MINIATURIZED ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS WITH WIRELESS POWER AND NEAR-FIELD COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES

• US 20180165566A1
• Filed: 06/01/2016
• Published: 06/14/2018
• Est. Priority Date: 06/01/2015
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Board of Trustees of The University of Illinois
• Original Assignee: Board of Trustees of The University of Illinois
• Inventors: ROGERS, John A., BANKS, Anthony R., KIM, Jeonghyun, BROWN, Gregory
• Granted Patent: US 10,677,647 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2560/0214 of power generation or supply
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2560/0242 adapted to measure environmental factors, e.g. temperature, pollution
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2562/0271 Thermal or temperature sensors
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2562/028 Microscale sensors, e.g. electromechanical sensors [MEMS]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14552 Details of sensors specially adapted therefor
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/6826 Finger
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/00 Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment instruments measuring radiation intensity for application in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting, G01T1/161; apparatus for taking X-ray photographs G03B42/02
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 1/42 using electric radiation detectors optical or mechanical part G01J1/04; by comparison with a reference light or electric value G01J1/10
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 1/429 applied to measurement of ultraviolet light using counting tubes G01T
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 5/10 using electric radiation detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/00 Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation G01T3/00, G01T5/00 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0716 at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0723 the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07722 the record carrier being multilayered, e.g. laminated sheets flat articles in general, see B32B37/00
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/23 The load being a medical device, a medical implant, or a life supporting device
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/001 Energy harvesting or scavenging
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/30 using light, e.g. lasers

Abstract

The invention provides systems and methods for tissue-mounted electronics and photonics. Devices of some embodiments of the invention implement high performance, and optionally flexible, device components having miniaturized formats in device architectures that minimize adverse physical effects to tissue and/or reduce interfacial stresses when mounted on tissue surfaces. In some embodiments, the invention provides complementary tissue mounting strategies providing for mechanically robust and/or long term integration of the present devices, for example, via mounting on tissue surfaces that are not subject to rapid growth or exfoliation processes such as the fingernail, toenail, tooth or earlobe. Devices of the invention are versatile and support a broad range of applications for sensing, actuating and communication including applications for near field communication, for example, for password authentication, electronic transactions and biometric sensing.

Claims

1. A tissue mounted electronic system, said system comprising:

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device has a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters and has lateral dimensions small enough to provide long-term conformal integration with said tissue without substantial delamination.

11. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said inner surface of said substrate conforms to a curvature of a tissue surface.

12. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said inorganic or organic components are selected from semiconductor components, metallic conductor components and combinations of inorganic semiconductor components, organic semiconductor components and metallic conductor components.

13. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of said inorganic or organic components is independently positioned within 10 millimeters of an edge of the perimeter of said substrate.

14. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of said inorganic or organic components is independently positioned within 10 millimeters of an edge of an aperture in said substrate.

15. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of said inorganic or organic components is independently characterized by a shortest distance to an edge of said substrate, wherein an average of said shortest distances for said inorganic or organic components is equal to or less than 10 mm.

16. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has a lateral area footprint less than or equal to 500 mm².

17. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has a lateral area footprint selected from the range of 1 mm² to 500 mm².

18. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of a lateral area footprint of said tissue mounted electronic system to the area of the tissue is greater than or equal to 0.1.

19. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has an average modulus selected from the range of 10 kPa to 100 GPa.

20. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has an average modulus greater than 10 kPa.

21. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has a net bending stiffness selected from the range of 0.1 nN m to 1 N m.

22. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has a net bending stiffness greater than 0.1 nM m.

23. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has an areal mass density selected from the range of 0.1 mg cm⁻

2 to 100 mg cm<sup>−

2</sup>.

24. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has an average thickness selected from the range of 5 microns to 5 millimeters.

25. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tissue mounted electronic system has an overall maximum thickness less than 0.1 mm and at least one region having a thickness selected from the range of 0.05 mm to 0.09 mm.

