Apparatus for monitoring recurrent waveforms

• US 3,940,692 A
• Filed: 12/14/1973
• Issued: 02/24/1976
• Est. Priority Date: 12/15/1972
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: University of Edinburgh
• Original Assignee: University of Edinburgh
• Inventors: Neilson, James McEwan McIntyre
• Primary Examiner(s): Rolinec, R. V.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Karlsen, Ernest F.
• Application Number:
  US05/424,815
• Time in Patent Office: 802 Days
• Field of Search: 324/77 R, 324/77 B, 324/77 D, 324/102, 128/2.06 F, 128/2.05 T, 128/2.06 R, 128/2.06 A
• US Class Current: 324/76.17
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/349 Detecting specific parameters of the electrocardiograph cycle
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7239 using differentiation including higher order derivatives
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7242 using integration
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 19/1658 AC voltage or recurrent signals

Abstract

A method and apparatus for monitoring recurrent waveforms such as electrocardiogram (e.c.g.) waveforms. The e.c.g. apparatus comprises integrators and stores for storing integrated segments of a normal, reference waveform complex. A timing circuit derives timing signals from the e.c.g. waveform to be monitored. The timing signals represent the time location of particular selected parts of the waveform which are to be compared with the corresponding parts of the stored waveform. The e.c.g. waveform is corrected by subtracting a version of the waveform after it has passed through a low pass filter from a delayed version. Corrected segments of the waveform are integrated and subtracted from the corresponding stored segments of the reference waveform to provide a difference signal and the difference signals are quantitatively summed. An output signal is produced if the total sum of the magnitudes of the difference signals exceeds a predetermined value to indicate an abnormal complex.

Claims

1. A method of monitoring a recurrent waveform to detect abnormal waveform complexes comprising the steps of integrating successive segments of a waveform complex, determining the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the complex and the integrated values of corresponding segments of (p + 1) different normal waveform complexes, where p is an integer, to provide (p + 1) sets of difference signals, quantitatively summing the difference signals associated with each normal waveform and producing a signal and/or record to indicate an abnormal complex if the total sum of the magnitudes of the difference signals associated with a first normal waveform complex exceeds a first threshold level and the sums of the magnitudes of the p other difference signals are not less than a second threshold level for each of the p other normal waveform complexes.

2. A method according to claim 1, in which the threshold levels are the same.

3. A method according to claim 1, in which the threshold levels are adaptive and including deriving said adaptive threshold levels from variables.

4. A method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of producing a second signal and/or record if one of the sums of the magnitudes of the difference signals is less than its associated threshold level, and arranging the second signal and/or record to indicate that the monitored waveform is a normal waveform and to which of the (p + 1) normal waveforms it corresponds.

5. A method according to claim 3 in which said deriving of threshold levels from variables includes deriving each threshold level from a voltage dependent upon the total area of the corresponding normal complex, the variable high frequency and low frequency contents of the signal to be monitored, and a fixed, d.c. level.

6. A method according to claim 1, including simultaneously determining the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the complex of the waveform to be monitored and the corresponding segments of each the (p + 1) normal waveforms.

7. A method according to claim 1 including also producing a signal and/or record to indicate an abnormal complex if the sum of the magnitudes of the difference signals associated with all of the normal waveform complexes exceed threshold values.

8. A method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of producing further a signal and/or record if one or more of the sums of the magnitudes of the difference signals is less than another associated (such as Normal threshold) threshold level, and arranging the latter signal and/or record to indicate that the monitored waveform is a normal waveform and to which of the (p + 1) normal waveforms it corresponds.

9. A method of monitoring a recurrent waveform to detect abnormal waveform complexes comprising the steps of integrating and storing segments of a normal waveform complex to be used as a reference, integrating successive segments of a waveform complex, deriving timing signals from the recurrent waveform wherein the timing signals represent the time location of particular selected parts of the waveform complex required to be compared with the integrated value of corresponding parts of the stored normal complex, deriving a correcting signal by filtering the waveform to be monitored by passing it through a low-pass filter to provide a baseline signal, delaying the waveform, subtracting said correcting signal from said delayed waveform to provide a corrected waveform, determining, with the aid of the timing signals, the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the corrected complex and the integrated value of a corresponding segment of the normal waveform complex to provide a difference signal, quantitatively summing the difference signals and producing a signal and/or record if the total sum of the magnitudes of the difference signals exceed a predetermined value to indicate an abnormal complex.

10. A method according to claim 9, including filtering the corrected waveform by passing it through a high-pass filter before the step of determining the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the corrected complex and the integrated value of a corresponding segment of the normal waveform.

11. A method according to claim 9, in which the timing signals are derived from the recurrent waveform by high-pass filtering, rectifying, smoothing and differentiating twice the smoothed signal in that order, and comparing the resulting second derivative signal with a threshold derived by separately high-pass filtering and smoothing the high frequency noise components of the recurrent waveform to be monitored to provide an output signal when the second derivative signal exceeds the threshold signal.

