High efficiency switching regulator

• US 3,978,393 A
• Filed: 04/21/1975
• Issued: 08/31/1976
• Est. Priority Date: 04/21/1975
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Unisys Corporation
• Original Assignee: Burroughs Incorporated (Terreno Realty Corp.)
• Inventors: Wisner, Daniel A., Mihalik, Andrew S. Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): Goldberg, Gerald
• Application Number:
  US05/569,999
• Time in Patent Office: 498 Days
• Field of Search: 323/17, 323/20, 323/23, 323/25, 323/DIG. 1, 321/2, 307/317 A
• US Class Current: 323/272
• CPC Class Codes: H02H 7/1213 for DC-DC converters
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/158 including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load

Abstract

An improved switching regulator converts an unregulated DC voltage into a regulated DC output voltage and maintains regulation over the entire range from maximum load current through zero load current. The improved regulator employs a plurality of series switching paths connected between the unregulated DC input and a summing node at a filter capacitor output. Each series switching path includes a power switching element, a catch diode and a series inductor. The other end of the summing node is connected through a current limiting circuit to the DC regulated output, and at least a portion of the voltage at the summing node is fed to a voltage error amplifier and used to control the duty cycle of the series switching elements. Feedback from the current limiting circuit can override the voltage error amplifier control should the maximum current limit be exceeded. The switching control means employs pulse-width modulation for adjusting the duty cycle of the series switching elements, and the technique of pulse-width modulation employed in the present invention is of the constant frequency, variable "ON" time variety, as known in the art. The switching element control means utilizes a selecting means whereby different ones of the switching elements in different ones of the series switching paths are sequentially selected such that the selected series switching element is always turned on into a non-conducting inductor and a fully-recovered catch diode so as to minimize or eliminate the power loss associated with switch turn-on; the noise usually associated with switching regulators; and the turn-on transient which is often propagated into the supply line in the switching regulators of the prior art, thereby allowing highly efficient and reliable regulation to be maintained at very low values or even no value of load current.

Claims

1. A switching regulator for receiving an unregulated input voltage and supplying a regulated DC voltage to its output, said switching regulator comprising:

a first series switching path including a first series power switching means, a first series inductor means, and a first catch diode means;

a second series switching path including a second series power switching means, a second series inductor means, and a second catch diode means;

means for coupling said unregulated input voltage to said first and second series power switching means;

means for summing the outputs of said first and second series inductor means and supplying said regulated DC voltage to said regulator output;

means responsive to said regulated DC output voltage for generating an error signal when said output voltage falls below a predetermined desired level;

means for alternately selecting one of said first and second series power switching means; and

means for supplying drive current to the selected one of said first and second series power switching means and for sustaining said drive current for the duration of said error signal.

2. The switching regulator of claim 1 wherein said first series switching path includes a first series power switching means having a switch input, a switch output, and a switch control electrode, wherein said switch input is coupled to said source of unregulated input voltage, wherein said switch output is coupled to the input of said first series inductor means, wherein the output of said first series inductor means is coupled to said summing means, and wherein said first catch diode means includes a diode having its cathode coupled to the input of said first series inductor means and its anode coupled to ground;

and

wherein said second series switching path includes a second series power switching means having a switch input, a switch output, and a switch control electrode, wherein said switch input is coupled to said source of unregulated input voltage, wherein said switch output is coupled to the input of said second series inductor means, wherein the output of said second series inductor means is coupled to said summing means and wherein said second catch diode means includes a diode having its cathode coupled to the input of said second series inductor means and its anode coupled to ground.

3. The switching regulator of claim 2 wherein said first and second catch diodes comprise high-current high-temperature Schottky power diodes having fast recovery times.

4. The switching regulator of claim 1 wherein said first and second series power switching means includes a modified hybrid Darlington power switch comprising:

an NPN power transistor having its collector coupled to the input of said series power switching means and its emitter coupled to the output of said series power switching means;

a PNP power transistor having its collector coupled to the base of said NPN power transistor, its emitter directly coupled to the input of said series power switching means and its base connected to said means for supplying drive current;

first resistive means for coupling the base of said PNP power transistor to its emitter; and

second resistive means for coupling the junction of the collector of said PNP power transistor and the base of said NPN power transistor to the output of said series power switching means.

