WIDEBAND NON RECIPROCAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UTILIZING SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION

• US 3,845,413 A
• Filed: 10/23/1973
• Issued: 10/29/1974
• Est. Priority Date: 06/04/1971
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Bernard Chiron, Claude Rannou, Nicole Bernard
• Original Assignee: Bernard Chiron, Claude Rannou, Nicole Bernard
• Inventors: Chiron, Bernard, Rannou, Claude, Bernard, Nicole
• Primary Examiner(s): Gensler, Paul L.
• Application Number:
  US05/408,858
• Time in Patent Office: 371 Days
• Field of Search: 333/1.1,24.1-24.3,31R,31A,95S
• US Class Current: 333/1.1
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 1/19 using a ferromagnetic device
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 1/362 Edge-guided mode devices
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 1/387 Strip line circulators

Abstract

The present invention relates to non-reciprocal devices operating in the very high, ultra high, and higher frequency bands. It utilizes in a novel manner, the properties of TM or quasi-TM surface waves or hybrid waves, for example of the HE11 type when such waves are propagated at the surface of a gyromagnetic medium subjected to an external megnetizing field. In its simplest form, the device includes a propagation medium which is at least partly formed of gyromagnetic material at least partially emersed in a magnetic field, the direction of which is at right angles to the axis of propagation. Input and output coupling means feed the device with a TEM space wave and couple a space wave out of the device and mode adapters transform the space wave into TM, quasi-TM or hybrid HE11 surface waves at the input and back to TEM space waves at the output.

Claims

1. A wideband non-reciprocal device for UHF/VHF and microwave frequency bands designed according to microwave integrated circuit teChnology based on the non-reciprocal properties of gyromagnetic materials coupled with an electromagnetic wave which propagates along an axis according to a surface mode of the TM, quasi-TM or hybrid HE11 type, with a r.f. field, the electric field vector of which has two components, one of which lies along said axis, said device comprising:

a medium serving as a propagation support for the surface wave and consisting at least partly of gyromagnetic material having permeability Mu fo and permittivity Epsilon f at zero external magnetizing field and a first dimension extending along the entire length of the propagation path in a direction along the axis of propagation and having two other dimensions small in relation to said first dimension;

means for establishing an external magnetizing field perpendicular to said propagation axis, in at least a part of said gyromagnetic material, of such a value that the permeability of said gyromagnetic material subjected to said field, Mu fd, is very different from Mu fo, along at least one of the forward and reverse directions of propagation along said axis;

input means for feeding said device with a TEM space wave;

means for transforming the input TEM space wave into a TM, quasi-TM or quasi hybrid HE11 surface wave, and for transforming the surface waves into an output TM space wave; and

output means for coupling a TEM space wave out of said device.

2. Wideband non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the means for transforming the input TEM space wave consists of a thin metal plate disposed within the gyromagnetic part of the propagation support medium over its whole length along the propagation axis and cut into a trapezoidal form whose bases are parallel to the said direction of propagation and whose apices belonging to the large base are extended by conductive strips designed as a matching line section with said input and output means.

3. Wideband non-reciprocal device according to claim 1 wherein the means for transforming the input TEM space wave consists of two planar conductive/co-planar structures of like shape containing the axis of propagation and serving as a plane of symmetry to the cross-section of the gyromagnetic part of said support medium, the said structures being cut along rectangular trapeziums whose bases are parallel to said direction of propagation and whose apex corresponding to the large base whose angle is not a right angle is extended by a conductive strip designed as a matching line section with said input and output means.

4. Wideband non-reciprocal device according to claim 1 of the isolator type, wherein the gyromagnetic material of the propagation support is in contact with a matched load over at least one of its faces and the unidirectional magnetizing field is so established that in one of the directions of propagation the value of the permeability Mu fd is high in relation to the value of the permeability at zero magnetizing field at least around the contact surface with said matched load.

5. Non reciprocal device according to claim 1, wherein means for transforming is a metal layer having the general form of a rectangle whose longitudinal axis is parallel to the axis of propagation and whose apices are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces said longitudinal axis, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear parts on those sides of the rectangle which are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, at a point of which parts there are applied the input and output connections said point differing from their center.

6. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 1, wherein the said means for transforming is a metal layer having the general form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the axis of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to the said smaller side are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces said lArger side, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear portions on those sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel sides and which have different lengths the input and output connections being applied near the non-rounded angles.

7. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 1 characterized in that grooves are cut in the gyromagnetic material along a side parallel to the axis of propagation.

8. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 1 wherein the said gyromagnetic medium includes machined recesses.

9. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 1, including means for establishing two different magnetizing field values within said propagation supporting gyromagnetic medium a first value within a first part and a second value within a second part said two parts having a junction surface containing the axis of propagation, and one of said parts acting as an energy absorber in one direction of propagation.

10. Non-reciprocal transmission device of the phase-shifter type according to claim 1 which includes a dielectric material in contact with said medium supporting the surface wave propagation, said dielectric material contacting said medium along a surface which contains the axis of propagation.

11. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 3, characterized in that radiating slots matched to the pass band of the device are cut along both of the two sides parallel to the axis of propagation from said metal layer, the said slots along one of the said two sides being covered with a load wafer and the slots along the other side being covered with dielectric material wafer.

12. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 5, characterized in that radiating slots matched to the pass band of the device are cut from said metal layer along the sides parallel to the propagation, the said slots being covered with wafer of energy absorbing material.

13. Wide band non-reciprocal device according to claim 12 in which said wafer is a dielectric material.

14. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 9 wherein one of the said two magnetic field values is zero.

15. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 9, wherein said two magnetic field values are higher than the value of the field corresponding to the gyromagnetic resonance of the material in the operating frequency range.

16. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 9 wherein said two magnetic field values are lower than the value of the field corresponding to the gyromagnetic resonance in the operating frequency range.

17. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 10 in which at least one of the two magnetizing fields is directed opposite to the magnetizing field which builds up gyromagnetic resonance within said gyromagnetic material.

18. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 10 wherein the shape of the region of the gyromagnetic material which is maintained under a zero external field is adapted to support the waves propagating in the higher attenuation direction.

19. A wideband non-reciprocal device for UHF/VHF and microwave frequency bands designed according to microwave integrated circuit technology based on the non-reciprocal properties of gyromagnetic materials coupled with an electromagnetic wave which propagates along an axis according to a surface mode of the TM, quasi-TM or hybrid HE11 type, with a r.f. field the electric field vector of which has two components, one of which lies along said axis, said devices comprising:

a medium serving as a support for the propagation of the surface wave and consisting at least partly of gyromagnetic material having permeability Mu fo and permittivity epsilon f at zero external magnetizing field and having a first dimension extending along the entire length of the propagation path in the direction along the axis of propagation and having two other dimensions which are small in relation to said first dimension;

means for establishing a unidirectional magnetizing field perpendicular to said propagatiOn axis in at least a part of said gyromagnetic material of such a value that the permeability of said material subject to said field, Mu fd, is very different from Mu fo, at least along one of the forward and reverse directions of propagation along said axis;

input means for feeding such device a TEM space wave;

means for transforming the input TEM space wave into TM, quasi-TM, or quasi hybrid HE11 surface wave, and for transforming inversely the surface waves into an output TM space wave;

output means for coupling a TEM space wave out of said devices; and

a conductive ground plate in contact with said medium supporting the propagation having a dimension perpendicular to the axis of propagation which is large in relation to the corresponding dimension of said medium.

20. Wideband non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 19, wherein the means for transforming the input TEM space wave consists of a thin metal plate disposed within the gyromagnetic part of the propagation support medium over its whole length along the propagation axis and cut into a trapezoidal form whose bases are parallel to the said direction of propagation and whose apices belonging to the large base are extended by conductive strips designed as a matching line section with said input and output means.

21. Wideband non-reciprocal device according to claim 19 wherein the means for transforming the input TEM space wave consists of two planar conductive/co-planar structures of like shape containing the axis of propagation and serving as a plane of symmetry to the cross-section of the gyromagnetic part of said support medium, the said structures being cut along rectangular trapeziums whose bases are parallel to said direction of propagation and whose apex corresponding to the large base whose angle is not a right angle is extended by a conductive strip designed as a matching line section with said input and output means.

22. Wideband non-reciprocal device according to claim 19 of the isolator type, wherein the gyromagnetic material of the propagation support is in contact with a matched load over at least one of its faces and the unidirectional magnetizing field is so established that in one of the directions of propagation the value of the permeability Mu fd is high in relation to the value of the permeability at zero magnetizing field at least around the contact surface with said matched load.

23. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 19, wherein the means for transforming is a metal layer having the general form of a rectangle whose longitudinal axis is parallel to the axis of propagation and whose apices are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces said longitudinal axis, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear parts on those sides of the rectangle which are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, at a point of which parts there are applied the input and output connections said point differing from their center.

24. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 19 characterized in that grooves are cut in the gyromagnetic material along a side parallel to the axis of propagation.

25. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 19 wherein the said gyromagnetic medium includes machined recesses.

26. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 19, including means provided for establishing two different magnetizing field values within said propagation supporting gyromagnetic medium a first value within a first part and a second value within a second part said two parts having a junction surface containing the axis of propagation, and one of said parts acting as an energy absorber in one direction of propagation.

27. Non-reciprocal transmission device of the phase-shifter type according to claim 19 which includes a dielectric material in contact with said medium supporting the surface wave propagation, said dielectric material contacting said medium along a surface which contains the axis of propagation.

28. Non-reciprocal transmission device of the phase-shifter type according to claim 19 in which said medium supporting the surface wave propagation includes a dielectric material in contact with said medium along a surface which includes the direction of propagation.

29. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 19 wherein said gyromagnetic medium includes a plurality of recesses filled with dielectric pins.

30. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 19 wherein said means for transforming is a metal layer having the general form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the axis of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to said smaller side are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces said larger side, said recesses bounding two rectilinear portions on both sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel sides and which have different lengths, the input and output connections being applied near the non-rounded angles.

31. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 21, characterized in that radiating slots matched to the pass band of the device are cut along both of the two coplanar structures parallel to the propagation, the said slots along one of the said two sides being covered with a load wafer and the slots along the other side being covered with dielectric material wafer.

32. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 30, characterized in that radiating slots matched to the pass band of the device are cut from said metal layer along the sides parallel to the propagation, the said slots being covered with wafer of energy absorbing material.

33. Wideband non-reciprocal device according to claim 32, characterized in that said wafer is dielectric.

34. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 26 wherein one of the said two magnetic field values is zero.

35. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 26 wherein said two magnetic field values are higher than the value of the field corresponding to the gyromagnetic resonance of the material in the operating frequency range.

36. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 26 wherein said two magnetic field values are lower than the value of the field corresponding to the gyromagnetic resonance in the operating frequency range.

37. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 27 in which at least one of the two magnetizing fields is directed opposite to the magnetizing field which builds up gyromagnetic resonance within said gyromagnetic material.

38. Non-reciprocal device according to claim 27 wherein the shape of the region of the gyromagnetic material which is maintained under a zero external field is adapted to support the waves propagating in the higher attenuation direction.

39. A non-reciprocal wideband device for UHF/VHF and microwave frequency bands designed according to microwave integrated circuit technology based on the non-reciprocal properties of gyromagnetic materials coupled with an electromagnetic wave which propagates along an axis according to a surface mode of the TM, quasi-TM or hybrid HE11 type, with a r.f. field the electric field vector of which has at least two components, one of which lies along said axis, said device comprising:

a composite medium serving as a support for the propagation of the surface wave and comprising at least a first part consisting of a gyromagnetic material having permeability and permittivity at zero magnetizing field of Mu fo and epsilon f respectively and a second part consisting of dielectric material having electrical characteristics Mu e 1 and epsilon o, the two parts having a common junction surface containing the axis of propagation and being so chosen that in the absence of an external magnetizing field Mu fo epsilon f# Mu e epsilon e;

means for establishing a unidirectional magnetizing field perpendicular to said propagation axis in at least a part of said gyromagnetic material anD of such value that the permeability under said field Mu fd, is very different from Mu fo, at least along one of the forward and reverse directions of propagation along said axis;

input means for feeding such device with a TEM space wave;

means for transforming the input TEM space wave into TM, quasi-TM or quasi-hybrid HE11 surface wave, and for transforming the surface waves into an output TEM space wave; and

output means for coupling a TEM space wave out of said device.

40. Transmission device according to claim 39, wherein the two parts of said composite medium are half cylinders of equal semi-circular cross section in contact along their plane face to form a complete cylinder the axis of propagation extending along the junction of the parts.

41. Non-reciprocal transmission device of the phase-shifter type according to claim 39 including a second dielectric material in contact with the magnetic side of said composite mediums supporting the surface waves propagation along a surface which comprises the direction of propagation.

42. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 39 wherein said means for transforming consists of a combination of a metal layer having the general form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the direction of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to the smaller side are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces the said larger side, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear parts on the sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel sides and which have different lengths, the input and output means being connected near the non-rounded angles, and of two horns filled with a dielectric material situated at the ends of the magnetic part of the medium serving as the propagation support and surrounding the said part in a plane perpendicular to the said metal layer.

43. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 39 wherein said means for transforming is a metal layer having the general form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the direction of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to the smaller side are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces said larger side, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear portions on the sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel side and which have different lengths, the input and output means being connected near the non-rounded angles.

44. A non-reciprocal wideband device for UHF/VHF and microwave frequency bands designed according to microwave integrated circuit technology based on the nonreciprocal properties of gyromagnetic materials coupled with an electromagnetic wave which propagates along an axis according to a surface mode of the TM, quasi-TM or hybrid HE11 type, with a r.f. field the electric field vector of which has at least two components, one of which lies along said axis, said device comprising:

a composite medium serving as a support for the propagation of the surface wave and comprising at least a first part of gyromagnetic material having electrical characteristics at zero external magnetizing field Mu fo and epsilon f and a second part of dielectric material having electrical characteristics Mu e 1 and epsilon e, the two parts having a common junction surface containing the axis of propagation and being so chosen that, in the absence of magnetizing field Mu fo epsilon f Mu e epsilon e;

means for establishing an external magnetizing field perpendicular to said propagation axis in at least a part of said gyromagnetic material of such a value that the permeability, under said field, Mu fd, is very different from Mu fo, at least along one of the forward and reverse directions of propagation along said axis;

input means for feeding such device with a TEM sPace wave;

a means for transforming the input TEM space wave into TM, quasi-TM, or quasi-hybrid HE11 surface wave, and for transforming the surface waves into an output TEM space wave;

output means for coupling a TEM space wave and of said device;

a conductive ground plate in contact with the said medium supporting the propagation and having dimension perpendicular to the direction of propagation which is large in relation to the corresponding dimension of the composite medium.

45. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 44 in which means are provided for establishing two different magnetizing field values within the gyromagnetic propagation supporting medium, a first value within a first part and a second value within a second part, said two parts having a junction surface which contains the axis of propagation.

46. Non-reciprocal device of the three-port circulator type according to claim 44 wherein a third dielectric part having electrical characteristics Mu '"'"''"'"'e 1 and epsilon '"'"''"'"'e is disposed in contact with the first part of magnetic material along a junction surface parallel to that of the parts and such that:

Mu fo epsilon f Mu e epsilon e Mu '"'"''"'"'e epsilon '"'"''"'"'e and the means for transforming has a general triangular form of which the apices are extended by line sections partially overlapping the second part of dielectric and the third apex partially overlapping the third dielectric part is in contact with a third connection means.

47. Non-reciprocal transmission device of the phase-shifter type according to claim 44 in which said composite mediums supporting the surface wave propagation includes a second dielectric material part in contact on the magnetic side of said medium, along a surface which includes the direction of propagation.

48. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 44 wherein said means for transforming consists of a combination of a metal layer having the general form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the axis of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to the smaller side are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces said larger side, said recesses bounding two rectilinear parts on the sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel side and which have different lengths, the input and output means being connected near the non-rounded angle, and of two horns filled with a dielectric material at the ends of the magnetic part of the medium serving as the propagation support and surrounding the said part in a plane perpendicular to said metal layer.

49. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 44 wherein said means for transforming is a metal layer having the general forM of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the axis of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to the smaller side are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces the said larger side, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear portions on the sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel side and which have different lengths, the input and output means being connected near the non-rounded angles.

50. Non reciprocal transmission device according to claim 44 wherein said means for transforming consists of a combination of a metal layer having the general form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the direction of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to the smaller side are rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces the said larger side, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear parts on the sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel sides and which have different lengths, the input and output means being connected near the non-rounded angles, and of two horns filled with a dielectric material situated at the ends of the magnetic part of the medium serving as the propagation support and surrounding the said part in a plane perpendicular to the said metal layer.

51. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 50 wherein means for transforming is a metal layer having the general form of a trapezium whose parallel sides are parallel to the direction of propagation with a smaller side and a larger side and whose apices adjacent to the smaller side rounded by curvilinear recesses whose convexity faces said larger side, the said recesses bounding two rectilinear portions on the sides of the trapezium which are perpendicular to the parallel sides and which have different lengths, the input and output means being connected near the non-rounded angles.

52. Non-reciprocal device of the four-port circulator type according to claim 46 in which the structure serving as a support for the propagation includes a part symmetrical thereto about a line parallel to the axis of propagation and extending through the third part consisting of dielectric, and the surface wave adapter has non-rectilinear sides between two adjacent apices.

