ELECTRODES

• US 20200135411A1
• Filed: 03/20/2017
• Published: 04/30/2020
• Est. Priority Date: 03/18/2016
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Oxford University Innovation Limited (University of Oxford)
• Original Assignee: Oxford University Innovation Limited (University of Oxford)
• Inventors: ARMSTRONG, Fraser, MEGARITY, Clare, ROBERTS, Thomas, SIRITANARATKUL, Bhavin
• Granted Patent: US 11,694,852 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• CPC Class Codes: C12P 1/00 Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups C12P3/00 - C12P39/00, by using microorganisms or enzymes
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/001 Enzyme electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/005 involving specific analytes or enzymes including groups of enzymes, e.g. oxydases; C12Q1/004 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2333/90293 acting on reduced ferredoxin as donor (1.18)
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/53 Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 9/2027 comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/542 Dye sensitized solar cells

Abstract

An electrode (1), the electrode (1) comprises a substrate (4, 5) on which is located a porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide (6) and having located thereon Ferredoxin NADP Reductase (FNR) (3). The electrode (1) can be used to drive organic synthesis via nicotinamide cofactor regeneration.

Claims

1-32. -32. (canceled)

33. An electrode, the electrode comprising a substrate on which is located a porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide and having located thereon Ferredoxin NADP Reductase (FNR).

34. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide has a thickness of over 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 μ

m.

35. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide has a thickness of from 0.5 to 500 μ

m or 0.5 to 400, 300, 200, 100, 75, 50, or 40 μ

m, say from 0.5 to 30 μ

m, 0.5 to 25 μ

m, 0.5 to 20 μ

m, 0.5 to 15 μ

m, 0.5 to 10 μ

m or 0.5 to 5 μ

m.

36. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide has pore sizes in the range of 50 to 1000 nm, say from 50 to 800 nm, for example in the range of 100 to 500 nm

37. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide is formed from nanoparticles.

38. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide is formed from particles having an average diameter in the range of 10 to 1000 nm, say from particles having an average diameter in the range of 20 to 200 nm.

39. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the conducting or semi-conducting oxide of the porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide is selected from one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), SrTiO3, doped TiO2 or doped ZrO2.

40. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the substrate comprises or is an electrically conductive layer.

41. An electrode according to claim 40, wherein the electrically conductive layer is selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), metal, e.g. titanium, carbon.

42. An electrode according to claim 40, wherein the electrically conductive layer is optically transparent or is substantially optically transparent.

43. An electrode according to claim 40, wherein the electrically conductive layer is selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) or indium-doped cadmium oxide (ICO).

44. An electrode according to claim 40, wherein the electrically conductive layer has a metal wire provided thereon, e.g. wrapped therearound.

45. An electrode according to claim 33, wherein the substrate comprises an inert support layer.

46. An electrode according to claim 45, wherein the inert support layer is selected from a glass or a polymeric material.

47. An electrode according claim 33, wherein one or more further enzymes is or are immobilized on the electrode.

48. A kit of parts for the recycling of nicotinamide cofactors, the kit comprising:

a. An electrode comprising a substrate on which is provided a porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide and

b. a solution of FNR for application to the porous layer;

c. wherein the conducting or semi-conducting oxide is preferably selected from one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), SrTiO3, doped TiO2 or doped ZrO2 and wherein the porous layer preferably has a thickness of from 0.5 to 500 μ

m.

49. A method of forming an electrode, the method comprising providing an electrically conductive substrate preform, securing particles of a conductive or semi-conducting oxide to the substrate preform to form a substrate having a porous layer.

50. A method according to claim 49, comprising securing the particles to the substrate preform using an electric field to draw particles to the substrate preform.