Bi-level display systems

• US 3,997,719 A
• Filed: 03/19/1975
• Issued: 12/14/1976
• Est. Priority Date: 03/19/1975
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (Nokia Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (Nokia Corporation)
• Inventors: Judice, Charles Norris
• Primary Examiner(s): Martin, John C.
• Application Number:
  US05/560,505
• Time in Patent Office: 636 Days
• Field of Search: 178/7.1, 178/7.3 D, 178/DIG. 34, 178/DIG. 3, 340/146.3 MA, 340/324 M, 340/166 R, 340/166 EL, 340/146.3 Q, 315/169 TV, 315/169 R
• US Class Current: 348/798
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 3/40 Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/70 Circuit details for electroluminescent devices

Abstract

Bi-level display systems capable of presenting gray-scale images are adapted for brightness and contrast control by circuitry which varies the means and deviation of the threshold values assigned to the cells of the display panel.

Claims

1. In a system for displaying a continuous-tone image, said system including a panel of selectively energizable bi-level display cells, means for assigning a respective threshold to each of said cells, and means for selecting ones of said cells for energization in response to comparisons between the intensities of elements of said image and respective ones of said thresholds, said assigning means including means for assigning said thresholds such that the energization of said ones of said cells substantially maps the intensities of regions of said continuous-tone image into correspondingly bright regions of said panel,

a method for varying the characteristics of the displayed continuous-tone image comprising the step of processing selected ones of said thresholds to change the values thereof in such a way that all processed thresholds which have equal values prior to being processed have equal values after being processed.

2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said processing step comprises the step of changing the mean of the values of said thresholds.

3. The invention of claim 1 wherein said processing step comprises the step of changing the deviation of the values of said thresholds.

4. The invention of claim 1 wherein the value of the threshold assigned to each cell is determined by the spatial position of that cell in said panel.

5. In a method for representing a continuous-tone image on a panel of selectively energizable display cells, said image comprising a matrix of picture elements each having a predetermined intensity and each corresponding to a respective one of said display cells, said method comprising the steps of,

assigning to said display cells respective thresholds, and

energizing a cell of said panel if the intensity of the corresponding picture element bears a predetermined relationship to the value of the threshold assigned to that cell, the values of said thresholds being such that said energizing substantially maps the intensities of regions of said continuous-tone image into correspondingly bright regions of said panel,

said method characterized by the step of processing at least selected ones of said thresholds to modify the values thereof in such a way that all processed thresholds which have equal values prior to being processed have equal values after being processed.

6. The invention of claim 5 wherein said cells are arranged in a plurality of cell submatrices and wherein in said assigning step each cell of each of said submatrices is assigned a spatially corresponding threshold value from a predetermined dither matrix in which numerically successive threshold values are spatially separated from one another.

7. The invention of claim 6 wherein said processing step is characterized by the step of modifying the mean of the threshold values of said dither matrix.

8. The invention of claim 6 wherein said processing step is characterized by the step of modifying the deviation of the threshold values of said dither matrix.

9. The invention of claim 6 wherein said dither matrix comprises n² dither thresholds, n being an integer power of 2, and wherein in said assigning step numerically successive dither threshold values of said dither matrix are arranged substantially in accordance with the order defined by a dither operator D_n, said dither operator D_n comprising the matrices [4D_n/2 ], [ 4D_n/2 + U_n/2 ], [ 4D_n/2 + 2U_n/2 ] and [4D_n/2 + 3U_n/2 ] in two-by-two arrangement, D₂ being a two-by-two matrix comprising the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 and U₂ being a two-by-two matrix each element of which is 1.

10. In a display system including a matrix of selectively energizable bi-level display cells, a method of displaying a plurality of picture elements each corresponding to a respective one of said display cells and each having an intensity which is quantized within a predetermined quantization range, said method comprising the steps of

selecting a plurality of dither threshold values,

assigning each of said dither threshold values to a different one of the cells of at least a first submatrix of said cells,

comparing the dither threshold value assigned to each of said cells of said submatrix to the intensity of a different one of said picture elements, and

energizing a cell of said submatrix if the intensity of the corresponding picture element bears a predetermined relationship to the dither threshold value assigned to that cell,

said selecting step characterized in that the mean of the selected dither threshold values is substantially different from the midpoint of said quantization range.

11. The invention of claim 10 wherein said assigning step comprises the step of assigning numerically successive ones of said threshold values to spatially separated cells of said submatrix.

12. In a display system including a matrix of selectively energizable bi-level display cells, a method of displaying a plurality of picture elements each corresponding to a respective one of said display cells and each having an intensity which is quantized within a predetermined quantization range, said method comprising the steps of

selecting a plurality of dither threshold values,

assigning each of said dither threshold values to a different one of the cells of at least a first submatrix of said cells,

comparing the dither threshold value assigned to each of said cells of said submatrix to the intensity of a different one of said picture elements, and

energizing a cell of said submatrix if the intensity of the corresponding picture element bears a predetermined relationship to the dither threshold value assigned to that cell,

said selecting step characterized in that the average difference between numerically successive ones of the selected threshold values is substantially different from the quotient of the width of said quantization range and the number of cells in said submatrix.