5. The switching regulator of claim 1 wherein said summing means includes:

means for establishing a common summing node;

means for coupling the output of said first and second series inductor means to said common summing node;

means for coupling said summing node to the output of said switching regulator; and

filter capacitor means for capacitively coupling said summing node to ground.

6. The switching regulator of claim 1 wherein said means for generating an error signal comprises:

a first differential voltage comparator means having a first comparator input, a second comparator input, and a comparator output;

means for supplying a source of reference potential to the first input of said differential voltage comparator means;

means coupled to said summing means for sensing a signal representative of the voltage at the output of said switching regulator and for supplying said representative voltage to the second input of said differential voltage comparator means such that when the regulated DC voltage at the output of the switching regulator falls to a value below a predetermined desired value of regulated DC output voltage, said differential voltage comparator means will generate a voltage error signal at its output until the voltage at the output of said switching regulator has been restored to said predetermined desired level.

7. The switching regulator of claim 6 wherein said means for generating an error signal further includes an over-current sensing means responsive to an over-current condition for overriding said error signal and terminating said supply of drive current, said over-current sensing means comprising:

a second differential voltage comparator means having a first and second comparator input and a comparator output;

a current-sensing resistor means coupled between said summing means and the output of said switching regulator for sensing the current passing therethrough;

first resistor-capacitor means for coupling said summing means and one end of said current-sensing resistor means to the first input of said differential voltage comparator means;

second resistor-capacitor means for coupling the opposite end of said current-sensing resistor means to the second input of said differential voltage comparator means for establishing a differential voltage ratio between the first and second inputs of said differential voltage comparator means such that the existence of an over-current condition through said current-sensing resistor means will be indicated by the existence of a predetermined differential voltage ratio between the first and second inputs of said differential voltage comparator means so as to cause the output of said differential voltage comparator means to switch from a normal state of an over-current override error state; and

means for coupling the output of said second differential voltage comparator means to the output of said first differential voltage comparator means such that the presence of said over-current override error signal from the output of said second differential voltage comparator means will override said voltage error signal and cause the termination of drive current to said series power switching means.

8. The switching regulator of claim 1 wherein said means for alternately selecting one of said first and second series power switching means comprises:

a source of fixed-frequency narrow-width clock pulses;

counter means responsive to said narrow-width clock pulses for complementing its output with the occurrence of each successive clock pulse; and

means for coupling the output of said counter means to said drive current supplying means for selectively enabling said first series power switching means when a first counter output is present and for selectively enabling said second series power switching means when the output of said counter means is complemented.

9. The switching regulator of claim 8 wherein said means for supplying drive current to a selectively enabled one of said first and second series power switching means and for sustaining said drive current for the duration of said error signal comprises:

a first driver means responsive to the presence of a first gated drive control signal for supplying drive current to said first series power switching means and responsive to the absence of said first gated drive control signal for terminating the supply of said drive current to said firsst series power switching means;

second driver means responsive to the presence of a second gated drive control signal for supplying drive current to said second series power switching means and responsive to the absence of said second gated drive control signal for terminating the supply of said drive current to said second series power switching means;

first gating means for gating said first gated drive control signal to said first driver means;

second gating means for gating said second gated drive control signal to said second driver means;

means for coupling the output of said counter means to said first and second gating means for selectively enabling said first gating means upon the first output of said counter means and for selectively enabling the second gating means when the output of said counter means is complemented; and

latching means responsive to the narrow-width clock pulses for initially setting the latching means and supplying a drive initiation signal to said gating means so as to cause the selectively enabled gating means to pass said gated drive control signal to said drive means and means for normally resetting said latching means at the termination of said clock pulse;

for resetting said latching means when said voltage error signal is present at the termination of said voltage signal for effecting pulse width modulation; and

for resetting said latching means regardless of the presence or absence of said voltage error signal when an over-current condition exists.

