SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR EARLY DISEASE DETECTION AND REAL-TIME DISEASE MONITORING

• US 20160007893A1
• Filed: 02/06/2014
• Published: 01/14/2016
• Est. Priority Date: 02/06/2013
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Freenome Limited (Freenome Holdings Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Loxbridge Research LLP
• Inventors: ROBERTS, Charles Edward Selkirk
• Application Number:
  US14/766,394
• Publication Number:
  US 20160007893A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0031 Implanted circuitry
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14546 for measuring analytes not otherwise provided for, e.g. ions, cytochromes
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/6876 Blood vessel
• CPC Class Codes: Y02A 90/10 Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation

Abstract

Devices, systems and methods are provided for the real-time detection of disease through constant or periodic monitoring of biomolecules in an individual without laboratory sampling. Biomolecule detector devices may be worn in contact with skin, or be implanted in fluid communication with a biological fluid to provide information and identity of disease-related circulating biomolecules in an individual.

Claims

1. A detector device for detecting the presence of one or more biomolecule markers in a biological fluid in a subject comprising:

a) detection means in fluid communication with a biological fluid capable of obtaining information regarding the identity and concentration of a biomolecule, b) a power supply, and c) means to transmit the information to a receiver-relay unit.

2. The detector device of claim 1 wherein the biomolecules can be nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA, proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, lipids, glycolipids and other biomolecules that are present in biological fluids.

3. The detector device of either claim 1 or 2 wherein the detector includes a sequencing or identification module for the identification of biomolecules such as nucleic acids or protein.

4. The detector device of either claim 1 or 2 wherein the detector includes a sequencing or identification module for the identification of proteins or peptides.

5. The detector device of either claim 1 or 2 wherein the detector includes a sequencing or identification module for the identification of nucleic acids.

6. The detector device of any one of claims 3 to 5 wherein the sequencing module is a nanopore detection device for detecting biomolecules and sequencing protein or nucleic acids comprising one or more nanopores.

7. The detector device of claim 6 wherein the nanopores are biological, solid-state or hybrid pores that permit the detection and sequencing of nucleic acid to provide real-time DNA sequencing of nucleic acids in a biological fluid.

8. The detector device of claim 7 wherein the solid-state nanopores are made of synthetic materials such as silicon nitride or graphene.

9. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the detector comprises an array of nanopores for multiplex evaluation of biomolecules.

10. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the detector is implantable located at a surgically created arterio-venous fistula or shunt, between the arterial and venous systems.

11. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the detector includes an array of nanopores for multiplex detection of nucleic acid bases and linear nucleic acid sequencing.

12. The detector device of any one of claims 6 to 11 wherein the detector is arranged in such a manner as to permit flow of a biological fluid through the nanopore array to permit detection and evaluation of the biomolecules without substantially affecting the flow of the biological fluid on its proper course.

13. The detector device of any one of claims 6 to 12 wherein the array of nucleic acid base-detecting nanopores permits sequencing of nucleic acid present in the biological fluid to evaluate the identity of, and characteristics of the nucleic acid that indicates disease.

14. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein a biological protective matrix layer covers the surface of the detector device.

15. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 14 wherein data transmission to the receiver-relay is continuous or periodic and can be controlled by receiving instruction signals from the receiver-relay.

16. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein the device is implantable or wearable in a host.

17. The detector device of claim 16 wherein the device is implantable in a blood vessel.

18. The detector device of claim 17 wherein the device is implantable in a blood vessel bypass graft.

19. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 18 wherein the device is in fluid communication with the lymphatic system.

20. The detector device of any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein the device further comprises means for monitoring, and a feedback loop to control directly, and/or signal the patency of the feeding vessel/system and biological fluid flow to the device and resultant reliable access to biomolecules.

51. A method for monitoring onset or progression of a proliferative disease such as cancer in a subject, comprising implanting the device of any one of claims 1 to 20 in or on a subject and detecting one or more tumor markers in a biological fluid from the subject wherein a difference in the levels or presence of a tumor marker indicates the onset or progression of a proliferative disease.

71. The method of any one of claims 42 to 70 which utilizes a detector unit according to any one of claims 1 to 20.

21. A system for monitoring biomolecules and determining their identity in a biological fluid of a subject within or leaving the subject comprising:

a detector unit in fluid communication with a biological fluid,

a receiver-relay unit, and

a processor unit.