12. A method according to claim 11, in which the step of twice differentiating also provides a first derivative signal, and including comparing first derivative signal with a reference level (such as zero volts) to provide a signal when it is equal to the reference level, applying the latter signal to a monostable circuit for generating at its output a pulse of predetermined time duration and having a fixed time relationship to the centre of that part of the waveform complex to be compared with the reference complex, and adding said output signal, generated when the second derivative signal exceeds the threshold signal, to the pulse from the monostable circuit in an AND-gate to provide a trigger signal, said trigger signal being said timing signal.

13. A method according to claim 12, in which the integration of corresponding segments of each normal waveform complex to be stored, and the waveform complex to be compared with it is successive and including carrying out said integration by operational amplifiers electronically switched under the control of the timing signal.

14. A method according to claim 13, including arranging the operational amplifier stages to obtain the differences between each integrated segment of the waveform complex and that of each stored reference waveform complex and to obtain the sums of the magnitudes of said individual differences over a time interval including the start of the waveform complex and the end of the widest expected waveform complex.

15. Apparatus for monitoring recurrent waveforms to detect abnormal waveform complexes in said recurrent waveform comprising means for integrating successive segments of a waveform complex, means for determining the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the complex and the integrated values of the corresponding segments of (p + 1) different normal waveform complexes, where p is an integer, to provide (p + 1) sets of difference signals, means for adding the magnitudes of said difference signals associated with each normal waveform irrespective of sign, and means for indicating an abnormal complex if the total sum of the magnitudes of the difference signals associated with a first normal waveform complex exceeds a first threshold level and the sums of the magnitudes of the p other difference signals are not less than a second threshold level for each of the p other normal complexes.

16. Apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising means for indicating a normal complex if one of the sums of the magnitudes of the difference signals is less than an associated threshold level and for indicating to which of the (p + 1) normal waveforms it corresponds.

17. Apparatus according to claim 15, in which the threshold levels are the same.

18. Apparatus according to claim 15, in which the threshold levels are adaptive and including means for deriving said thresholds from variables of the incoming complex to be monitored.

19. Apparatus according to claim 18 in which said means for deriving includes means producing each threshold level from a voltage dependent upon the total area of the corresponding normal complex, the high frequency and low frequency contents of the signal to be monitored and a fixed, d.c. level.

20. Apparatus according to claim 15, in which said means for determining the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the complex of the waveform to be monitored and the corresponding segments of the (p + 1) normal waveforms include parallel means for carrying out said determinations simultaneously.

21. Apparatus according to claim 15, in which the indicating means includes means for providing an indication of an abnormal complex if the sums of the magnitudes of the difference signals associated with all of the normal waveform complexes exceed threshold values.

29. Apparatus according to claim 15 in which the threshold levels are different.

22. Apparatus for monitoring a recurrent waveform to detect abnormal waveform complexes comprising means for integrating and storing segments of a normal waveform complex to be used as a reference, means for integrating successive segments of a waveform complex to be monitored, means for timing signals from the recurrent waveform wherein the timing signals represent the time location of particular selected parts of the waveform complex required to be compared with the integrated value of corresponding parts of the stored normal complex, means for deriving a correcting signal, including means for filtering the waveform to be monitored by passing it through a low-pass filter to provide a baseline signal, means for delaying the waveform, means for subtracting said correcting signal from said delayed waveform to provide a correct waveform, means for determining, with the aid of the timing signals, the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the corrected complex and the integrated value of a corresponding segment of the normal waveform complex to provide a difference signal, means for quantitatively summing the difference signals and for producing a signal and/or record if the total sum of the magnitudes of the difference signals exceed a predetermined value to indicate an abnormal complex.

23. Apparatus according to claim 22, further comprising means for passing the corrected waveform through a high-pass filter to the means for determining the difference between the integrated value of each segment in the corrected complex and the integrated value of a corresponding segment of the normal waveform.

24. Apparatus according to claim 22, in which the means for deriving timing signals comprises a high-pass filter, a rectifier, smoothing means, means for differentiating twice the smoothed signal coupled together in that order, and means for comparing the second derivative signal with a threshold level derived by a high-pass filter and smoothing means for filtering and smoothing the high frequency noise components of the recurrent waveform to be monitored to provide an output signal when the second derivative signal exceeds the threshold signal.

25. Apparatus according to claim 23, in which the means for deriving timing signals comprises means for comparing the first derivative signal, resulting from said differentiating twice, with a reference level (such as zero volts) to provide a signal when it is equal to the reference level, and for applying the signal to a monostable circuit for generating at its output a pulse of predetermined time duration and having a fixed time relationship to the centre of that part of the waveform complex to be compared with the reference complex, and means for adding the output signal generated when the second derivative signal exceeds the threshold signal to the pulse from the monostable circuit in an AND-gate to provide a trigger signal, said trigger signals being said timing signals.