10. The switching regulator of claim 9 wherein said means for generating an error signal comprises:

voltage error sensing means coupled to said summing means for sensing when the output of said switching regulator has fallen below a predetermined desired level for generating said voltage error signal and delaying the resetting of said latching until the termination of said voltage error signal thereby insuring that said selected driver means continues to supply drive current to its corresponding selected series power switching means for the duration of said voltage error signal or until said counter means is complemented; and

over-current sensing means coupled between said summing means and the output of said switching regulator for sensing the occurrence of an over-current condition and for generating an over-current condition signal for overriding the presence of said voltage error signal and immediately resetting said latching means to terminate the supply of drive current to the selected series power switching means.

11. In a regulated power supply including means for transforming a first level of AC input signal into a second level of AC input signal;

means for rectifying said second level of AC input signal;

means for filtering the output of said rectifier means; and

an improved switching regulator means for receiving the output of the DC filter means and providing a regulated DC output voltage, said improved switching regulator comprising;

a plurality of N series switching paths, each of which includes a power transistor switching means, a catch diode means, and a choke coil means, each of said plurality of N series switching paths terminating in a common summing node and being connected in parallel between the output of said filtering means and said common summing node;

filter capacitor means coupled between said common summing node and ground;

means coupled to said common summing node for outputting said regulated DC output voltage;

means coupled to said common summing node for sensing voltage output errors and for generating a control signal in response thereto;

a plurality of N independent drive means each of which is associated with a corresponding one of said plurality of N series power transistor switching means for turning said series transistor power switching means on and off;

counter means for sequentially enabling individual ones of said plurality of N drive means; and

pulse-width modulator means having its output coupled to each of said plurality of N drive means, said pulse-width modulator means being responsive to said error signal for varying the width of the output pulse supplied to each of said plurality of N drive means such that the enabled one of said drive means will supply drive current to its respective series power transistor switching means for the duration of said modulated output pulse.

12. The improved regulated power supply of claim 11 wherein each of said plurality of N independent drive means each of which is associated with a corresponding one of said plurality of N series power transistor switching means comprises:

a gating means including a first input means responsive to a unique count from the output of said counter means for enabling said similarly numbered gating means, a second input means for receiving the modulated output pulse from said pulse-width modulator means, and a gating output for gating a drive control signal when said gating means is enabled and for terminating said gated drive control signal upon the termination of said modulated output pulse; and

a transistor driver means responsive to said gated drive control signal for supplying base drive current to its associated power transistor switching means until said gated drive control signal is terminated.

13. The regulated power supply of claim 12 wherein said counter means comprises:

a source of fixed-frequency narrow-width clock pulses;

means for sequentially counting N of said clock pulses and for generating N unique counter outputs, each of said N unique counter outputs being supplied to a corresponding one of said N drive means for enabling the correspondingly numbered one of said plurality of N gating means.

14. The improved regulated power supply of claim 12 wherein;

said means coupled to said common summing node for outputting said regulated DC output voltage includes an over-current sensing means for sensing an over-current condition and for generating an over-current override signal in response thereto;

said means coupled to said common summing node for sensing voltage output errors and for generating a control signal in response thereto includes a differential voltage comparator means responsive to said voltage output errors for generating a control signal which persists until the voltage output error condition ceases to exist; and

said pulse-width modulator means for supplying said modulated output pulse to each of said plurality of N gating means includes;

latching means including means for initially setting said latching means at the start of each clock period for initiating the generation of said modulated output pulse;

means for normally resetting said latching means and terminating the duration of said modulated output pulse at the end of said clock pulse when no control signal representative of a voltage output error exists, for delaying the resetting of said latching means so long as said control signal persists and no over-current override signal is present, and for immediately resetting said latching means and terminating said modulated output pulse regardless of the presence of said control signal whenever said over-current override signal is generated.

15. The improved regulated power supply of claim 14 wherein said over-current sensing means comprises:

a current-sensing resistor means coupled between said common summing node and said output of regulated DC voltage for sensing the existence of an over-current condition;

a first differential voltage comparator means having first and second inputs and a comparator output;

a first resistor-capacitor means coupled betwen said summing node and the first input of said first differential voltage comparator means;

a second resistor-capacitor means coupled between the opposite end of said current-sensing resistor means and the second input of said first differential voltage comparator means for establishing a differential voltage ratio between the first and second inputs of said first differential voltage comparator means such that the differential voltage ratio which is established between said first and second inputs exceeds a predetermined ratio whenever an over-current condition exists for causing said first differential voltage comparator to output said over-current override signal for immediately resetting said latching means and terminating the supply of drive current to said power transistor switching means regardless of the presence or absence of said control signal.