22. The system of claim 21 wherein the detector is in physical communication with a biological fluid within, excreted by, or secreted by the individual and detects biomolecules and transmits information regarding characteristics of the biomolecules to the receiver-relay.

23. The system of either claim 21 or 22 wherein the detector is capable of detecting biomolecules and determining their identity through sequencing, proteomics, or other analysis techniques for identifying the class and specific identity of a biomolecule.

24. The system of any one of claims 21 to 23 wherein the detector is capable of functioning in real-time, close to real-time, or with variable periodicity of function to satisfy the requirements for biomolecule detection.

25. The system of any one of claims 21 to 24 wherein the detector data is encrypted for patient privacy and security before being relayed to the processor.

26. The detector device of any one of claims 21 to 25 wherein the device is positioned in fluid communication with the extracellular space without vascular access, and receives biomolecules for detection, by diffusion, osmosis along a pressure gradient, or by means of use of an electric gradient.

27. The detector device of any one of claims 21 to 25 wherein the detector is implanted at a surgically created arterio-venous fistula or shunt, between the arterial and venous systems.

28. The system of any one of claims 21 to 27 wherein the receiver-relay is in communication with the detector and stores data received from the detection device into data files for subsequent analysis.

29. The system of any one of claims 21 to 28 wherein the receiver-relay has a relay transmitter that transmits files of data to a processor for processing and analysis.

30. The system of any one of claims 21 to 29 wherein the receiver-relay stores the information into files and relays the files to a remote server for further processing and analysis.

31. The system of any one of claims 21 to 30 wherein the receiver-relay communicates with the detector a processor using MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) technology.

32. The system of any one of claims 21 to 31 wherein the receiver-relay is external to the subject.

33. The system of claim 32 wherein the receiver-relay is a personal electronic device such as a smart phone, smart glasses, watch, tablet, or personal computer worn on the person.

34. The system of any one of claims 21 to 32 wherein the processor includes a database for storing the biomolecule data such as a data server, data cloud, or other data storage unit.

35. The system of any one of claims 21 to 34 wherein the processor is in communication with, and receives data from, the receiver-relay and analyzes the data for characteristics that indicate any abnormalities or disease.

36. The system of any one of claims 21 to 35 wherein the processor is capable of analyzing the data received from the receiver-relay for pattern recognition using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other mathematical and computational methods.

37. The system of any one of claims 21 to 36 wherein biomolecule data sets are analyzed with algorithms and data analytics applications that employ mathematical processes such as numerical linear algebra, numerical solution of PDEs, computational geometry, statistics, mathematical programming, optimization and control, applied probability theory and statistics, machine learning and artificial intelligence, data/text mining and knowledge discovery, digital signal processing and pattern recognition.

38. The system of claim 37 wherein nucleic acid or protein sequence data sets are interrogated for patterns that are indicative of disease onset or progression.

39. The system of either claim 37 or 38 wherein the data sets may be compared to prior baseline data from the individual at an earlier time point days, months or years prior.

40. The system of any one of claims 37 to 39 wherein the data sets may be compared to population data for specific disease markers to indicate onset or progression of a disease.

41. The system of claim any one of claims 37 to 39 wherein analysis of the biomolecule data includes a combination of comparisons to both prior data readings from the individual and population data.

72. The method of any one of claims 42 to 71 which system according to any one of claims 21 to 41.

42. A method of monitoring a subject having no symptoms of disease to determine onset of, or diagnose a disease comprising implanting a detector unit on or in the subject and monitoring changes in the level or presence of one or more biomolecule markers associated with the disease wherein a change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers indicates presence of the disease.

43. The method of claim 42 wherein the change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers associated with the disease is compared to normal levels in the subject or a population of healthy or normal subjects where the change or velocity of change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecules indicates the presence of the disease.

54. The method of any of claims 42-53 wherein the disease is selected from neoplastic disease, inflammatory disease, and degenerative disease.