26. The system of any one of the preceding claims having a multilayer geometry comprising a plurality of functional layers, supporting layers, encapsulating layers, planarizing layers or any combination of these.

27. The system of any one of the preceding claims having a shape selected from the group consisting of elliptical, rectangular, circular, serpentine and irregular.

28. The system of claim 27, wherein said shape is characterized by an aspect ratio of a lateral dimension to thickness less than 10000.

29. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said inner surface of said substrate has an area for establishing said conformal contact with said tissue surface less than or equal to 500 mm².

30. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said inner surface of substrate has an area for establishing said conformal contact with said tissue surface selected from the range of 1 mm² to 500 mm².

31. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate is discontinuous.

32. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate has a perforated geometry including a plurality of apertures extending through said substrate.

33. The system of claim 32, wherein said apertures allow passage of gas and fluid from said tissue through said system.

34. The system of any one of claims 32-33, wherein each of said apertures is independently characterized by lateral dimensions selected from the range of 5 microns to 20 millimeters.

35. The system of any one of claims 32-34, wherein said substrate has an areal density of said apertures selected from the range of 1 mm⁻

2 to 600 mm<sup>−

2</sup>.

36. The system of any one of claims 32-35, wherein said apertures are provided in a substantially spatially uniform distribution across said substrate.

37. The system of any one of claims 32-36, wherein said apertures provide an overall mesh geometry of said substrate.

38. The system of any one of claims 32-37, wherein said apertures provide a porosity of said substrate equal to or greater than 0.01%

39. The system of any one of claims 32-38, wherein said apertures allow transport of fluid away from said tissue surface.

40. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate is a flexible substrate or a stretchable substrate.

41. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate is characterized by an average modulus selected from the range of 10 kPa to 100 GPa.

42. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate is characterized by an average modulus greater than 10 kPa.

43. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate is characterized by an average thickness selected from the range of 5 microns to 10 millimeters.

44. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate is characterized by an average thickness greater than 5 microns.

45. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate is characterized by a maximum thickness of 50 microns.

46. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate comprises one or more thin films, coatings or both.

47. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate comprises an inorganic polymer, an organic polymer, a plastic, an elastomer, a biopolymer, a thermoset polymer, a rubber, an adhesive tape or any combination of these.

48. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate comprises polyimide polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyurethane, cellulose paper, cellulose sponge, polyurethane sponge, polyvinyl alcohol sponge, silicone sponge, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or polycarbonate.

49. The system of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising one or more encapsulating layers or coatings for encapsulating said electronic device.

50. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device is a rigid or semi-rigid device, a flexible electronic device or a stretchable electronic device.

51. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of said one or more inorganic or organic components independently comprises one or more thin films, nanoribbons, microribbons, nanomembranes or micromembranes.

52. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said one or more inorganic or organic components independently comprise a single crystalline inorganic semiconductor material.

53. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said one or more inorganic or organic components independently have a thickness selected from the range of 5 microns to 5000 microns.

54. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said one or more inorganic or organic components independently have a thickness greater than 5 microns.

55. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said one or more inorganic or organic components are independently characterized by a curved geometry.

56. The system of claim 55, wherein the curved geometry is a bent, coiled, interleaved or serpentine geometry.

57. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said one or more inorganic or organic components are characterized by one or more island and bridge structures.

58. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device has a multilayer geometry comprising a plurality of functional layers, barrier layers, supporting layers and encapsulating layers.

59. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device is provided proximate to a neutral mechanical surface of said system.

60. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device comprises one or more sensors or a component thereof.

61. The system of claim 60, wherein said one or more sensors or component thereof are selected from the group consisting of an optical sensor, an electrochemical sensor, a chemical sensor, a mechanical sensor, a pressure sensor, an electrical sensor, a magnetic sensor, a strain sensor, a temperature sensor, a capacitive sensor, an impedance sensor, a biological sensor, an electrocardiography sensor, an electromyography sensor, an electroencephalography sensor, an electrophysiological sensor, a photodetector, a gas sensor, a particle sensor, an air pollution sensor, a radiation sensor, an environmental sensor and an imaging device.

62. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device comprises one or more actuators or a component thereof.

63. The system of claim 62, wherein said one or more actuators or component thereof generate electromagnetic radiation, optical radiation, acoustic energy, an electric field, a magnetic field, heat, an RF signal, a voltage, a chemical change or a biological change.

64. The system of claim 63, wherein said one or more actuators or component thereof are selected from the group consisting of a heater, an optical source, an electrode, an acoustic actuator, a mechanical actuator, a microfluidic system, a MEMS system, a NEMS system, a piezoelectric actuator, an inductive coil, a reservoir containing a chemical agent capable of causing a chemical change or a biological change, a laser, and a light emitting diode.

65. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device comprises one or more energy storage systems or a component thereof.

66. The system of claim 65, wherein said one or more energy storage systems or component thereof is selected from the group consisting of an electrochemical cell, a fuel cell, a photovoltaic cell, a wireless power coil, a thermoelectric energy harvester, a capacitor, a super capacitor, a primary battery, a secondary battery and a piezoelectric energy harvester.

67. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device comprises one or more communication systems or a component thereof.

68. The system of claim 67, wherein said one or more communication systems or a component thereof are selected from the group consisting of a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, an antenna, and a near field communication device.

69. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device comprises one or more coils.

70. The system of claim 69, wherein said one or more coils are inductive coils.

71. The system of claim 69, wherein said one or more coils are near-field communication coils.

72. The system of claim 71, wherein each of said near-field communication coils independently has a diameter selected from the range of 500 microns to 20 millimeters.

73. The system of any one of claims 71-72, wherein each of said near-field communication coils independently has an average thickness selected from the range of 1 micron to 5 millimeters.

74. The system of any one of claims 71-73, wherein the frequency of each of said near-field communication coils changes by less than 50% upon a change from a planar configuration to a bent configuration characterized by a radius of curvature selected from the range of 1 mm to 20 mm.

75. The system of any one of claims 71-74, wherein each of said near-field communication coils is characterized by a Q factor greater than or equal to 3.

76. The system of any one of claims 69-75, wherein said one or more coils are at least partially encapsulated by said substrate or one or more encapsulation layers.

77. The system of any one of claims 69-76, wherein said one or more coils have a geometry selected from the group consisting of an annulus or an elliptical annulus.

78. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said inner surface of the substrate is capable of establishing conformal integration with said tissue surface comprising an external tissue.

79. The system of claim 78, wherein said external tissue is skin, a fingernail, a toenail, a tooth, hair or an ear lobe.

80. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said inner surface of the substrate is bonded to said tissue surface via an adhesive comprising an acrylic, silicone or a combination of these.

81. The system of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a near field communication device.

82. The system of claim 81, wherein said near field communication device is for password authentication, electronic transactions or biosensing.

83. The system of claim 82, wherein said near field communication device is for communicating with a computer or mobile electronic device.

116. The system or method of any one the preceding claims, wherein intersecting outer surfaces of the system are joined radially at an angle to reduce delamination.

117. The system or method of any one the preceding claims, wherein the system is fabricated via an industrial process using a roll-to-roll processing.

118. The system or method of claim 117, wherein said roll-to-roll processing comprises web processing or reel-to-reel processing.

119. The system or method of claim 117, wherein said system is fabricated using a roll of flexible plastic or metal foil.

120. The system or method of any one the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of device components of said system comprise a die that is thinned after OEM standard manufacturing and bonded using flip chip technology by either a solder or ACP (anisotropic conductive paste).

121. The system or method of any one the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of device components are encapsulated to provide waterproofing.

128. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device is rendered functionally inoperable upon removal from said tissue.

129. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device is rendered functionally inoperable by physical breakage or deformation of at least a portion of a device component.

130. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device is rendered functionally inoperable by removal of a barrier or encapsulation layer to expose at least a portion of a device component to an external environment.