16. The improved regulated power supply of claim 14 wherein the differential voltage comparator means of said means for generating a control signal comprises:

a second differential voltage comparator means having a first and second input and a comparator output;

a source of reference potential indicative of the predetermined desired level of regulated output voltage;

first resistor-capacitor means for coupling said source of reference potential to the first input of said second differential voltage comparator means;

second resistor-capacitor means for coupling said common summing node to the second input of said second differential voltage comparator means for establishing a differential voltage ratio between said first and second inputs such that said voltage error control signal will be generated at said comparator output when the regulated output voltage falls below said predetermined desired level of voltage, said voltage error control signal enabling said latching means to remain set until the voltage error condition ceases.

17. The improved regulated power supply of claim 11 wherein each of said power transistor switching means includes a switch input coupled to the output of said filtering means, a switch output coupled to one end of a corresponding choke coil means, and a control electrode coupled to the output of a corresponding one of said drive means for turning said power transistor switching means on and off;

said catch diode means comprising a power diode having its cathode coupled to said one end of said choke coil means and its anode coupled to ground; and

said choke coil means comprising a series inductor having its opposite end connected to said commonly coupled summing node.

18. The improved regulated power supply of claim 17 wherein said power transistor switching means comprises a hybrid Darlington power switch including a first PNP power transistor having its collector coupled to said switch input and its emitter coupled to said switch output, a second PNP power transistor having its collector coupled to the base of said first NPN power transistor, its emitter coupled directly to said switch input, and its base serving as a control electrode and being coupled to the output of the one of said drive means associated therewith, a first resistive means coupling the emitter of said PNP power transistor to its base, and a second resistor means coupling the junction of the base of said first NPN power transistor and the collector of said second PNP power transistor to said switch output.

19. An improved method of switching regulation comprising the steps of:

providing at least a first and a second series switching path, each of said paths including a power switching means, a catch diode means, and a series inductor;

summing the outputs of said plurality of series switching paths at a filter capacitor to supply a regulated DC voltage output to a load;

sensing differences between the summed voltage and a predetermined desired level of output voltage for generating an error signal;

sequentially selecting different ones of said series power switching means; and

controlling the on and off time of said selected series power switching means in accordance with the duration of said error signal.

20. The improved method of switching regulation of claim 19 wherein said step of controlling the on and off time of said selected series power switching means in accordance with the duration of said error signal further comprises the steps of:

generating a series of fixed frequency clock pulses;

initiating a supply of drive current to said selected series power switching means at the beginning of each clock cycle;

normally terminating the supply of drive current to said selected series power switching means before said switching means has had sufficient drive current to initiate turn-on provided no error signal has been generated;

enabling the continued supply of drive current to said selected series power switching means for the duration of said generated error signal; and

sensing the existence of an over-current condition for generating an error signal override signal for immediately terminating the supply of drive current to said selected series power switching means when an over-current condition has occurred.

21. In a switching regulator for regulating a DC output voltage by varying the duty cycle of a power transistor switch by the use of pulse-width modulation techniques, the improvement comprising:

a plurality of individual series switching paths each of which includes a power-transistor switch;

means for coupling said plurality of switching paths between a source of unregulated voltage and a regulated voltage output; and

means for sequentially addressing different ones of said power-transistor switches for controlling the duty cycle thereof to insure that said regulated DC output voltage remains constant.

22. In a switching regulator system wherein constant regulated DC output voltage is provided by regulating the duty cycle of a power transistor switching means in accordance with a feed-back signal indicative of a voltage error at the output of the switching regulator, an improvement comprising:

N switching paths coupled between a source of unregulated input voltage and the regulated output of said switching regulator system, each of said N series switching paths including a power transistor switching means, a series inductor, and a catch diode;

an N-counter means for sequentially generating N unique counts, each of said N unique counts being used to address a unique one of said N power transistor switching means; and

means responsive to a voltage error at the output of said switching regulator system for controlling the on and off time of said addressed power transistor switching means for restoring the regulated DC output voltage to its desired level.