55. The method of claim 54 wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of metabolic diseases (e.g., obesity, cachexia, diabetes, anorexia, etc.), cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, hypertension, myocardial infarction, restenosis, cardiomyopathies, arterial inflammation, etc.), immunological disorders (e.g., chronic inflammatory diseases and disorders, such as Crohn'"'"'s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, including Lyme disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, organ-specific autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto'"'"'s thyroiditis and Grave'"'"'s disease, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, graft rejection, graft versus host disease, sarcoidosis, atopic conditions, such as asthma and allergy, including allergic rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergies, including food allergies, eosinophilia, conjunctivitis, glomerular nephritis, certain pathogen susceptibilities such as helminthic (e.g., leishmaniasis) and certain viral infections, including HIV, and bacterial infections, including tuberculosis and lepromatous leprosy, etc.), myopathies (e.g. polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, central core disease, centronuclear (myotubular) myopathy, myotonia congenita, nemaline myopathy, paramyotonia congenita, periodic paralysis, mitochondrial myopathies, etc.), nervous system disorders (e.g., neuropathies, Alzheimer'"'"'s disease, Parkinson'"'"'s disease, Huntington'"'"'s disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, motor neuron disease, traumatic nerve injury, multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, dysmyelination disease, mitochondrial disease, migrainous disorder, bacterial infection, fungal infection, stroke, aging, dementia, peripheral nervous system diseases and mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, etc.), oncological disorders (e.g., leukemia, brain cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, throat cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, sarcoma, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, bladder cancer, endocrine cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, glioma, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, pituitary cancer, renal cancer, and the like) and ophthalmic diseases (e.g. retinitis pigmentosum and macular degeneration). The term also includes disorders, which result from oxidative stress, inherited cancer syndromes, and other metabolic diseases.

56. The method of any of claims 42-55 wherein the target marker is present in a body fluid such as blood, serum, plasma, lymph, perspiration, urine, tears, saliva.

57. The method of any of claims 42-56 wherein the target is a biomolecule selected from nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or carbohydrates.

58. The method of any of claims 42-57 wherein the target includes one or more of peptides, proteins (e.g., antibodies, affibodies, or aptamers), nucleic acids (e.g., polynucleotides, DNA, RNA, or aptamers);

polysaccharides (e.g., lectins or sugars), lipids, enzymes, enzyme substrates, ligands, receptors, antigens, or haptens.

59. The method of claim 58 wherein the target is selected from one or more of prognostic targets, hormone or hormone receptor targets, lymphoid targets, tumor targets, cell cycle associated targets, neural tissue and tumor targets, or cluster differentiation targets.

60. The method of either claim 58 or 59 wherein the target is present in a biological fluid for detection using the methods and systems described herein.

61. The method of any one of claims 58 to 59 wherein the prognostic targets is selected from enzymatic targets such as galactosyl transferase II, neuron specific enolase, proton ATPase-2, or acid phosphatase.

62. The method of claim 59 wherein the hormone or hormone receptor targets is selected from the group consisting of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), adrenocorticotropic hormone, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, gC1q-R/p33 complement receptor, IL-2 receptor, p75 neurotrophin receptor, PTH receptor, thyroid hormone receptor, and insulin receptor.

63. The method of claim 59 wherein the lymphoid target is selected from the group consisting of lymphoid targets may include alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, B cell target, bcl-2, bcl-6, B lymphocyte antigen 36 kD, BM1 (myeloid target), BM2 (myeloid target), galectin-3, granzyme B, HLA class I Antigen, HLA class II (DP) antigen, HLA class II (DQ) antigen, HLA class II (DR) antigen, human neutrophil defensins, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin D, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, kappa light chain, kappa light chain, lambda light chain, lymphocyte/histocyte antigen, macrophage target, muramidase (lysozyme), p80 anaplastic lymphoma kinase, plasma cell target, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, T cell antigen receptor (JOVI 1), T cell antigen receptor (JOVI 3), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and unclustered B cell target.

64. The method of claim 59 wherein the cell cycle associated targets is selected from the group consisting of apoptosis protease activating factor-1, bcl-w, bcl-x, bromodeoxyuridine, CAK (cdk-activating kinase), cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS), caspase 2, caspase 8, CPP32 (caspase-3), CPP32 (caspase-3), cyclin dependent kinases, cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin D3, cyclin E, cyclin G, DNA fragmentation factor (N-terminus), Fas (CD95), Fas-associated death domain protein, Fas ligand, Fen-1, IPO-38, Mcl-1, minichromosome maintenance proteins, mismatch repair protein (MSH2), poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p16 protein, p27 protein, p34cdc2, p57 protein (Kip2), p105 protein, Stat 1 alpha, topoisomerase I, topoisomerase II alpha, topoisomerase III alpha, and topoisomerase II beta.