131. The system of any one of claims 129-130, wherein said device component is selected from the group consisting of an interconnect, a coil, a substrate or a combination thereof.

132. The system of any one of claims 129-131, wherein said deformation comprises a change in curvature of said system greater than or equal to a 4 mm radius of curvature.

133. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device is rendered functionally inoperable when a value of a measured physiological property is outside of a threshold window.

134. The system of claim 133, wherein said physiological property is selected from the group consisting of temperature, pH level, glucose, pulse oximetry, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) and combinations thereof.

135. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein said electronic device is rendered functionally inoperable after a predetermined amount of time, after being used a set number of times, or upon failure to properly authenticate after a set number of attempts.

2. A tissue mounted electronic system, said system comprising:

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device has a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters and has lateral dimensions small enough to provide conformal integration with said tissue without substantial inflammation or immune response of said tissue.

3. A tissue mounted electronic system, said system comprising:

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device has a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters and has lateral dimensions small enough to provide conformal integration with said tissue without substantially changing the exchange of heat and fluids from a tissue surface upon which said system is mounted.

4. A tissue mounted electronic system, said system comprising:

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components;

wherein each of said inorganic or organic components is supported by said outer surface and independently positioned within 20 millimeters of an edge of said substrate;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic device has lateral dimensions less than or equal to 20 millimeters and a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters.

5. A tissue mounted electronic system, said system comprising:

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device is capable of establishing conformal integration with said tissue, and wherein said electronic device undergoes a transformation upon an external stimulus or an internal stimulus;

wherein said transformation provides a change in function of the system from a first condition to a second condition.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein said transformation provides said change in function of the device from a first condition of operability to a second condition of inoperability.

7. The system of any one of claims 5-6, wherein said transformation is induced upon removal or attempted removal of said system from a mounting position on said tissue.

8. The system of any one of claims 5-7, wherein said transformation is induced by a physical change, a chemical change, a thermal change or electromagnetic change of said system or a component thereof.

9. The system of any one of claims 5-8, wherein said transformation is induced by physical breakage of a component of the system, a physical deformation of a component of the system, a change in physical conformation of the system, or removal of a barrier or encapsulation layer of the system.

10. The system of any one of claims 5-9, wherein said transformation is induced by a change in a value of a measured device property, a measured physiological property or a measured ambient property or wherein said transformation is induced by a positional change or a temporal change.

84. A method of sensing, actuating or communicating;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device has a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters and has lateral dimensions small enough to provide long-term conformal integration with said tissue without substantial delamination; and

sensing, actuating or communicating using said tissue mounted electronic system.

89. The method of any one of claims 84-88, wherein said inorganic or organic components are selected from inorganic semiconductor components, metallic conductor components and combinations of inorganic semiconductor components and metallic conductor components.

90. The method of any one of claims 84-89, wherein said tissue surface comprises an external tissue of a subject.

91. The system of any one of claims 84-90, wherein said external tissue is characterized by a growth rate less than or equal to 6 mm per month.

92. The system of any one of claims 84-91, wherein said external tissue is characterized by a rate of exfoliation less than or equal to once per day.

93. The system of any one of claims 84-92, wherein said external tissue is characterized by a modulus greater than or equal to 10 kPa.

94. The system of any one of claims 84-93, wherein said external tissue is characterized by a bending stiffness greater than or equal to 0.1 nN m.

95. The system of any one of claims 84-94, wherein said tissue surface is characterized by a radius of curvature selected from the range of 1 mm to 20 mm.

96. The method of any one of claims 84-95, wherein said tissue is skin, a fingernail, a tooth, hair or an ear lobe.

97. The method of any one of claims 84-96, wherein said tissue is not epidermal tissue.

98. The method of any one of claims 84-97, wherein said tissue is not internal tissue.

99. The method of any one of claims 84-98, wherein said sensing, actuating or communicating comprises generating or receiving a near field communication signal.

