Multi-use absorption/regeneration power cycle

• US 4,009,575 A
• Filed: 05/12/1975
• Issued: 03/01/1977
• Est. Priority Date: 05/12/1975
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Jr.; Said Thomas L. Hartman
• Original Assignee: Jr.; Said Thomas L. Hartman
• Inventors: Evans, Ronald D., Nimmo, Bruce G., Hartman, Thomas Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): Ostrager, Allen M.
• Application Number:
  US05/576,449
• Time in Patent Office: 659 Days
• Field of Search: 60/649, 60/673, 60/648, 60/651, 60/671, 60/676, 60/698, 122/21, 126/263, 203/DIG. 20, 203/100, 23/260
• US Class Current: 60/648
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 25/065 with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia F01K5/00 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 5/02 used in regenerative installation
• CPC Class Codes: F25B 15/00 Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type
• CPC Class Codes: F25B 27/00 Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy F25B30/06 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02A 30/27 Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 30/62 Absorption based systems

Abstract

A method, and apparatus for implementing the method, for simultaneously generating electrical power and producing refrigeration, utlizing an absorption/regeneration power cycle, and performing useful work with the heat rejected from the cycle. In the cycle, a working fluid is absorbed by a carrier fluid by an exothermic chemical reaction wherein the heat released is utilized to perform useful work. After absorption, the original fluids are regenerated by an endothermic chemical reaction with the required energy supplied by an external prime source. Surplus energy stored in the fluids after regeneration is extracted and utilized to generate electrical power, produce refrigeration, and provide internally required energy.

Claims

1. Chemical absorption/regeneration apparatus for converting thermal energy to forms suitable for performing useful work at a high efficiency comprising:

absorber means for causing an exothermic chemical reaction;

first energy extraction means for extracting heat energy from said exothermic reaction;

first work producing means arranged to utilize such first extracted heat energy;

regeneration means for producing an endothermic chemical reaction, said reaction reversing said exothermic chemical reaction;

second energy extraction means for extracting energy introduced by said regeneration means not required for said endothermic reaction; and

second work producing means arranged to utilize such second extracted energy.

2. Apparatus for simultaneously generating electrical power and producing refrigeration from a closed-cycle absorption regeneration power system, and utilizing rejected heat from the cycle for performing useful work, comprising:

a gaseous working fluid and a liquid carrier fluid;

absorber means arranged to contain said carrier fluid in contact with said working fluid wherein said working fluid is absorbed by said carrier fluid by an exothermic reaction, producing a combined working and carrier fluid;

heat absorbing means, said heat absorbing means disposed in the combined fluid and arranged to absorb the heat released from the exothermic reaction;

thermal work-producing means operatively connected to said heat absorbing means for utilizing the absorbed heat;

pump means for increasing pressure of said combined fluid to a selected high pressure;

regeneration means, said regeneration means receiving said combined fluid from said pump means, and causing said combined fluid to separate into said gaseous working fluid and said liquid carrier fluid;

power generation means, said power generation means operatively connected to said regeneration means and utilizing a portion of said separated gaseous working fluid as a motive force and thereby reducing the pressure of said working fluid;

refrigerating means operatively connected to said regeneration means and utilizing a portion of said separated gaseous working fluid as a refrigerant, and thereby reducing the pressure of said working fluid; and

means for returning said separated carrier fluid said separated working fluid in said absorbing means, said returning means serving to condition said fluids to promote said exothermic reaction.

3. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 in which said working fluid is carbon dioxide and said carrier fluid is an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate.

4. The apparatus as defined in claim 3 in which:

said absorber means includes a vessel for containing said potassium carbonate solution, means for injecting said carrier fluid into said vessel, and nozzle means for injecting said carbon dioxide into said potassium carbonate solution.

5. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 in which said heat absorbing means includes a cooling coil, said coil carrying heat transfer fluid wherein the absorbed heat increases the temperature of said heat transfer fluid to 150°

or greater, and in which said thermal work producing means comprises a multistage flash distillation apparatus.

6. The apparatus as defined in claim 3 in which said pump means includes an electric motor drive and in which said returning means includes liquid turbine means connected between said regeneration means and said absorber means arranged to return said separated potassium carbonate solution from said regeneration means and said absorber means, thereby reducing the pressure of said solution, and said turbine means arranged to deliver power to said electric motor drive.

7. The apparatus as defined in claim 3 in which said regeneration means includes heat exchanger means, said heat exchanger means having a vessel for receiving said combined fluids, a first heating coil arranged to carry high temperature potassium carbonate solution and a second heating coil arranged to carry high temperature carbon dioxide, said first and second coils disposed in said vessel, and boiler means, said boiler means having a burner for heating said boiler means, said boiler means connected to receive said combined fluids from said vessel, connected to deliver said potassium carbonate to said first heating coil, and connected to deliver carbon dioxide to said second heating coil.

8. The apparatus as defined in claim 7 in which said boiler means includes a superheater coil arranged to receive heat from said burner, said superheater coil connected to said vessel to receive carbon dioxide from said second heating coil, and in which said power generation means includes a gas turbine connected to drive an electrical generator, said gas turbine connected to said superheater coil and operative from superheated carbon dioxide.