65. The method of claim 59 wherein the cluster differentiation target is selected from the group consisting of CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, CD1e, CD2, CD3delta, CD3epsilon, CD3gamma, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD8alpha, CD8beta, CD9, CD10, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CDw12, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD15s, CD16a, CD16b, CDw17, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD24, CD25, CD26, CD27, CD28, CD29, CD30, CD31, CD32, CD33, CD34, CD35, CD36, CD37, CD38, CD39, CD40, CD41, CD42a, CD42b, CD42c, CD42d, CD43, CD44, CD44R, CD45, CD46, CD47, CD48, CD49a, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD49e, CD49f, CD50, CD51, CD52, CD53, CD54, CD55, CD56, CD57, CD58, CD59, CDw60, CD61, CD62E, CD62L, CD62P, CD63, CD64, CD65, CD65s, CD66a, CD66b, CD66c, CD66d, CD66e, CD66f, CD68, CD69, CD70, CD71, CD72, CD73, CD74, CDw75, CDw76, CD77, CD79a, CD79b, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD83, CD84, CD85, CD86, CD87, CD88, CD89, CD90, CD91, CDw92, CDw93, CD94, CD95, CD96, CD97, CD98, CD99, CD100, CD101, CD102, CD103, CD104, CD105, CD106, CD107a, CD107b, CDw108, CD109, CD114, CD115, CD116, CD117, CDw119, CD120a, CD120b, CD121a, CDw121b, CD122, CD123, CD124, CDw125, CD126, CD127, CDw128a, CDw128b, CD130, CDw131, CD132, CD134, CD135, CDw136, CDw137, CD138, CD139, CD140a, CD140b, CD141, CD142, CD143, CD144, CDw145, CD146, CD147, CD148, CDw149, CDw150, CD151, CD152, CD153, CD154, CD155, CD156, CD157, CD158a, CD158b, CD161, CD162, CD163, CD164, CD165, CD166, and TCR-zeta.

66. The method of claim 59 wherein the prognostic target is selected from centromere protein-F (CENP-F), giantin, involucrin, lamin A&

C(XB

     10), LAP-70, mucin, nuclear pore complex proteins, p180 lamellar body protein, ran, r, cathepsin D, Ps2 protein, Her2-neu, P53, S100, epithelial target antigen (EMA), TdT, MB2, MB3, PCNA, or Ki67.

67. The method of claim 59 wherein the one or more tumor markers is selected from the group consisting of epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein c-erbB2, the glycoprotein MUC1 and the signal transduction/cell cycle regulatory proteins Myc, p53 and ras (or Ras) including the viral oncogenic forms of ras which can be used as antigens to detect anti-ras autoantibodies, and also BRCA1, BRCA2, APC, CAl25 and PSA, p53, and S-100B.

68. The method of claim 59 wherein the tumour targets is selected from the group consisting of alpha fetoprotein, apolipoprotein D, BAG-1 (RAP46 protein), CA19-9 (sialyl lewisa), CA50 (carcinoma associated mucin antigen), CAl25 (ovarian cancer antigen), CA242 (tumour associated mucin antigen), chromogranin A, clusterin (apolipoprotein J), epithelial membrane antigen, epithelial-related antigen, epithelial specific antigen, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, hepatocyte specific antigen, heregulin, human gastric mucin, human milk fat globule, MAGE-1, matrix metalloproteinases, melan A, melanoma target (HMB45), mesothelin, metallothionein, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITE), Muc-1 core glycoprotein. Muc-1 glycoprotein, Muc-2 glycoprotein, Muc-5AC glycoprotein, Muc-6 glycoprotein, myeloperoxidase, Myf-3 (Rhabdomyosarcoma target), Myf-4 (Rhabdomyosarcoma target), MyoD1 (Rhabdomyosarcoma target), myoglobin, nm23 protein, placental alkaline phosphatase, prealbumin, prostate specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, prostatic inhibin peptide, PTEN, renal cell carcinoma target, small intestinal mucinous antigen, tetranectin, thyroid transcription factor-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, villin, and von Willebrand factor.