53. Non reciprocal device of the three-port circulator type according to claim 46 wherein the triangular surface wave adapter has at least two curved sides.

54. Non-reciprocal transmission device according to claim 51 including means for establishing two different magnetizing field values within the gyromagnetic propagation supporting medium a first value within a first part and a second value within a second part, said two parts having a junction surface lying in the direction of propagation.

55. A non-reciprocal wideband device for UHF/VHF and microwave frequency bands designed according to microwave integrated circuit technology based on the non-reciprocal properties of gyromagnetic materials when coupled with an electromagnetic wave which propagates along an axis according to a surface mode of the TM, quasi-TM, or hybrid HE11 type, with a r.f. field, the electric field vector of which has two components, one of which lies along said axis, said device comprising:

a medium serving as a support for the propagation of the surface wave and consisting at least partly of gyromagnetic material having permeability Mu fo and permittivity epsilon f at zero external magnetizing field and extending along the entire propagation path of the device in the direction along the axis of propagation and having two other dimensions which are small in relation thereto;

means for establishing an external magnetizing field with a non-zero component along said propagation axis in at least a part of said gyromagnetic material of such a value that the permeability of said material, subjected to said field, Mu fd, is very different from Mu fo, at least along one of the forward and reverse directions of propagation along said axis;

input means for coupling a TEM space wave to said device;

means for transforming the input TEM space wave into TM, quasi-TM, or quasi-hybrid HE11 surface wave, and for transforming the surface waves into an output TEM space wave;

output means for coupling a TEM space wave out of said device; and

a conductive ground plate in contact with said medium supporting the propagation whose dimension perpendicular to the axis of propagation is large in relation to the corresponding dimension of said medium.

56. A non-reciprocal wideband device for UHF/VHF and microwave frequency bands designed according to microwave integrated circuit technology based on the nonreciprocal properties of gyromagnetic materials when coupled with an electromagnetic wave which propagates along an axis according to a surface mode of the TM, quasi-TM, or hybrid HE11 type, with a r.f. field the electric field vector of which has two components, one of which lies along said axis, said device comprising:

a composite medium serving as a support for the propagatioN of the surface wave and comprising at least a first part consisting of a gyromagnetic material having permeability and permittivity at zero external magnetizing field of Mu fo and epsilon f respectively and a second part consisting of dielectric material having electrical characteristics Mu e 1 and epsilon e, the two parts having a common junction surface containing the axis of propagation and being so chosen that, in the absence of an external magnetizing field Mu fo epsilon f # Mu e epsilon e;

means for establishing an external magnetizing field with a non-zero component along said propagation axis in at least a part of said gyromagnetic material of such a value that the permeability, under said filed, Mu fd, is very different from Mu fo, at least along one of the forward and reverse directions of propagation along said axis;

input means for coupling a TEM space wave to said device;

means for transforming the input TEM space wave into TM, quasi-TM or quasi hybrid HE11 surface wave, and for transforming the surface waves into an output TEM space wave; and

output means for coupling a TEM space wave out of said device.

57. A non-reciprocal wideband device for UHF/VHF and microwave frequency bands designed according to microwave integrated circuit technology based on the nonreciprocal properties of gyromagnetic materials coupled with an electromagnetic wave which propagates along an axis according to a surface mode of the TM, quasi-TM or hybrid HE11 type, which a r.f. field, the electric field vector of which has two components, one of which lies along said axis, said device comprising:

a composite medium serving as a support for the propagation of the surface wave and comprising at least a first part of magnetic material having electrical characteristics at zero external magnetizing field Mu fo and epsilon f and a second part of dielectric material having electrical characteristics Mu e 1 and epsilon e, the two parts having a common junction surface containing the axis of propagation and being so chosen that, in the absence of magnetizing field, Mu fo epsilon f # Mu e epsilon e;

means for establishing an external magnetizing field with a non-zero component along said propagation axis in at least a part of said gyromagnetic material of such a value that the permeability, under said field, Mu fd, is very different from Mu fo, at least along one of the forward and reverse directions of propagation along said axis;

input means for coupling a TEM space wave to said device;

means for transforming the input TEM space wave into TM or quasi-TM or quasi-hybrid HE11 surface wave, and for transforming the surface waves into an output TEM space wave;

output means for coupling a TEM space wave out of said device; and

a conductive ground plate in contact with said medium supporting the propagation whose dimension perpendicular to the direction of propagation is large in relation to the corresponding dimension of the composite medium.