of the entity.

67. The method of claim 45, wherein sensor findings are tuned utilizing X-ray when visualizing the structure of the entity.

68. The method of claim 45, wherein the structure of the entity comprises a heart, and sensor findings are validated using another sensing modality.

69. The method of claim 45, wherein the structure of the entity comprises a brain, and sensor findings are validated using another sensing modality.

70. The method of claim 45, wherein the structure of the entity comprises one or more components of the respiratory system, and sensor findings are validated using another sensing modality.

71. The method of claim 45, wherein the structure of the entity comprises a gastrointestinal tract, and sensor findings are validated using another sensing modality.

72. The method of claim 45, wherein the structure of the entity comprises one or more blood vessels, and sensor findings are validated using another sensing modality.

73. The method of claim 45, wherein the method comprises detecting movement utilizing one or more accelerometers incorporated within or close to at least one of the one or more sensors.

74. A method comprising:

(a) positioning one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate an entity;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a structure of the entity;

(c) generating a visualization depicting structure or functionality of the structure of the entity based on data obtained from the repeated measuring.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein the structure of the entity is a brain.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein the visualization includes a display of auras corresponding to different brain wave measurements.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the thickness of each aura is in proportion to the amplitude of the type of wave it is associated with.

78. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more magnetometers.

79. The method of claim 74, wherein the structure of the entity comprises one or more components of the respiratory system.

80. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more additional sensors of a different type.

81. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more additional non-perturbative sensors.

82. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more additional perturbative sensors.

83. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more sonar sensors.

84. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more sonar sensors for interrogation of the physical structure, shape, or form of the structure of the entity.

85. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more sonar sensors for interrogation of the physical structure, shape, or form of the structure of the entity by passive methods.

86. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more sonar sensors for interrogation of the physical structure, shape, or form of the structure of the entity by active methods.

87. The method of claim 74, wherein one or more sonar sensors are utilized to locate and determine the characteristics of the structure of the entity.

88. The method of claim 74, wherein one or more sonar sensors are utilized to inform the positioning of the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors.

89. The method of claim 74, wherein one or more sonar sensors are utilized to inform on physical shape and distance and the one or more electric field sensors are utilized to inform on electric or magnetic characteristics and distance, and data from both types of sensors is utilized for cross-validation.

90. The method of claim 74, wherein one or more sonar sensors are utilized to inform on physical shape and distance and the one or more electric field sensors are utilized to inform on electric or magnetic characteristics and distance, and data from both types of sensors is utilized for effective structural and functional imaging reconstruction.

91. The method of claim 74, wherein the generated visualization includes an overlay generated based on data obtained from one or more sonar sensors.

92. The method of claim 74, wherein one or more sonar sensors are utilized to ascertain fluid flow within the entity.

93. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more magnetometers.

94. The method of claim 78, wherein data from the one or more magnetometers being utilized in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

95. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more cameras.

96. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more cameras, data from the one or more cameras being utilized in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

97. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more thermometers.

98. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more thermometers, data from the one or more thermometers being utilized in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

99. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more hydrometers.

100. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing one or more hydrometers, data from the one or more hydrometers being utilized in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

101. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing x-ray data.

102. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing x-ray data in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

103. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing computerized tomography processes.

104. The method of claim 74, wherein computerized tomography processes are utilized in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

105. The method of claim 74, wherein the method includes utilizing one or more electrometers.

106. The method of claim 74, wherein impedance tomography data is utilized in generating the visualization.

107. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing radar data.

108. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing radar data in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

109. The method of claim 74, wherein a visualization based on magnetic resonance signal data is overlaid over a visualization based on electric field sensor data.

110. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing data from resistive contact electrometers in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

111. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing data from a nuclear medical scanner in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

112. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing spectroscopy data in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

113. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing angiography data in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

114. The method of claim 74, wherein the method further includes utilizing fluoroscopy data in combination with data from the one or more electric field sensors to generate the visualization.

115. A method comprising:

(a) positioning one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate an entity;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a first structure of the entity;

(c) obtaining, utilizing one or more additional sensors, data related to a second structure of the entity;

(d) generating a visualization depicting structure or functionality of one or more structures of the entity based on data obtained from the repeated measuring using the electric field sensors and based on data obtained utilizing the one or more additional sensors.