69. The method of claim 59 wherein the neural tissue and tumor target is selected from the group consisting of alpha B crystallin, alpha-internexin, alpha synuclein, amyloid precursor protein, beta amyloid, calbindin, choline acetyltransferase, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, GAP43, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamate receptor 2, myelin basic protein, nerve growth factor receptor (gp75), neuroblastoma target, neurofilament 68 kD, neurofilament 160 kD, neurofilament 200 kD, neuron specific enolase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta2, peripherin, protein gene product 9, S-100 protein, serotonin, SNAP-25, synapsin I, synaptophysin, tau, tryptophan hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and ubiquitin.

70. The method of claim 59 wherein the target is a nucleic acids tumour marker, including genes for, and mutations in, KRAS, BRAF, EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), as well as ABL1, BTK, CTNNB1, FGF23, IL7R, MLH1, PDGFRA, SMO, AKT1, CARD11, DAXX, FGF3, INHBA, KMT2A (MLL), PDGFRB, SOCS1, AKT2, CBFB, DDR2, FGF4, IRF4, KMT2D (MLL2), PDK1, SOX10, AKT3, CBL, DNMT3A, FGF6, IRS2, MPL, PIK3CA, SOX2, ALK, CCND1, DOT1L, FGFR1, JAK1, MRE11A, PIK3CG, SPEN, APC, CCND2, EGFR, FGFR2, JAK2, MSH2, PIK3R1, SPOP, AR, CCND3, EMSY (C11orf30), FGFR3, JAK3, MSH6, PIK3R2, SRC, ARAF, CCNE1, EP300, FGFR4, JUN, MTOR, PPP2R1A, STAG2, ARFRP1, CD79A, EPHA3, FLT1, KAT6A (MYST3), MUTYH, PRDM1, STAT4, ARID1A, CD79B, EPHA5, FLT3, KDM5A, MYC, PRKAR1A, STK11, ARID2, CDC73, EPHB1, FLT4, KDM5C, MYCL1, PRKDC, SUFU, ASXL1, CDH1, ERBB2, FOXL2, KDM6A, MYCN, PTCH1, TET2, ATM, CDK12, ERBB3, GATA1, KDR, MYD88, PTEN, TGFBR2, ATR, CDK4, ERBB4, GATA2, KEAP1, NF1, PTPN11, TNFAIP3, ATRX, CDK6, ERG, GATA3, KIT, NF2, RAD50, TNFRSF14, AURKA, CDK8, ESR1, GID4 (C17orf39), KLHL6, NFE2L2, RAD51, TOP1, AURKB, CDKN1B, EZH2, GNA11, KRAS, NFKBIA, RAF1, TP53, AXL, CDKN2A, FAM123B (WTX), GNA13, LRP1B, NKX2-1, RARA, TSC1, BAP1, CDKN2B, FAM46C, GNAQ, MAP2K1, NOTCH1, RB1, TSC2, BARD1, CDKN2C, FANCA, GNAS, MAP2K2, NOTCH2, RET, TSHR, BCL2, CEBPA, FANCC, GPR124, MAP2K4, NPM1, RICTOR, VHL, BCL2L2, CHEK1, FANCD2, GRIN2A, MAP3K1, NRAS, RNF43, WISP3, BCL6, CHEK2, FANCE, GSK3B, MCL1, NTRK1, RPTOR, WT1, BOOR, CIC, FANCF, HGF, MDM2, NTRK2, RUNX1, XPO1, BCORL1, CREBBP, FANCG, HRAS, MDM4, NTRK3, SETD2, ZNF217, BLM, CRKL, FANCL, IDH1, MED12, NUP93, SF3B1, ZNF703, BRAF, CRLF2, FBXW7, IDH2, MEF2B, PAK3, SMAD2, BRCA1, CSF1R, FGF10, IGF1R, MEN1, PALB2, SMAD4, BRCA2, CTCF, FGF14, IKBKE, MET, PAX5, SMARCA4, BRIP1, CTNNA1, FGF19, IKZF1, MITF, PBRM1, SMARCB1, BCR, ETV4, ETV5, ETV6, EWSR1, ROS1, TMPRSS2, ACTB, AMER1, APH1A, ARHGAP26, ASMTL, AXIN1, B2M, BCL10, BCL11B, BCL7A, BIRC3, BRD4, BRSK1, BTG2, BTLA, CAD, CCT6B, CD22, CD274, CD36, CD58, CD70, CHD2, CIITA, CKS1B, CPS1, CSF3R, CUX1, CXCR4, DDX3X, DNM2, DTX1, DUSP2, DUSP9, EBF1, ECT2L, EED, ELP2, EPHA7, ETS1, EXOSC6, FAF1, FAS, FBXO11, FBXO31, FHIT, FLCN, FLYWCH1, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXP1, FRS2, GADD45B, GNAl2, GTSE1, HDAC1, HDAC4, HDAC7M, HIST1H1C, HIST1H1D, HIST1H1E, HIST1H2AC, HIST1H2AG, HIST1H2AL, HIST1H2AM, HIST1H2BC, HIST1H2BJ, HIST1H2BK, HIST1H2BO, HIST1H3B, HNF1A, HSP90AA1, ICK, ID3, IKZF2, IKZF3, INPP4B, INPP5D, IRF1, IRF8, JARID2, KDM2B, KDM4C, KMT2C, LEF1, LRRK2, MAF, MAFB, MAGED1, MALT1, MAP3K14, MAP3K6, MAP3K7, MAPK1, MEF2C, MIB1, MKI67, MSH3, MYO18A, NCOR2, NCSTN, NOD1, NT5C2, NUP98, P2RY8, PAG1, PASK, PC, PCBP1, POLO, PDCD1, PDCD11, PDCD1LG2, PDGFRB, PHF6, PIM1, PLCG2, POT1, PRSS8, PTPN2, PTPN6, PTPRO, RAD21, RASGEF1A, RELN, RHOA, S1PR2, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SERP2, SEYBP1, SGK1, SMARCA1, SMC1A, SMC3, SOCS2, SOCS3, SRSF2, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, STATE, SUZ12, TAF1, TBL1XR1, TCF3, TCL1A, TLL2, TMEM30, TMSL3, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF17, TP63, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, TUSC3, TYK2, U2AF1, U2AF2, WDR90, WHSC1, XBP1, YY1AP1, ZMYM3, ZNF24 and ZRSR2.

