Selectable multiple-nozzle showerhead

• US 3,998,390 A
• Filed: 05/04/1976
• Issued: 12/21/1976
• Est. Priority Date: 05/04/1976
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Rival Consumer Sales Corp.
• Original Assignee: Associated Mills Incorporated
• Inventors: Peterson, Samuel F., Rundzaitis, Alfons
• Primary Examiner(s): Ward, Jr., Robert S.
• Application Number:
  US05/682,988
• Time in Patent Office: 231 Days
• Field of Search: 239/394, 239/393, 239/102, 239/101, 239/443, 239/444, 239/446, 239/383, 128/24 R, 128/66, 128/67
• US Class Current: 239/394
• CPC Class Codes: B05B 1/083 the pulsating mechanism comprising movable parts liquid driven rotating elements, e.g. turbines, arranged upstream the outlet B05B3/04
• CPC Class Codes: B05B 1/1654 about an axis parallel to the liquid passage in the stationary valve element
• CPC Class Codes: B05B 1/18 Roses; Shower heads with means for adding soap or the like E03C1/046; jet regulators E03C1/08
• CPC Class Codes: B05B 15/62 Arrangements for supporting spraying apparatus, e.g. suction cups
• CPC Class Codes: B05B 15/654 using universal joints

Abstract

The improved showerhead disclosed herein includes at least two, and preferably four, separate spray nozzles and is constructed so as to permit users to select the particular spray nozzle through which water is to be discharged. The showerhead may be mounted on the end of a conventional shower arm extending from a wall or may be held in the user'"'"'s hand and connected with a source of water by a flexible conduit.

The showerhead comprises a housing having disc member and dial assembly mounted thereon. The dial assembly includes the spray nozzles, and the selection of a particular spray nozzle is achieved by manually rotating the dial assembly, with respect to the disc member and housing, about its central axis. A novel "butterfly" seal is disposed between the disc member and the dial assembly. A latch is mounted on the housing and cooperates with the dial assembly to retain the dial assembly in its proper position with respect to the disc member. The latch also serves as an indicator to enable the user of the showerhead to know where to position the dial assembly, with respect to the disc member and housing, so that water will be sprayed through a particular spray nozzle. The structure of one of the spray nozzles, when utilized in cooperation with the disc member, provides a pulsating, invigorating spray.

Claims

1. An improved showerhead having at least two spray nozzles and being adapted to be connected with a source of water under pressure and to permit the user to select the spray nozzle through which water is to be discharged, the improved showerhead comprising:

a housing including means which defines a conduit through which water may flow and having a first end and a second end which may be connected with the source of water under pressure and which communicates with the conduit means so that water from the source may flow through the conduit means;

a disc member having a front surface, a rear surface and an outer peripheral edge and being connected with the first end of the housing so that the water flowing in the conduit means communicates with the near surface of the disc member, the disc member having a central, circular aperture formed therein so that the central axes of the central aperture and of the disc member are coaxial and having a first, offset aperture formed therein between the central aperture and the outer peripheral edge of the disc member so that the central axis of the first aperture is parallel to the central axis of the disc member, with both the central aperture and the first aperture extending through the disc member from its front surface to its rear surface;

a shoulder formed around the central aperture on the rear surface of the disc member and projecting rearwardly so as to define a rearward continuation of the central aperture;

a dial assembly connected with the housing and including a dial member, a plate and a seal;

the dial member having a front surface, a rear surface and an outer peripheral circular side edge that extends rearwardly from the rear surface of the dial member, the dial member also having at least two spaced, separate spray nozzles formed therein and opening forwardly therefrom so that water may be sprayed, through a spray nozzle, from the front of the dial member;

the plate having a front surface, a rear surface, an outer peripheral, circular edge whose diameter is less than the diameter of the outer peripheral edge of the dial member and whose thickness, parallel to the central axis of the plate, is less than the length of the rearward extension of the outer peripheral edge of the dial member, the plate also including a circular, central aperture whose central axis is coaxial with the central axis of the plate and offset nozzle apertures, one for each of the spray nozzles, disposed between the central axis and the outer peripheral edge of the plate so that the radial distance between the central axis of each spray aperture and the central axis of the plate is equal to the radial distance between the central axis of the first aperture and the central axis of the central aperture of the disc member;