13. The invention of claim 12 wherein said assigning step comprises the step of assigning numerically successive ones of said threshold values to spatially separated cells of said submatrix.

14. A system for displaying a continuous-tone image on a panel of selectively energizable bi-level display cells, said system comprising

means for assigning a respective threshold to each of said cells and means for selecting ones of said cells for energization in response to comparisons between the intensities of elements of said image and respective ones of said thresholds, said assigning means including means for establishing a value for each said threshold such that energization of said ones of said cells substantially maps the intensities of regions of said continuous-tone image into correspondingly bright regions of said panel,

the improvement comprising means for varying the characteristics of the displayed image including means for processing selected ones of said thresholds in accordance with a predetermined criterion such that all processed thresholds which have equal values prior to being processed have equal values after being processed.

15. The invention of claim 14 wherein said establishing means comprises means for assigning each threshold value of a predetermined dither matrix to selected cells of said panel.

16. The invention of claim 14 wherein said processing means comprises means for varying the mean of said threshold values.

17. The invention of claim 14 wherein said processing means comprises means for varying the deviation of said threshold values.

18. In a display system for representing a continuous-tone image on a panel of selectively energizable display cells, said image comprising a matrix of picture elements each having a predetermined intensity and each corresponding to a respective one of said display cells, the combination of

means for assigning to said display cells respective thresholds, and

means for energizing a cell of said panel if the intensity of the corresponding picture element bears a predetermined relationship to the value of the threshold assigned to that cell, said threshold assigning means comprising means for establishing values for said thresholds such that said energizing means substantially maps the intensities of regions of said continuous-tone image into correspondingly bright regions of said panel,

characterized by means for processing at least selected ones of said thresholds to modify the values thereof in such a way that all processed thresholds which have equal values prior to being processed have equal values after being processed.

19. The invention of claim 18 wherein said cells are arranged in a plurality of cell submatrices and wherein said establishing means comprises means for assigning to each cell of each of said submatrices a spatially corresponding threshold value from a predetermined dither matrix in which numerically successive threshold values are spatially separated from one another.

20. The invention of claim 19 wherein said processing means is characterized by means for modifying the mean of the threshold values of said dither matrix.

21. The invention of claim 19 wherein said processing means is characterized by means for modifying the deviation of the threshold values of said dither matrix.

22. The invention of claim 19 wherein said dither matrix comprises n² dither thresholds, n being an integer power of 2, and wherein said assigning means includes means for arranging numerically successive dither threshold values of said dither matrix substantially in accordance with the order defined by a dither operator D_n, said dither operator D_n comprising the matrices [4D_n/2 ], [4D_n/2 + U_n/2 ], [4D_n/2 + 2U_n/2 ] and [4D_n/2 + 3U_n/2 ] in two-by-two arrangement, D₂ being a two-by-two matrix comprising the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 and U₂ being a two-by-two matrix each element of which is 1.

23. In a display system including a matrix of selectively energizable bi-level display cells, circuitry for displaying a plurality of picture elements each corresponding to a respective one of said display cells and each having an intensity which is quantized within a predetermined quantization range, said displaying circuitry comprising

means for selecting a plurality of dither threshold values,

means for assigning each of said dither threshold values to a different one of the cells of at least a first submatrix of said cells,

means for comparing the dither threshold value assigned to each of said cells of said submatrix to the intensity of a different one of said picture elements, and

means for energizing a cell of said submatrix if the intensity of the corresponding picture element bears a predetermined relationship to the dither threshold value assigned to that cell,

said selecting means characterized by means for selecting said dither threshold values such that their mean is substantially different from the midpoint of said quantization range.

24. THe invention of claim 23 wherein said assigning means comprises means for assigning numerically successive ones of said threshold values to spatially separated cells of said submatrix.

25. In a display system including a matrix of selectively energizable bi-level display cells, circuitry for displaying a plurality of picture elements each corresponding to a respective one of said display cells and each having an intensity which is quantized within a predetermined quantization range, said displaying circuitry comprising

means for selecting a plurality of dither threshold values,

means for assigning each of said dither threshold values to a different one of the cells of at least a first submatrix of said cells,

means for comparing the dither threshold value assigned to each of said cells of said submatrix to the intensity of a different one of said picture elements, and

means for energizing a cell of said submatrix if the intensity of the corresponding picture element bears a predetermined relationship to the dither threshold value assigned to that cell,

said selecting means characterized by means for selecting said dither threshold values such that the average difference between numerically successive ones of said selected threshold values is substantially different from the quotient of the width of said quantization range and the number of cells in said submatrix.

26. The invention of claim 25 wherein said assigning means comprises means for assigning numerically successive ones of said threshold values to spatially separated cells of said submatrix.