Real-time cross-correlation signal processor

• US 3,961,172 A
• Filed: 12/05/1974
• Issued: 06/01/1976
• Est. Priority Date: 12/03/1973
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Robert Stewart Hutcheon
• Original Assignee: Robert Stewart Hutcheon
• Inventors: Hutcheon, Robert Stewart
• Primary Examiner(s): Gruber, Felix D.
• Application Number:
  US05/529,759
• Time in Patent Office: 544 Days
• Field of Search: 235/181, 179/1 P, 179/15 FD, 179/15 BF, 325/473-477, 324/77 B, 328/138, 328/139, 328/140, 328/165-175
• US Class Current: 708/813
• CPC Class Codes: G06G 7/1928 for forming correlation integrals; for forming convolution integrals G06G7/195, G06G7/1907 and G06G7/1914 take precedence

Abstract

Apparatus for improving the signal to noise ratio in an electrical signal. A signal enhancement processor operating in real time and selecting signals based upon the similarity of the incoming signal to a locally generated reference and which does not require that signals be filterable in the frequency domain, that external reference signals be supplied, or that signal amplitude criteria be employed. A system for providing input signal attenuation or rejection as a function of the frequency or phase of the input signal, with attenuation at a maximum for an undesired signal and at a minimum for a desired signal.

Claims

1. In a real time signal processing system of the cross-correlation type for selecting input signals depending upon the instantaneous degree of similarity of the input signal to a locally generated reference signal, the combination of:

first means for generating a reference signal;

second means for generating a control signal which is a real time measure of the instantaneous degree of similarity of an input signal to said reference signal;

third means for selecting said input signal as a function of said control signal, and providing the selected signal as the output;

means for connecting said input signal to said second means and to said third means; and

means for connecting said reference signal to said second means.

2. A system as defined in claim 1 including means for generating a reference signal in the form of a frequency of the input signal.

3. A system as defined in claim 1 including means for generating a reference signal in the form of a phase of the input signal.

4. A system as defined in claim 1 including means for generating a reference signal in the form of a frequency and a phase of the input signal.

5. In a real time signal processing system of the cross-correlation type for selecting input signals depending upon the instantaneous degree of similarity of the input signal to a locally generated reference signal, the combination of:

means for generating a real time measure of the instantaneous degree of similarity of the input signal to said reference signal;

means for using said measure of input signal similarity such that input signals are selected in accordance with said measure of similarity;

means for connecting said input signal to said means for generating the measure of similarity and to said means for using input signals;

means for connecting said reference signal to said means for generating the measure of similarity; and

means for providing selected signals as an output.

6. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 5 wherein said reference signal represents a frequency of the input signal to be selected, and including:

a signal attenuator with the input signal connected thereto and providing an output varying in amplitude as a function of a control input thereto;

an amplitude limiter with the input signal connected thereto;

a frequency discriminator having the amplitude limiter output as an input and providing an output varying in amplitude as a function of the frequency of the input thereto;

a comparitor having the frequency discriminator output and a reference signal as inputs and providing an output varying as a function of the difference between the inputs thereto;

a low pass filter having the comparitor output as an input, and providing control output to said attenuator; and

a reference signal source providing an output to said comparitor.

7. A system as defined in claim 6 wherein said comparitor output is provided as control input to said attenuator, and further including a bandpass filter having said attenuator output as an input and providing an output.

8. A system as defined in claim 6 further including:

a plurality of signal attenuators each having said input signal as input and providing an output varying in amplitude as a function of a control input thereto;

a plurality of comparitors, each having said frequency discriminator output and a reference signal as input and providing an output varying as a function of the difference between the inputs thereto;

a plurality of low pass filters, each having one of the plurality of comparitor outputs as input and providing a control output to a different one of said plurality of signal attenuators; and

a reference signal source providing a plurality of outputs, one to each of said plurality of comparitors, each output being independent of all others.

9. A system as defined in claim 8 further including a detector, low pass filter and amplitude thresholding means for each output, and means for selecting one or more of said amplitude thresholded outputs for further processing or display.