a rearwardly projecting post formed on the rear surface of the dial member so that its central axis is coaxial with the central axis of the dial member, the post having an outer diameter substantially equal to that of the central apertures of the disc member and the plate and having a length greater than the thickness of the plate but less than the combined thicknesses of the plate and the length of the shoulder on the disc member, with the post projecting through the central aperture of the plate and into the central aperture of the disc member so that the front surface of the plate is adjacent to the rear surface of the dial member, so that the rear surface of the plate is adjacent to the front surface of the disc member and so that the distal end of the post is journaled in the central aperture of the disc member whereby the dial member and plate may be rotated relatively to the disc member, about their coaxial central axis, and thus the nozzle apertures may be moved into and out of registry with the first aperture of the disc member;

the seal being disposed between the rear surface of the dial member and the front surface of the plate for preventing leakage therebetween;

means for preventing relative movement between the dial member and the plate and for aligning each offset aperture of the plate with a spray nozzle;

means mounted in the distal end of the post for biasing the dial assembly rearwardly with respect to the disc member;

sealing means for preventing water from leaking between the rear surface of the plate and the front surface of the disc member when the first aperture and a nozzle aperture are in registry, the sealing means being mounted on the front surface of the disc member and disposed between the rear surface of the plate and the front surface of the disc member, the sealing means including a first portion, a second portion and a third portion, with the first portion of the sealing means extending completely around the first aperture, with the second portion of the sealing means extending from the first portion in one direction along the path of travel of the nozzle apertures, as the dial assembly is moved with respect to the disc member, and defining a first isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle apertures in the plate so that when a nozzle aperture in the plate is positioned adjacent to one side of but not in fluid communication with the first aperture, the second portion of the sealing means is disposed about the nozzle aperture, and with the third portion of the sealing means extending, from the first portion in the other direction along the path of travel and defining a second isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle apertures in the plate so that when a nozzle aperture in the plate is positioned adjacent to the other side of but not in fluid communication with the first aperture, the third portion of the sealing means is disposed about the nozzle aperture; and

means for latching the dial assembly to the disc member so that the rear surface of the plate is retained in position adjacent to the front surface of the disc member and so that the sealing means is retained in sealing relationship between the rear surface of the plate and the front of the disc member surface, the latch means being mounted on the outer peripheral edge of the disc member adjacent to the first aperture and including an intermediate portion and a distal end portion, with the intermediate portion extending from the disc member over the outer peripheral edge of the dial member and with the distal end portion abutting a portion of the front surface of the dial member.

2. The improved showerhead described in claim 1 wherein the housing is tunbular;

wherein the disc member has an annular portion spaced to the rear of its rear surface;

wherein internal threads are formed on the annular portion;

wherein the second end of the housing includes internal threads and a recess formed therein;

wherein a ball swivel member is disposed within the recess and is adapted to be connected with the source of water; and

wherein the conduit means includes a tubular member having an externally threaded front end that engages the threads on the annular portion of the disc member and an externally threaded rear end that engages the threads on the second end of the housing, the rear end of the tubular member also contacting the ball swivel member so as to retain the ball swivel member in the recess.

3. The improved showerhead described in claim 2 including an interference fit between the threads on the front end of the tubular member and in the annular portion of the disc member and between the threads on the rear end of the tubular member and on the second end of the housing so to minimize the leakage of water therebetween.

4. The improved showerhead described in claim 1 wherein the housing includes a handle for holding the showerhead;

and wherein the second end of the housing has external threads formed thereon for connecting the housing to a flexible conduit which, in turn, is connected with the source of water under pressure.