44. A method of monitoring a subject to predict response to treatment for a disease comprising implanting a detector unit on or in the subject and monitoring changes in the level or presence of one or more biomolecule markers associated with a disease wherein a change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers associated with treatment resistance of the disease indicates the presence or absence of resistance of the subject to a disease treatment.

45. The method of claim 44 wherein the change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers associated with the treatment resistance is compared to a population of subjects treated with different therapies for the disease and where the change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecules indicates the presence or absence of treatment resistance.

46. A method of monitoring a subject to evaluate efficacy of treatment for a disease by implanting a detector unit on or in the subject and monitoring changes in the level or presence of one or more biomolecule markers associated with a disease wherein a change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers to resemble a biomolecule profile associated with treatment of the disease indicates efficacy of a disease treatment.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein the change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers associated with treatment efficacy is compared to a biomolecule profile in a population of subjects treated with different therapies for the disease and where the change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecules to resemble the normal population biomolecule profile indicates efficacy of a disease treatment.

48. A method of monitoring prognosis of a disease in a subject, comprising implanting a detector unit in or on a subject and detecting one or more biomolecule markers in a biological fluid from the subject wherein a difference in the levels or presence of a biomolecule marker from the levels or presence in a healthy individual indicates the prognosis of a disease.

49. The method of claim 48 wherein the change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers associated with disease prognosis is compared to a population of subjects having different outcomes for the disease and where the change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecules indicates the prognosis of the disease.

50. A method of monitoring a subject after treatment for a disease to determine efficacy of treatment or early relapse by implanting a detector unit on or in the subject and monitoring changes in the level or presence of one or more target markers associated with a disease wherein a change in the level or presence of the one or more target markers indicates potential relapse of the disease.

52. A method for monitoring the state of a condition, such as a tumour, in a subject having said condition, said method comprising implanting a detector unit on or in the subject and monitoring changes in the level or presence of one or more biomolecule markers which are known to be associated with the condition, such as determined from a biopsy of the tumour, wherein a change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers indicates a change in the state of the condition.

53. A method for monitoring the presence of a condition, such as a tumour, in a subject who has previously had said condition, said method comprising implanting a detector unit on or in the subject and monitoring changes in the level or presence of one or more biomolecule markers which are known to be associated with the condition, such as determined from a biopsy of the tumour, wherein a change in the level or presence of the one or more biomolecule markers indicates the presence of the condition.