9. The apparatus as defined in claim 8 in which said refrigerating means includes:

dryer means, said dryer means connected to said regeneration means and arranged to receive carbon dioxide therefrom;

condenser means, input of said condenser means connected to said dryer means and having cooling coil, said cooling coil carrying a cooling fluid for causing said carbon dioxide to change to its liquid state;

expansion valve, said expansion valve connected to output of said condenser means and arranged to reduce the pressure of said liquid carbon dioxide;

evaporator means, said evaporator means connected to said expansion valve and having a coil containing a medium to be refrigerated and wherein said liquid carbon dioxide changes to its gaseous state thereby refrigerating said medium.

10. The apparatus as defined in claim 8 in which said returning means includes conditioning means, said conditioning means connected to output of said gas turbine means and to output of said evaporator means and arranged to receive output carbon dioxide therefrom, said conditioning means equalizing pressure of said carbon dioxide and increasing the temperature of said equalized carbon dioxide.

12. The method as described in claim 2 wherein said regeneration step includes the steps of:

heating the combined fluid to the boiling point of the working fluid;

and boiling off the gaseous working fluid from the carrier fluid.

11. The method of simultaneously generating electrical power and producing refrigeration from an absorption/regeneration power cycle system and utilizing rejected heat from the system, comprising the steps of:

absorbing a gaseous working fluid in a carrier fluid by means of an exothermic reaction at low pressure, forming a combined fluid;

performing useful work with the heat released by the exothermic reaction;

pumping the combined fluid to a high pressure level;

regenerating the combined fluid by separating the gaseous working fluid from the carrier fluid,

expanding a portion of the high pressure gaseous working fluid through a gas turbine-generator thereby generating electrical power and reducing the pressure of the gaseous fluid;

condensing a portion of the high pressure gaseous working fluid to its liquid state;

evaporating the liquid working fluid, thereby producing refrigeration and reducing the pressure of the gaseous fluid;

recombining the regenerated carrier fluid and the gaseous working fluid; and

repeating the cycle as described.

13. The method as described in claim 11 wherein said step of expanding a portion of the high pressure gaseous working fluid includes the step of:

superheating the portion of the high pressure gaseous working fluid prior to expanding in the turbine.

14. The method of generating electrical power in a closed cycle absorption-regeneration system utilizing carbon dioxide and a potassium carbonate solution, and desalinating sea water utilizing the exothermic heat of reaction from the absorption portion of the cycle as the source of energy consisting of the steps of:

a. absorbing carbon dioxide between atmospheric pressure and 100 psia, and a temperature greater than 150°

F in an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate, thereby forming a solution of potassium bicarbonate and releasing heat of reaction;

b. extracting the heat of reaction from the potassium bicarbonate and delivering said heat to a solution of sea water thereby raising the temperature of the sea water to greater than 150°

F;

c. distilling the heated sea water in a multistage flash distillation process, thereby producing fresh water;

d. pumping the potassium bicarbonate solution to a high pressure;

e. regenerating the potassium bicarbonate solution by adding heat slightly greater than the heat of reaction, and boiling off the carbon dioxide from the potassium bicarbonate solution, thereby leaving an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate;

f. reducing the pressure of the residual potassium carbonate solution to near atmospheric pressure by causing the solution to expand through a liquid turbine;

g. cooling the low pressure potassium carbonate solution to a temperature not less than 150°

F;

h. superheating the removed carbon dioxide to a temperature greater than the temperature of vaporization of the carbon dioxide;

i. reducing the pressure and temperature of the removed carbon dioxide to a lower pressure and to decreased temperature by allowing the carbon dioxide to expand through a gas turbine arranged to drive an electrical generator, thereby generating electrical power;

j. heating the low temperature, low pressure carbon dioxide exhausted from the gas turbine to a temperature greater than 150°

F;

k. mixing the low pressure potassium carbonate solution and the heated low pressure carbon dioxide; and

l. continuing the absorption-regeneration cycle.

15. A method of generating electrical power and producing refrigeration simultaneously in a closed cycle system and performing useful work with energy rejected from the cycle consisting of the steps of:

separating by thermal means a carrier fluid and a gaseous working fluid from a chemical solution thereof;

causing a portion of the separated gaseous working fluid to expand to a lower pressure through a gas turbine;

driving an electrical generator with the gas turbine thereby generating electrical power;

causing the remainder of the separated gaseous working fluid to condense to a liquid form;

expanding the liquid working fluid into a lower pressure;

evaporating the liquid working fluid to its gaseous form during expansion, thereby producing refrigeration;

reducing the pressure on the separated carrier fluid;

combining the low pressure gaseous working fluids with the low pressure carrier fluid;

absorbing the gaseous working fluid into the carrier fluid in an exothermic chemical reaction to restore the chemical solution to its original form;

utilizing the released heat of reaction to perform useful work; and

increasing the pressure of the chemical solution for reuse in succeeding cycles of operation of the system.

16. The method as defined in claim 15 in which the step of causing a portion of the separated gaseous working fluid to expand to a lower pressure includes the step of superheating the gaseous working fluid to a temperature greater than its heat of vaporization before expanding through a gas turbine.