5. The improved showerhead described in claim 1 wherein the first aperture and one of the nozzle apertures have the same diameter and define an initial continuous flow path for the water;

wherein the spray nozzle associated with the one nozzle aperture has an outer conical wall, an inner conical wall and a discharge orifice wall which together with the rear surface of the plate define a turbulence cavity;

wherein the discharge orifice wall has a discharge orifice therein through which the water being sprayed is emitted;

wherein the central axes of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice are coaxial and are offset from but parallel to the central axes of the one nozzle aperture;

wherein the plane of the discharge orifice wall is transverse to the central axes of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice;

wherein the outer conical wall has its one, larger diameter end disposed adjacent to the rear surface of the plate and has its second, smaller diameter end disposed adjacent to the front surface of the dial member;

wherein the inner conical wall is disposed generally within the outer conical wall and has its first, larger diameter end disposed adjacent to and connected with the second smaller diameter end of the outer conical wall and has its second, smaller diameter end disposed within the turbulence cavity and between the first and second ends of the outer conical wall; and

wherein the discharge orifice wall extends across, and except for the discharge orifice therein, closes the second, smaller diameter end of the inner conical wall.

6. An improved showerhead having at least two spray nozzles and being adapted to be connected with a source of water under pressure and to permit the user to select the spray nozzle through which water is to be discharged, the improved showerhead comprising:

a housing including means which defines a conduit through which water may flow and having a first end which is connected with the source of water under pressure and which communicates with the conduit means so that water from the source can flow through the conduit means;

a disc member having a first surface and a second surface and being connected with the housing so that the water flowing in the conduit means comes in contact with at least a portion of the first surface of the disc member, the disc member having a first aperture disposed therein and extending therethrough between the portion of the first surface and the second surface;

a dial assembly including a first end and a second end and being connected with the disc member so that the second end of the dial assembly is adjacent to the second surface of the disc member, with the first end of the dial assembly including at least two spaced, separate spray nozzles adapted to have water selectively sprayed therethrough and with the second end of the dial assembly including a surface that is positioned adjacent to the second surface of the disc member, the second end surface of the dial assembly having nozzle apertures, one for each of the spray nozzles, disposed therein and arranged so that a nozzle aperture communicates with each of the spray nozzles;

means for permitting relative movement, along a predetermined path of travel, between the nozzle apertures disposed in the second end surface of the dial assembly and the first aperture disposed in the disc member so that as a result of relative movement along the path of travel, a nozzle aperture in the second end surface may be selectively moved into and out of registry with the first aperture thereby permitting, when a nozzle aperture is in registry with the first aperture, water to flow from the conduit means through the first nozzle which is in communication with the nozzle aperture; and

sealing means for preventing water from leaking between the second end surface of the dial assembly and the second surface of the disc member both during registry and non-registry between a nozzle aperture and the front aperture and when the nozzle apertures in the second end surface are being moved along the path of travel, the sealing means being disposed between the second surface of the disc member and including a first portion, a second portion and a third portion, with the first portion of the sealing means extending completely around the first aperture, with the second portion of the sealing means extending, from the first portion, in one direction along the path of travel and defining a first isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle apertures in the second end surface so that when a nozzle aperture in the second end surface is positioned adjacent to one side of but not in registry with the first aperture, the second portion of the sealing means is disposed completely about the nozzle aperture, and with the third portion of the sealing means extending, from the first portion, in the other direction along the path of travel and defining a second isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle apertures in the second end surface so that when a nozzle aperture in the second end surface is positioned adjacent to the other side of but not in registry with the first aperture, the third portion of the sealing means is disposed completely about the nozzle aperture.

7. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the dial assembly is movable with respect to the disc member.

8. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the dial assembly is rotatable about its central axis which is coaxial with the central axes of the disc member and the housing;

and wherein the path of travel is generally circular.

9. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the second surface of the disc member and the second end surface of the dial assembly are substantially parallel.

10. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the sealing means is mounted on the second surface of the disc.

11. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the center of the first isolated area and the center of the second isolated area lie on the path of travel.

12. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the first aperture and the nozzle apertures are circular and have substantially the same diameter;

wherein the axes of the nozzle apertures and the first aperture are parallel; and

wherein the second end surface and the second surface are parallel and are transverse to the central axes of the nozzle apertures and the first aperture.

13. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the disc member and the dial assembly each have an outer peripheral side edge;

wherein the first aperture is disposed between the central axis and the outer peripheral edge of the disc member;

wherein latch means are mounted on the outer peripheral side edge of the disc member adjacent to the first aperture and includes an intermediate portion and a distal end portion;

wherein the intermediate portion of the latch means extends from the disc member over the outer peripheral side edge of the dial assembly;

wherein the distal end portion of the latch means abuts the first end of the dial assembly so as to maintain the second end surface of the dial assembly positioned adjacent to the portion second surface adjacent to the first aperture.

14. The improved showerhead described in claim 13 wherein the outer peripheral side edge of the dial assembly has a circular configuration;

wherein the dial assembly is rotatable about its central axis which is coaxial with the central axis of the disc member;

wherein the intermediate portion of the latch means is spaced radially outwardly from the outer peripheral side edge of the dial assembly so that the intermediate portion does not contact the outer peripheral side edge of the dial assembly; and

wherein the distal end portion of the latch means also serves as an indicator for aligning a spray nozzle and thus its nozzle aperture, with the first aperture.

15. The improved showerhead described in claim 6 wherein the first aperture and one of the nozzle apertures are circular, have the same diameters and define an initial continuous flow path for the water;

wherein the spray nozzle associated with the one nozzle aperture has an outer conical wall, an inner conical wall and a discharge orifice wall which together with the second end of the dial assembly, define a turbulence cavity;

wherein the discharge orifice wall has a discharge orifice therein through which the water being sprayed is emitted;

wherein the central axes of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice are coaxial and are offset from but parallel to the central axes of the one nozzle aperture;

wherein the plane of the discharge opening wall being transverse to the central axes of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice;

wherein the outer conical wall has its first, large diameter end disposed adjacent to the second end of the dial assembly and has its second, smaller diameter end disposed adjacent to the first end of the dial assembly;

wherein the inner conical wall is disposed generally within the outer conical wall and has its first, large diameter end disposed adjacent to and connected with the second, smaller diameter end of the outer conical wall and has its second, smaller diameter end disposed within the turbulence cavity and between the first and second ends of the outer conical wall; and

wherein the discharge orifice wall extends across, and except for the discharge orifice therein, closes the second, smaller diameter end of the inner conical wall.

16. An improved showerhead having at least two spray nozzles and being adapted to be connected with a source of water under pressure and to permit the user to select the spray nozzle through which water is to be discharged, the improved showerhead comprising:

a housing including means which defines a conduit through which water may flow and having a first end which is connected with the source of water under pressure and which communicates with the conduit means so that water from the source can flow through the conduit means;

a disc member having a first surface, a second surface and an outer peripheral side edge and being connected with the housing so that the water flowing in the conduit means comes in contact with at least a portion of the first surface of the disc member, the disc member having a first aperture disposed therein between the central axis and the outer peripheral edge, the first aperture extending therethrough between the portion of the first surface and the second surface;

a dial assembly including a first end, a second end and an outer peripheral side edge, the dial assembly being connected with the disc member so that the second end of the dial assembly is adjacent to the second surface of the disc member, with the first end of the dial assembly including at least two spaced, separate spray nozzles which are adapted to have water selectively sprayed therethrough and with the second end of the dial assembly including a surface that is positioned adjacent to the second surface of the disc member, the second end surface of the dial assembly having nozzle apertures, one for each of the spray nozzles, formed therein and arranged so that a nozzle aperture communicates with each of the spray nozzles;

means for permitting relative movement, along a predetermined path of travel, between the nozzle apertures disposed in the second end surface of the dial assembly and the first aperture disposed in the disc member so that as a result of relative movement along the path of travel, a nozzle aperture in the second end surface may be selectively moved into and out of registry with the first aperture in the disc member thereby permitting water to flow from the conduit means through the first aperture and the nozzle aperture and then out of the spray nozzle which is in communication with the nozzle aperture;

sealing means for preventing water from leaking out between the second end surface of the dial assembly and the second surface of the disc member, both during registry and non-registry between the first aperture and a nozzle aperture in the second end surface and when the nozzle apertures in the second end surface are being moved along the path of travel, the sealing means being disposed between the second end surface of the dial assembly and the second surface of the disc member;

means for latching the dial assembly to the disc member so that the second end surface of the dial assembly is retained in position adjacent to the second surface of the disc member and so that the sealing means is retained in sealing relationship between the second end surface and the second surface, the latch means being mounted on the outer peripheral side edge of the disc member adjacent to the first aperture and including an intermediate portion and a distal end portion, with the intermediate portion extending from the disc member over the outer peripheral side edge of the dial assembly and with the distal end portion abutting a portion of the first end surface of the dial assembly.