10. A system as defined in claim 5 wherein said reference signal represents a phase of the input signal to be selected, and including:

a signal attenuator with the input signal connected thereto, and providing an output varying in amplitude as a function of a control input thereto;

an amplitude limiter with the input signal connected thereto;

a phase discriminator having the amplitude limiter output and a reference signal as inputs, and providing a plurality of outputs varying in amplitude as a function of the difference in phase between said limiter output and said reference signal inputs thereto;

a comparitor having the plurality of phase discriminator outputs and a reference signal as inputs, and providing an output varying as a function of the differences between the inputs thereto;

a low pass filter having the comparitor output as input, and providing a control output to said attenuator; and

a reference signal source providing an output to said phase discriminator and an output to said comparitor.

11. A system as defined in claim 10 wherein said comparitor output is provided as control input to said attenuator, and further including a bandpass filter having said attenuator output as an input and providing an output.

12. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 5 including:

means for connecting additional input signals to said means for generating, with said input signals comprising first and second components of the same frequency and varying in phase and with said reference signal being a predetermined function of the relative phase of said input signals;

a signal attenuator with one of the input signals connected thereto and providing an output varying in amplitude as a function of a control input thereto;

first and second amplitude limiters for said first and second input signal components respectively;

a 90 degree phase shifter for the output of one of said limiters;

a first phase detector for the outputs of said limiters;

a second phase detector for the output of said phase shifter and the other of said limiters; and

an attenuator control circuit having the outputs of said phase detectors as inputs and providing an output to said attenuator control input varying in amplitude as a function of the amplitudes of said phase detector inputs thereto.

13. A system as defined in claim 12 further including a bandpass filter, detector, and low pass filter connected in series for the output of said attenuator.

14. A system as defined in claim 12 further including a second signal attenuator having the other of said input signals as input and providing a second output varying as a function of said attenuator control circuit output.

15. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 5 including:

means for connecting additional input signals to said means for generating, with said input signals comprising first and second components of the same frequency and varying in phase and with said reference signal representing a relative phase of said input components to be selected;

a multiplier having said input signal components as inputs and producing a plurality of outputs, each of said outputs having essentially the same amplitude and the same frequency variations as said input signal components and a different phase, each of said phases being a fixed multiple of the instantaneous phase difference between said first and second input signal components, and said fixed multiples in combination form a well ordered sequence; and

a summing unit having said plurality of multiplier outputs as input, and producing an output which is the phasor or vector sum of said plurality of multiplier outputs when combined in accordance with a fixed schedule of amplitude and phase weighting factors.

16. A system as defined in claim 15 further including a detector for the summed output and a low pass filter for the detector output.

17. A system as defined in claim 15 further including first and second limiters each having one of said input signal components as input, and providing an output to one of said inputs of said multiplier.

18. A system as defined in claim 15 wherein said summing unit combines the plurality of multiplier outputs at unchanged amplitude and phase and said multiplier includes:

first and second channels, each having one of said input signal components and the local output of the other channel as inputs and producing a local output and a plurality of other outputs;

each of said first and second channels comprising a times-2 frequency multiplier having one of said input signal components as input, and an amplitude limiter having said times-2 frequency multiplier output as input providing the local output, and a plurality of multiplier stages connected in series, the first of said multiplier stages having said input signal component and the local output of said other channel as inputs, and successive multilplier stages have first and second local outputs alternately as inputs, and said plurality of other outputs comprises said input signal component and the plurality of multiplier stage outputs; and

each multiplier stage of said plurality of multiplier stages includes a mixer, a bandpass filter centered at one-half of the nominal frequency of said local outputs, and an amplifier connected in series.

19. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 5 wherein said reference signal represents a frequency of the input signal to be selected, and including:

a frequency multiplier having the input signal and a reference signal as inputs, and producing an output varying in amplitude in essential accordance with the amplitude of said input signal, and varying in frequency as a multiple of the frequency variations of said input signal;

a bandpass filter having a bandwith commensurate with the input bandwidth of said frequency multiplier and a center frequency equal to that of a desired signal at the output of said frequency multiplier and having the frequency multiplier output as input and providing an output; and

a reference signal source which provides an output to the frequency multiplier which represents the frequency of signals to be accepted.