26. Apparatus according to claim 25, in which the integration of corresponding segments of the or each normal waveform complex to be stored and the waveform complex to be compared with it is successive and carried out by operational amplifiers electronically switched under the control of the timing signal.

27. Apparatus according to claim 26, in which the operational amplifier stages are arranged to obtain the differences between each integrated segment of the waveform complex and the or each stored reference waveform complex and to obtain the sums of said individual differences over a time interval including the start of the waveform complex and the end of the widest expected waveform complex.

28. Apparatus according to claim 22 in which said recurrent waveform is a series of e.c.g. waveforms, in which the indicating means is arranged to record and/or indicate different disturbances of the heart rhythm of a patient, including ventricular tachycardia, and including individual alarms specific to the condition detected.

30. Apparatus for monitoring a series of incoming waveform complexes, normally having a predominant peaked portion, to detect abnormal complexes, comprising:

delay means for delaying an incoming waveform complex;

trigger means including

i. a first trigger path receiving said incoming complex and comprising a high pass filter, a low pass filter, a full wave rectifier, a low pass filter and a first derivative circuit,

ii. a second trigger path serially following said first path and comprising means providing a second derivative signal, a comparator actuable when said second derivative signal exceeds a high frequency noise threshold and an AND-gate in series, said second derivative signal causing a peak signal, at the peak of said peaked portion, through a peak rectifier,

iii. a third trigger path paralleling said second path and comprising means comparing the second differential signal to a reference level monostable means triggered thereby at the zero crossing of the second derivative signal, and said AND-gate, said AND-gate being responsive to coincidence of outputs from said second and third paths for producing a trigger signal time related to the center of each incoming complex'"'"'s peaked portion which significantly exceeds the high frequency noise level in such complex; and

inhibit means including

i. low pass filter means responsive to said incoming complex for providing a baseline signal,

ii. first derivative and rectifier means responsive to said baseline signal for providing a baseline slope signal,

iii. rectifier and comparator means providing a signal when said baseline signal exceeds a threshold level,

iv. means responsive to a selected fraction of the total area of one stored normal complex exceeding the baseline slope signal for also providing a signal,

v. means also providing a signal when the mean high frequency noise level of the incoming complex exceeds a preselected fraction of said peak signal,

vi. stretch circuit means responsive to a said signal from (iii), (iv) or (v) above for providing an inhibit signal,

vii. a series path including a notch filter means, high pass filter, rectifier, low pass filter and peak rectifier for signaling said mean high frequency noise level and means applying a corresponding signal to (v) above and to said second trigger path comparator.

31. The apparatus of claim 30 further including:

control means responsive to said trigger signal for providing a series of n timed control signals;

operational means responsive to said timing signals and including

i. a series differential amplifier and high pass filter means responsive to said baseline signal and delayed complex for providing a time delayed, level corrected version of said incoming complex;

ii. n integrator means responsive to corresponding said timing signals for integrating n successive signals of said corrected incoming complex from (i) above,

iii. p + 1 sets of n store circuits, each store circuit including means for storing an n^th segment of a corresponding one of p + 1 different normal complexes and means for taking the absolute value of the difference between the integrated values of a corrected incoming complex segment and a corresponding stored normal complex segment, and p + 1 sum means for summing said difference absolute values for the corresponding one of said p + 1 store circuit sets to provide p + 1 sum signals,

iv. abnormal signal means responsive to a said sum signal from (iii) above exceeding an adaptive threshold, comprising a preselectable function of said mean high frequency noise level and said baseline slope signal and a preset D.C. level and the sum of integrated segments of one said stored normal complex, for producing an abnormal logic signal,

v. p + 1 normal signal means, each responsive to a corresponding one of said p + 1 sum signals from (iii) above less than a selected function of the sum of the integrated segments of a corresponding one of said p + 1 stored normal complexes, for producing a corresponding one of p + 1 normal logic signals,

timing means responsive to said control means for indicating by an early signal that said peaked portion of said incoming complex is earlier in the complex than normal;

logic means responsive to

i. said abnormal signal for indicating that the incoming complex is abnormal and to a said early signal for further indicating the incoming complex is an early abnormal complex,

ii. said p + 1 normal signals and for indicating the incoming complex corresponds to the closest one of said p + 1 stored normal complexes and additionally responsive to occurrence of a said early signal for indicating the incoming complex corresponds to an early version of said one stored normal complex, and

including means responsive to said indication in (ii) above that the incoming complex corresponds to a said stored normal complex for updating the corresponding said set of n store circuits with said incoming complex prior to processing of a new incoming complex; and

alarm means responsive to said indications from said logic means for actuating the appropriate one of several alarms each indicative of a different abnormality.

32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said logic means includes means responsive to coincidence of an abnormal signal and no normal signals for so indicating the incoming complex abnormal.

33. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said operational means includes at least one said abnormal signal means for a given one of said p + 1 stored normal complexes, and said logic means includes means requiring coincident outputs from all said abnormal signal means for so indicating the incoming complex is abnormal.