17. The improved showerhead described in claim 16 wherein when the first aperture is in registry with a nozzle aperture, the central axes of these apertures are coaxial and are perpendicular to the plane of the portion of the first end of the dial assembly.

18. The improved showerhead described in claim 17 wherein the central axes of the nozzle apertures and the first aperture are parallel to each other and to the central axes of the dial assembly and the disc member.

19. The improved showerhead described in claim 16 wherein the outer peripheral side edge of the dial assembly has a circular configuration;

wherein the path of travel is a circular arc about the central axis of the dial assembly;

wherein the dial assembly may be moved, about its central axes, relatively to the disc member so as to bring a nozzle aperture into and out of registry with the first aperture of the disc member.

20. The improved showerhead described in claim 16 including means for indicating to the user of the showerhead when a nozzle aperture is in registry with the first aperture of the disc member.

21. The improved showerhead described in claim 20 wherein the distal end portion of the latching means serves as the indicating means and is disposed, with respect to the first aperture, so that when a spray nozzle is positioned adjacent to the distal end portion, the first aperture of the disc member is in registry with the nozzle aperture for the spray nozzle.

22. The improved showerhead described in claim 18 including means for indicating to the user of the showerhead when a nozzle aperture is in registry with the first aperture of the disc member;

wherein the distal end portion of the latching means serves as the indicating means and is disposed, with respect to the first aperture, so that when a spray nozzle is positioned adjacent to the distal end portion, the first aperture is in registry with the nozzle aperture for the spray nozzle.

23. The improved showerhead described in claim 22 wherein the sealing means includes a first portion, a second portion and a third portion, with the first portion of the sealing means extending completely around the first aperture of the disc member, with the second portion of the sealing means extending from the first portion in one direction along the path of travel and defining a first isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle apertures in the second end surface so that when a nozzle aperture in the second end surface is relatively moved to a position adjacent to one side of but not in registry with the first aperture, the second portion of the sealing means is disposed completely about the nozzle aperture, and with the third portion of the sealing means extending, from the first portion, in the other direction along the path of travel and defining a second isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle apertures in the second end surface so that when a nozzle aperture in the second end surface is positioned adjacent to the other side of but not in registry with the first aperture, the third portion of the sealing means is disposed completely about the nozzle aperture.

24. The improved showerhead described in claim 23 wherein the second surface of the disc member and the second end surface of the dial assembly are substantially parallel;

wherein the sealing means is mounted on the second surface of the disc member; and

wherein the centers of the first and second isolated areas lie on the path of travel.

25. The improved showerhead described in claim 16 wherein the first aperture of the disc member and one of the nozzle apertures are circular, have the same diameters and define an initial continuous flow path for the water;

wherein the spray nozzle associated with the one nozzle aperture has an outer conical wall, an inner conical wall and a discharge orifice wall which together with the second end of the dial assembly, define a turbulence cavity;

wherein the discharge orifice wall has a discharge orifice therein through which the water being sprayed is emitted;

wherein the central axes of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice being coaxial and being offset from but parallel to the central axes of the one nozzle aperture;

wherein the plane of the discharge orifice wall being transverse to the central axes of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice;

wherein the outer conical wall has its first, larger diameter end disposed adjacent to the second end of the dial assembly and has its second, smaller diameter end disposed adjacent to the first end of the dial assembly;

wherein the inner conical wall is disposed generally within the outer conical wall and has its first, larger diameter end disposed adjacent to and connected with the second, smaller diameter end of the outer conical wall and has its second, smaller diameter end disposed within the turbulence cavity and between the first and second ends of the outer conical wall; and

wherein the discharge orifice wall extends across, and except for the discharge orifice therein, closes the second, smaller diameter end of the inner conical wall.