100. The method of claim 99, wherein said near field communication signal is generated or received by a computer or portable electronic device.

101. The method of claim 99, wherein said near field communication signal is for password authentication, electronic transactions or biosensing.

102. The method of any one of claims 84-100, wherein said sensing, actuating or communicating comprises sensing one or more physiological, electrophysiological, chemical, thermal or optical properties of said tissue.

103. The method of any one of claims 84-100, wherein said sensing, actuating or communicating comprises sensing one or more physical or chemical properties of a biological fluid from said tissue.

104. The method of any one of claims of any of claims 84-100, wherein said sensing, actuating or communicating comprises actuating said tissue.

105. The method of claim 104, wherein said actuating comprises electrostatically, thermally, optically, acoustically, magnetically or chemically actuating said tissue.

85. A method of sensing, actuating or communicating;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device has a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters and has lateral dimensions small enough to provide conformal integration with said tissue without substantial inflammation or immune response of said tissue; and

sensing, actuating or communicating using said tissue mounted electronic system.

86. A method of sensing, actuating or communicating;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device has a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters and has lateral dimensions small enough to provide conformal integration with said tissue without substantially changing the exchange of heat and fluids from the tissue surface upon which the system is mounted; and

sensing, actuating or communicating using said tissue mounted electronic system.

87. A method of sensing, actuating or communicating;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate;

wherein said electronic device is capable of establishing conformal integration with said tissue in a manner such that it is rendered functionally inoperable upon removal from said tissue; and

sensing, actuating or communicating using said tissue mounted electronic system.

88. A method of sensing, actuating or communicating;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface;

wherein said inner surface of the substrate is for establishing contact with a tissue surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components;

wherein each of said inorganic or organic components is supported by said outer surface and independently positioned within 20 millimeters of an edge of said substrate;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic device has lateral dimensions less than or equal to 20 millimeters and a thickness less than or equal to 5 millimeters; and

sensing, actuating or communicating using said tissue mounted electronic system.

106. The system or method of any one of the proceeding claims, wherein said system further comprises a mounting platform.

107. The system or method of claim 106, wherein said mounting platform has an external surface for establishing contact with a surface of said tissue.

108. The system or method of claim 106, wherein said mounting platform is said substrate of said tissue mounted system.

109. The system or method of claim 106, wherein said mounting platform has an internal surface for supporting said electronic device, said substrate or both.

110. The system or method of claim 106, wherein said mounting platform is for establishing conformal contact with said tissue surface.

111. The system or method of claim 106, wherein said mounting platform establishes conformal contact with a surface of a fingernail.

112. The system or method of claim 106, wherein said mounting platform is rigid or flexible.

113. The system or method of claim 106, wherein said mounting platform is a prosthetic, an adhesive tape or a false fingernail.

114. The system or method of claim 106, wherein the system is rigid in a fixed shape provided to conform to the tissue surface.

115. The system of claim 114, wherein the fixed shape has a curved or contoured profile.

122. A method of authenticating a user to an external device;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate; and

communicating using said tissue mounted electronic system to provide an authentication signal to an external device.

123. The method of claim 122, wherein upon receiving said authentication signal said external device grants the user access to operate said external device.

124. The method of claim 123, wherein said external device is a computer, a phone, a gun, a pill bottle, a door, a vehicle, a safe, a lockbox, a turnstile, a gate, an elevator or a lock.

125. A method of making an electronic payment;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate; and

communicating using said tissue mounted electronic system to provide payment information to an external device.

126. A method of ensuring user compliance;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate; and

communicating a signal indicative of a location and identification of said tissue mounted electronic system to an external device.

127. A method of transferring digital content;

said method comprising;

providing a tissue mounted electronic system on a tissue surface;

wherein said tissue mounted electronic system comprises;

a substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface; and

an electronic device comprising one or more inorganic components, organic components or a combination of inorganic and organic components supported by said outer surface of said substrate; and

communicating a signal indicative of said digital content from said tissue mounted electronic system to an external device.