116. The method of claim 115, wherein the first structure is associated with a first system of the entity and the second structure is associated with a second system of the entity.

117. A method comprising:

(a) positioning one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate an entity;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a first structure of the entity;

(c) obtaining, utilizing one or more additional sensors, data related to a plurality of other structures of the entity;

(d) generating a visualization depicting structure or functionality of a plurality of systems of the entity based on data obtained from the repeated measuring using the electric field sensors and based on data obtained utilizing the one or more additional sensors.

118. The method of claim 117, wherein the visualization depicts the entity'"'"'s cardiac system, respiratory system, and nervous system, as well as skeletal muscle system of the entity, or combinations, permutations and sub-components thereof.

119. A method comprising:

(a) positioning one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate an entity;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a component of the entity;

(c) tracking the movement of a component of the entity by analyzing the change in electric field as it runs through the anatomical structure of the component;

(d) generating a visualization depicting movement of the component based on the analysis of the change in electric field as it runs through the anatomical structure of the component.

120. A method comprising:

(a) positioning a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate an entity, each sensor being positioned proximate a respective region of the entity and being referenced to that region;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with the entity;

(c) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of the regions of the entity.

121. A method comprising:

(a) repeatedly measuring, utilizing one or more moving non-resistive contact electric field sensors engaged in a mobile scanning mode, an electrical potential associated with a structure of an entity;

(b) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity.

122. The method of claim 121, wherein the structure of the entity includes two or sections, and wherein the generated visualization depicts the two or more sections.

123. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes fixed shapes.

124. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes variable shapes.

125. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes colors.

126. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes two-dimensional displays.

127. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes three dimensional displays.

128. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes sound.

129. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization is static.

130. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization is dynamic.

131. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes texture.

132. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes heat.

133. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization utilizes holograms.

134. The method of claim 121, wherein the visualization comprises video.

135. A method comprising:

(a) repeatedly measuring, utilizing one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, a geoelectric displacement signature of a moving entity; and

(b) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the entity.

136. A method comprising:

(a) repeatedly measuring, utilizing one or more moving non-resistive contact electric field sensors, a geoelectric displacement signature of an entity; and

(b) generating, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the entity.

137. A method comprising:

(a) positioning one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors proximate an entity;

(b) repeatedly measuring, utilizing the one or more non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a structure of the entity;

(c) generating a visualization depicting structure or functionality of the structure of the entity based on data obtained from the repeated measuring;

(d) wherein the visualization comprises a three dimensional visualization.

139. A system comprising:

(a) a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors arranged at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) wherein the system is configured to

(i) repeatedly measure, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a structure of the entity, and

(ii) generate, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity.

140. A system comprising:

(a) a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors arranged at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) one or more computer readable media containing computer executable instructions configured to

(i) repeatedly measure, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of a structure of the entity, and

(ii) generate, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the structure.

141. A system comprising:

(a) a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors arranged at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) wherein the system is configured to

(i) repeatedly measure, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with two or more sections of a structure of the entity, and

(ii) generate, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring, a visualization of the structure of the entity, the visualization including a depiction of each of the two or more sections of the structure.

142. A system comprising:

(a) a plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors arranged at an entity, each of the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors being positioned proximate a different particular generally predetermined location;

(b) one or more additional sensors;

(c) wherein the system is configured to

(i) repeatedly measure, utilizing the plurality of non-resistive contact electric field sensors, an electrical potential associated with a structure of the entity, and

(ii) generate, utilizing data obtained from the repeated measuring and data obtained from the one or more additional sensors, a visualization of at least a portion of the entity.

143. The system of claim 142, wherein the one or more additional sensors comprise a sonar sensor.

144. The system of claim 142, wherein the one or more additional sensors comprise an electrometer.

145. The system of claim 142, wherein the one or more additional sensors comprise a magnetometer.

146. The system of claim 142, wherein the one or more additional sensors comprise a camera.

147. The system of claim 142, wherein the one or more additional sensors comprise a thermometer.

148. The system of claim 142, wherein the one or more additional sensors comprise a hydrometer.

149. The system of claim 142, wherein the one or more additional sensors comprise a resistive contact electrometer.