26. An improved showerhead having at least one spray nozzle and being adapted to be connected with a source of water under pressure, the improved showerhead comprising:

a housing including means which defines a conduit through which water may flow and having a front end and a rear end which may be connected with the source of water under pressure and which communicates with the conduit means so that water from the source may flow through the conduit means from its rear end to its front end;

a disc member having a front surface and a rear surface and being connected with the front end of the housing so that the rear surface extends across and closes the front end of the housing and so that the water flowing in the conduit means communicates with the rear surface of the disc member, the disc member having a first circular aperture disposed therein and extending therethrough between the front surface and the rear surface;

a nozzle assembly including a front end wall and a rear end wall and being connected with the disc member so that the rear end wall of the nozzle assembly is positioned adjacent to the front surface of the disc member, with the front end wall of the nozzle assembly including a spray nozzle which is adapted to emit a pulsating spray of water; and

with the rear end wall of the nozzle assembly having a circular nozzle aperture which has the same diameter as the first aperture and which is disposed so that its central axis is coaxial with the central axis of the first aperture and so that the nozzle aperture and the first aperture define an initial, continuous flow path for the water;

the spray nozzle having an outer conical wall, an inner conical wall and a discharge orifice wall which, together the rear end wall of the nozzle assembly, define a turbulence cavity, with the discharge orifice wall having a discharge orifice therein through which the water being sprayed is emitted, with the central axes of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice being coaxial and being offset from but parallel to the central axis of the nozzle aperture and with the plane of the discharge orifice wall being transverse to the central axis of the outer conical wall, the inner conical wall and the discharge orifice;

the outer conical wall having its first, larger diameter end disposed adjacent to the rear end wall of the nozzle assembly and its second smaller diameter end disposed adjacent to the front end wall of the nozzle assembly;

the inner conical wall being disposed generally within the outer conical wall and having its first, larger diameter end disposed adjacent to and connected with the second, smaller diameter end of the outer conical wall and its second, smaller diameter disposed within the turbulence cavity and between the first and second ends of the outer conical wall;

the discharge orifice wall extending across, and except for the discharge orifice therein, closing the second, smaller diameter end of the inner conical wall.

27. The improved showerhead described in claim 26 wherein the disc member and nozzle assembly each have an outer peripheral side edge;

wherein the showerhead also includes means for latching the nozzle assembly to the disc member so that the rear end wall of the nozzle assembly is retained in position adjacent to the front surface of the disc member;

wherein the latch means are mounted on the outer peripheral edge of the disc member adjacent to the first aperture and including an intermediate portion and a distal end portion, with the intermediate portion extending from the disc member over the outer peripheral edge of the nozzle assembly member and with the distal end portion abutting a portion of the front surface of the dial member.

28. The improved showerhead described in claim 26 wherein the nozzle assembly may be rotated, relative to the disc member, about its central axis so that the nozzle aperture moves along a path of travel about the central axes of the nozzle assembly and so that as a result of this relative movement, the nozzle aperture may be selectively moved into and out of registry with the first aperture;

and wherein sealing means for preventing water from leaking out between the rear end wall of the nozzle assembly and the first surface of the disc member are disposed between the rear end wall of the nozzle assembly and the front surface of the disc member; and

wherein the sealing means includes a first portion, a second portion and a third portion, with the first portion of the sealing means extending completely around the first aperture of the disc member, with the second portion of the sealing means extending from the first portion in one direction along the path of travel and defining a first isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle aperture so that when the nozzle aperture is relatively moved to a position adjacent to one side of but not in registry with the first aperture, the second portion of the sealing means is disposed completely about the nozzle aperture, and with the third portion of the sealing means extending, from the first portion, in the other direction along the path of travel and defining a second isolated area which is generally similar in shape and dimensions to the shape and dimensions of the nozzle aperture so that when the nozzle aperture is positioned adjacent to the other side of but not in registry with the first aperture, the third portion of the sealing means is disposed completely about the nozzle aperture.