METHOD AND MEANS FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETECTING AND SORTING PRODUCE ACCORDING TO INTERNAL DAMAGE

• US 3,768,645 A
• Filed: 02/22/1971
• Issued: 10/30/1973
• Est. Priority Date: 02/22/1971
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Paul F. Paddock, Tim D. Conway
• Original Assignee: Paul F. Paddock, Tim D. Conway
• Inventors: Paddock, Paul F., Conway, Tim D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Knowles, Allen N.
• Application Number:
  US05/117,565
• Time in Patent Office: 981 Days
• Field of Search: 209/111.5 250/223,93,83.3R,52,53,83.3D 198/38
• US Class Current: 209/565
• CPC Class Codes: B07C 5/3416 according to radiation transmissivity, e.g. for light, x-rays, particle radiation detecting hidden objects G01V
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 209/912 Endless feed conveyor with means for holding each item individually
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 209/925 Driven or fluid conveyor moving item from separating station

Abstract

Apparatus and method for automatically evaluating articles, particularly citrus fruits, on the basis of the uniformity and non-uniformity of their transparency to X-rays and selectively separating them into different grades according to such evaluations, the fruit being oriented and carried by a conveyor in a path between an X-ray source and X-ray detectors positioned to straddle the fruit core portion, the signals from the detectors being carried in an internal quality computer controlled by timing sensors responsive to fruit movement through the X-rays, wherein the percentage of internal damage is computed for each fruit, after which the fruits are successively separated into different predetermined grades according to their respective damage evaluations.

Claims

1. The method of automatically selecting and separating internally damaged citrus fruit from undamaged fruit, which comprises the steps of:

a. simultaneously scanning meat portions on opposite sides of each fruit core with X-rays;

b. sensing variations in X-ray transparencies of the scanned portions;

c. integrating the sensed variations to evaluate said damage and nondamage; and

d. classifying the fruits in accordance with such evaluations.

2. The method according to claim 1 including the further steps of compensating the integrated sensed variations for fruit size to obtain damage evaluations in terms of percentage.

3. Apparatus for grading objects according to changes in a common internal characteristic thereof, comprising:

a. an inspection station;

b. a sorting station including a plurality of sorting positions corresponding to various possible classification grades of the objects according to said internal characteristics thereof;

c. conveyor means for continuously moving said objects in sequence through said inspection station to said sorting station;

d. X-ray means at said inspection station for successively evaluating changes in said internal characteristic of each object and determining its grade classification; and

e. means at each sorting position energizable for removing from said conveyor each object with a determined grade classification corresponding to that of the sorting position.

4. Apparatus for automatically selecting between a plurality of generally spherical objects based on the X-ray transparency characteristics thereof, which comprises:

a. a source of X-rays;

b. means for translating successive changes in transparency between different parts on opposite sides of the center of each object subjected to said X-rays into an integrated electrical signal; and

c. means for selecting between the objects on the basis of this electrical signal.

5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the objects comprise core containing fruits initially oriented to align their cores, and said fruits are successively moved along a path through the X-rays, and the transparency translating means includes means for integrating the changes along said path for the different parts on the opposite sides of the fruit core axis;

and including means for limiting the integrated changes substantially to parts in the meat portion of the fruit between the denser skin portions at the leading and trailing ends of the fruit.

6. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the limiting means comprises a switching circuit for activating and deactivating said integrating means, and including timing sensor means in said path, said sensor means being responsive to the interception of X-rays by the skin portions at the leading and trailing ends of the fruit.

7. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the timing sensor means includes two photodiodes spaced apart in the direction of said path a distance substantially corresponding to the skin thickness at the leading and trailing ends of the fruit.

8. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said objects comprise citrus fruits oriented with their core axes substantially correspondingly positioned, and said fruits are successively moved along a path through the X-rays, and the transparency translating means comprises fruit damage sensor means for sensing X-rays in said different parts along said path on opposite sides of the fruit core axis.

9. Apparatus according tO claim 8, wherein the damage sensor means comprises a pair of damage sensor units operatively positioned to straddle the core of each fruit as it is moved along said path, each of said sensor units including a photomultiplier tube having a photosensitive surface;

and means secured adjacent said photosensitive surface capable of variably scintillating in response to the changes in said X-ray transparency of the different parts.

10. Apparatus for automatically inspecting and sorting citrus fruits into different grades according to the extent of their internal nondamage and damage, comprising;

a. a source of X-rays;

b. conveyor means for successively moving citrus fruit in a path passing through said X-rays;

c. sensing means for translating successive changes for each fruit of its X-ray transparency along said path into electric signals;

d. electronic computer means for converting said electric signals for each fruit into an electric output characteristic of its internal damage in relation to one of said grades;

e. fruit discharge positions traversed by said conveyor corresponding to the respective grades of said fruit; and

f. control means synchronized with the movements of said fruits for selectively discharging each fruit from said conveyor when it reaches its grade discharge position.

11. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said synchronized control means includes memory means for storing said electrical output characteristic for each fruit until it reaches its corresponding grade discharge position.

12. Apparatus for grading objects according to a common internal characteristic thereof, comprising:

a. an inspection station;

b. a sorting station including a plurality of sorting positions corresponding to various possible classifications of the objects according to said internal characteristics thereof;

c. conveyor means for continuously moving said objects in sequence through said inspection station to said sorting station;

d. X-ray means at said inspection station for successively evaluating said internal characteristic of each object and determining its classification, including two spaced apart sensors for simultaneously evaluating adjacent paths through said object; and

e. means at each sorting position energizable for removing from said conveyor each object with a determined classification corresponding to that of the sorting position.

13. Apparatus for automatically inspecting and sorting citrus fruits into different grades according to the extent of their internal nondamage and damage, comprising:

a. a source of X-rays;

b. conveyor means for successively moving citrus fruit in a path passing through said X-rays;

c. sensing means for translating each fruit X-ray transparency into electric signals, comprising a pair of damage sensor units spaced to traverse scanning paths on opposite sides of the core of a preoriented fruit, each of said units including a photomultiplier tube operatively associated with means capable of scintillating in response to variations in the X-ray transparency along the path scanned by said unit and providing output electric signals in accordance with said variations;

d. electronic computer means for converting said electric signals for each fruit into an electric output characteristic of its internal damage in relation to one of said grades;

e. fruit discharge positions traversed by said conveyor corresponding to the respective grades of said fruit; and

f. control means synchronized with the movements of said fruits for selectively discharging each fruit from said conveyor when it reaches its grade discharge position.

14. Apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the electronic computer means includes a pair of damage evaluating circuits having inputs respectively connected to receive the output electric signals of said photomultiplier tubes, and outputs connected into a difference amplifier circuit wherein the evaluation signalS for one of said scanning paths are subtracted from the evaluation signals for the other of said scanning paths.

15. Apparatus according to claim 14, wherein each of said damage evaluating circuits contains logarithmic amplifier circuit means having components operable to compensate for the logarithmic absorption characteristic of the fruit in such a manner that a change due to damage will cause the same output for a small fruit as for a large fruit, and its output voltage increases upwardly towards a predetermined positive voltage potential.

16. Apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the input to each logarithmic amplifier is connected with a noise filter circuit having components for eliminating high frequency noise signals that do not relate to fruit damage, and the output of the logarithmic amplifier is connected to pass through a high pass filter circuit having components for eliminating low frequency signals caused by drift errors, fruit length irregularities and differences in thickness from one side of the fruit to the other.

17. Apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the output of the difference amplifier circuit is coupled with a gain adjusting circuit means having components variable to set the gain at the most desirable values for the particular type of internal damage that is being evaluated.

18. Apparatus according to claim 17, which includes an absolute value amplifier circuit having an input connected with the output of the gain adjusting circuit and components operative to provide at its output an absolute value of its received input.

19. Apparatus according to claim 18, which includes an integrator circuit having components operative to integrate the output of the absolute value amplifier circuit for the period during which the fruit is moved over the damage sensor units and timed switching means for controlling said components so that the integrated output will be for the time that the damage sensor units are scanning the meat portion of the fruit.

20. Apparatus according to claim 19, including a ramp generator circuit having components operable to provide an output ramp wave form variable for fruit size compensation, timed switching means for controlling the operation of the ramp generator during a period concurrent with that of said integrator circuit, and divider circuit means coupled with the outputs of said ramp generator circuit and the integrator circuit and having components operative to divide the output of the integrator circuit by the output of the ramp generator circuit to obtain a percentage evaluation of the fruit damage.

21. Apparatus according to claim 20, including a sample hold amplifier circuit connected to receive the output signal of said divider, and including components operative to prolong said output signal for each fruit at its output value until the next fruit traverses the sensor units.

22. Apparatus according to claim 21, including a switched amplifier circuit connected to receive the output of the sample hold circuit, and having switching components for applying the hold portion of said received output to a grade separator circuit.

23. Apparatus according to claim 22, wherein said grade separator circuit comprises a plurality of voltage comparator circuits having threshold activating voltages for selectively providing group determinative outputs for the grade separator circuit depending upon the input value of the switched fruit characteristic damage evaluation signal.

24. The method of inspecting core type fruits to determine as between internally damaged and nondamaged fruits, which comprises the steps of:

a. successively moving core oriented fruits through an X-ray scanning path; and

b. simultaneously sensing variations in X-ray transparency of meat containing portions lying on opposite sides of each fruit core.