20. A system as defined in claim 19 further including an amplitude limiter connected in front of said frequency multiplier.

21. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 5 wherein said reference signal represents a frequency of the input signal to be selected, and including:

a frequency multiplier having the input signal and a reference signal as inputs, and producing an output varying in amplitude in essential accordance with the amplitude of said input signal, and varying in frequency as a multiple of the frequency variations of said input signal;

a frequency multiplexer providing a plurality of contiguous frequency channels each having a bandwidth at least commensurate with the bandwidth of said input signal.

22. A system as defined in claim 21 further including a detector, low pass filter and amplitude thresholding means for each output, and means for selecting one or more of said amplitude thresholded outputs for further processing or display.

23. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 5 wherein said reference signal represents a phase of the input signal to be selected, and wherein input signal amplitude information is not preserved and said input signal is of the biphase type and said system further includes:

a phase shifter having said input signal and a control signal as inputs and providing a phase shifted output;

a multiplier unit having said phase shifter output and a reference oscillator output as inputs and providing a plurality of outputs;

each of said plurality of outputs having the same amplitude and frequency and a different phase,

each of said phases being a fixed multiple of the instantaneous phase difference between said input signal and said reference oscillator, and

said fixed multiples in combination form an equally spaced numeric sequence;

a reference oscillator phase locked to the frequency of said input signal by use of one of the multiplier outputs and providing an output to said multiplier unit;

first and second channels having a plurality of said multiplier unit outputs as inputs,

said inputs representing alternate terms of said equally spaced numeric sequence,

said first and second channels each comprising a summing unit, a detector, and a low pass filter connected in series, and

said summing units having progressive phase weighting of opposite sense such that each summed output is at a moderate amplitude when said input signal and said reference signal are at equal phase and one or the other is at maximum amplitude for small departures from the equal phase condition;

a first comparitor having said first and second channel outputs as input and providing an output which varies as a function of the differences between the inputs thereto;

a low pass filter having said first comparitor output as input and providing said phase shifter control signal as output;

third and fourth channels each comprising a summing unit, detector, and low pass filter connected in series, each having all of said multiplier unit outputs as inputs,

one of said summing units providing for summation of all inputs at equal phase, the other providing for summation of alternate inputs in opposing phase; and

a second comparitor having third and fourth channel outputs as input and providing an output varying as a function of the difference of the inputs thereto.

24. In a real-time signal processing system of the cross-correlation type, the combination of:

a phase shifter providing a phase shifted output;

a reference oscillator providing a reference output;

first and second frequency multipliers having said phase shifted output and said reference output as inputs, respectively, and providing first and second local outputs;

a first channel having said phase shifted output as an input;

a second channel having said reference output as an input;

each of said channels comprising a cascaded multiplier having the first and second local outputs alternately as multiplier mixer inputs, providing a plurality of cascaded outputs, a summing unit for said plurality of cascaded outputs, and a detector for the summing unit outputs; and

a comparator having the output of the detectors of said first and second channels as inputs and providing an output varying as a function of the relative magnitudes of the two inputs.

25. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 24 including additional summing means having the cascaded outputs of one of said channels as inputs, and providing an output for controlling said phase shifter to shift the phase of the input thereto as a function of difference in phase of said input and the reference oscillator output.

26. In a real time signal processing system of the cross correlation type, the combination of:

a signal-to-noise processor providing an output varying as a function of the degree of similarity of the frequency of the first and second inputs thereto;

a signal attenuator having a signal input, a control input, and an output, and providing the signal input as the output varying as a function of the control input;

means for connection an input signal to said processor first input and to said attenuator as the signal input;

means for connecting to said processor second input a reference signal which represents the frequency of input signals to be accepted; and

means for connecting said processor output to said attenuator control input to provide a large attenuator output when the frequency of the input signal matches the frequency represented by the reference signal and to provide a small output for other input signal frequencies.

27. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 26 wherein said processor includes:

a frequency discriminator with the input signal connected thereto and providing an output varying in amplitude as a function of the frequency of the input thereto;

a comparitor having the discriminator output and a reference voltage as inputs and providing an output varying as a function of the difference between the inputs thereto; and

a low pass filter having the comparitor output as input and providing said processor output.

28. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 27 wherein said processor further includes an amplitude limiter between the processor signal input and the frequency discriminator.

29. In a real time signal processing system of the cross correlation type, the combination of:

a signal attenuator having a signal input, a control input, and an output, and providing the signal input as the output varying as a function of the control input;

a signal-to-noise processor providing an output varying as a function of the degree of similarity of the phases of first and second inputs thereto;

means for connecting an input signal to said processor first input and to said attenuator as the signal input;

means for connecting to said processor second input reference signals which represent the phase of input signals to be accepted; and

means for connecting said processor output to said attenuator control input to provide a large attenuator output when the phase of the input signal matches the phase represented by the reference signals and to provide a small attenuator output for other input signal phase.

30. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 29 wherein said processor includes:

an amplitude limiter with the input signal connected thereto;

a phase discriminator having the limiter output and a reference signal as inputs and providing a plurality of outputs varying as a function of the phase difference between the inputs thereto;

a comparitor having the discriminator outputs and a reference voltage as inputs and providing an output varying as a function of the differences of the voltages of the inputs thereto; and

a low pass filter having the comparitor output as input and providing said processor output.

31. In a real time signal processing system of the cross correlation type for first and second input signals of the same frequency and varying in phase, the combination of:

a signal attenuator having a signal input, a control input, and an output and providing the signal input as an output varying as a function of the control input;

means for connecting one of said input signals to said attenuator signal input;

first and second limiters for said first and second input signals respectively;

a 90°

phase shifter for the output of one of said limiters;

first and second phase detectors for the output of said phase shifter and the output of the other of said limiters respectively;

a comparitor having the outputs of said phase detectors and a reference voltage as inputs and providing an output varying as a function of the differences of the voltages of the inputs thereto; and

a low pass filter having the comparitor output as input and providing an output to the control input of said signal attenuator.

32. In a real time signal processing system of the cross correlation type, the combination of:

a frequency multiplier providing an output varying in amplitude in accordance with the input thereto and varying in frequency as a multiple of the frequency variations of the input thereto;

a frequency multiplexer comprising a plurality of parallel connected channels each having a pass band with a different center frequency; and

means for connecting an input signal to said multiplier and for connecting said multiplier and said multiplexer in series.

33. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 32 futher including a detector and low pass filter for each of said channels of said multiplexer.

34. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 33 further including a display unit for a detector output and means for selecting a multiplexer channel for connection to said display unit.

35. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 32 further including an amplitude limiter between the signal input and said frequency multiplier.

36. In a real time signal processing system of the cross correlation type for first and second input signals of the same frequency, similar amplitudes, and varying in phase, the combination of:

first and second channels each having one of said input signals as input and providing a local output and a plurality of cascaded outputs; and

a summing unit for the first and second cascaded outputs;

each of said channels comprising a band pass filter and a frequency multiplier for the input signal providing the local output at 2-times the input signal frequency, and

a cascade of series connected frequency multiplier stages having the bandpass filter output as input and having the first and second local outputs alternately as multiplier inputs with the first multiplier having the local output of the other channel as input, and providing the plurality of cascaded outputs.

37. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 36 wherein each frequency multiplier of said cascade of series connected frequency multipliers comprises a mixer, a bandpass filter, an amplifier providing an output to the next frequency multiplier of the cascade, and an amplitude weighting unit having the amplifier output as input and providing an output to the summing unit.

38. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 36 wherein each of said channels further includes an amplitude limiter between the frequency multiplier and the local output.

39. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 36 wherein each of said channels further includes an amplitude limiter between the signal input and the band pass filter.

40. A real time signal processing system as defined in claim 36 futher including a detector and low pass filter for the output of said summing unit.