Blood leak detector comparing intensities of high absorption band and low absorption band of a single beam of light passing through a sample

• US 4,017,190 A
• Filed: 07/18/1975
• Issued: 04/12/1977
• Est. Priority Date: 07/18/1975
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Halbert Fischel
• Original Assignee: Halbert Fischel
• Inventors: Fischel, Halbert
• Primary Examiner(s): McGraw, Vincent P.
• Application Number:
  US05/597,243
• Time in Patent Office: 634 Days
• Field of Search: 356/39, 356/40, 356/41, 356/51, 356/181, 356/184, 356/189, 356/206, 356/246, 356/178, 210/321 R, 210/96, 340/242
• US Class Current: 356/40
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1692 Detection of blood traces in dialysate
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/314 with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths dual wavelength spectrometry G01J3/427
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/85 Investigating moving fluids or granular solids

Abstract

A system for detecting small amounts of hemoglobin in a solution detects the ratio between the light transmissivities at separated wavelengths of a sample solution, one of which wavelengths is in a range at which hemoglobin is highly light absorptive. Through the use of the ratios of the signals, a reading of high sensitivity and linearity is provided in the presence of substantial contamination and turbidity in the sample or the system.

Claims

1. A system for detecting the presence of hemoglobin in a solution comprising:

a radiant energy transmissivity cell including a sample chamber extending along an inclined optical axis between an upper end and an opposite lower end, the sample chamber having a fluid inlet at one end of the chamber for receiving a continuous flow of said solution, a fluid outlet at an end opposite said one end for continuously expelling said solution and a gas outlet positioned at an uppermost portion of the chamber at the upper end to continuously expel gas that accumulates at the gas outlet;

first and second light transmissive windows positioned at opposite ends of the sample chamber;

a light source positioned proximate an end of the sample chamber to emit radiant energy along the optical axis through the first and second windows and through the sample chamber;

first and second radiant energy detectors each positioned proximate an end of the sample chamber opposite the light source to receive radiant energy emitted by the light source after the energy has passed through the first and second windows and the sample chamber, and to generate an indication of the radiant energy incident thereon;

a bandpass optical filter disposed along a light path between a window at an end of the sample chamber proximate the first and second detectors and one of the detectors, the filter having a pass band centered at a wavelength at which hemoglobin constituents of blood are highly light absorbent; and

ratio detecting means responsive to the first and second radiant energy detectors for indicating the ratio of the indications of said detectors.

2. The invention as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein said light source provides a light spectrum encompassing the range of 4200 A to 4500 A, and wherein said bandpass filter means transmits a substantially narrower bandwidth at approximately 4200 A.

3. The invention as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein said light source provides substantial light energy at the 5000 A region.

4. The invention as set forth in claim 3 above, wherein said bandpass filter means and a first detector are disposed along the optical axis, and wherein the second detector is disposed at an angle to the optical axis, and wherein the transmissivity cell further includes a diffuse light transmitting element transverse to the optical axis and between said light source and said first and second detector means.

5. The invention as set forth in claim 4 above, wherein said transmissivity cell includes a sample chamber defining housing having inlet and outlet portions at lower and upper ends respectively.

6. The invention as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein said first and second radiant energy detectors comprise photoresistive elements, and wherein said ratio detecting means comprises an operational amplifier including said photosensitive elements in different feedback and input circuits respectively with the ratio of the resistances of said photosensitive elements being indicated by a voltage at an output of said operational amplifier.

7. A system for detecting the presence of hemoglobin in a solution comprising:

a sample cell defining a cylindrical sample chamber which extends along a central optical axis that is inclined with respect to the horizontal between opposite upper and lower ends, the sample chamber having a fluid inlet disposed at one end for continuously receiving solution, a fluid outlet disposed at an end opposite the one end for continuously discharging solution, and a gas outlet disposed at an uppermost portion of the upper end of the chamber to discharge gases collecting thereat, the sample cell providing a single light transmissive path along the optical axis through the sample cell and fluid therein;

a single radiant energy source coupled to continuously emit broadband radiant energy along the single light path through the sample cell and fluid therein;

a first radiant energy detector positioned along the optical axis to receive radiant energy from the energy source after the radiant energy passes through the sample chamber and a fluid therein;

a second radiant energy detector positioned in spaced apart relationship to the optical axis, the second radiant energy detector being optically coupled to a point along the optical axis between the sample cell and the first radiant energy detector by a relatively long, small cross-sectional filter free light path;

an optical filter disposed along the light path between said point along the optical axis and the first radiant energy detector to pass only a narrow band of radiant energy to the first radiant energy detector which is readily absorbed by hemoglobin in a fluid within the sample cell; and

a ratio circuit coupled to the first and second radiant energy detectors to provide an output that is indicative of a ratio of radiant energy that is incident upon the first and second radiant energy detectors.

8. The invention as set forth in claim 7 above, wherein said first and second radiant energy detectors comprise first and second photosensitive resistive elements respectively, and wherein said ratio circuit comprises an operational amplifier having the second resistive element connected to an inverting input and the first resistive element connected between an output and said inverting input.

9. The invention as set forth in claim 7 above, further comprising an operational amplifier, wherein the first radiant energy detector is a photosensitive resistive means, wherein the first photosensitive resistive means is responsive to a relatively narrow band signal, and is coupled in a negative feedback circuit of said operational amplifier, and wherein said second detector means is responsive to a relatively broad wavelength band and is coupled in the input circuit of said operational amplifier, such that said operational amplifier provides the ratio of said narrow wavelength band signal to said broad wavelength band signal.

10. The invention as set forth in claim 9 above, including linearizer circuit means coupled to the output of said operational amplifier, said linearizer circuit means including summing circuit means and at least one operational amplifier means coupled to provide a subtractive signal to said summing circuit means for output signals from said operational amplifier in excess of a selected level.

11. The invention as set forth in claim 10 above, including means responsive to said linearizer circuit means for providing a responsive output voltage, and further including means responsive to the output voltage for indicating the presence of output voltages in excess of a selectable threshold, and alarm circuit means responsive to indications in excess of a selective threshold for providing a steady state indication of the occurrence of an alarm condition.

12. The system according to claim 7 above, further comprising an alarm circuit coupled to compare the output to a selected threshold and provide an alarm indication when the output exceeds the selected threshold, said alarm circuit including a memory circuit responsive to an alarm indication for causing the alarm circuit to continue an alarm indication once started until the memory circuit is selectively reset.

13. The system according to claim 7 above, wherein the first and second radiant energy detectors are first and second photocells respectively, each having a resistance which decreases with the intensity of radiant energy incident thereon, the first photocell having incident thereon only light passing through the sample cell at a narrow band of frequencies with a wavelength of approximately 4200 A, the second photocell having incident thereon light passing through the sample cell with a band of frequencies which includes frequencies having wavelengths within the range of 4700 A to 5000 A.

14. A system for detecting the leakage of blood into a solution comprising:

an elongated chamber having an upper surface inclined with respect to a horizontal plane and extending between upper and lower light transmissive ends, the chamber including a solution inlet proximate the lower end, a solution outlet proximate the upper end and a bubble outlet proximate the upper end and the upper surface;

a light source disposed to shine light upon one end of the chamber and through the chamber to an opposite end;

a first photosensor disposed to detect the incidence thereon of light which passes through the chamber from the light source at only frequencies that are readily absorbed by blood within a solution passing between the solution inlet and outlet of the chamber;

a second photosensor disposed to detect the incidence thereon of light which passes through the chamber from the light source at frequencies that are not readily absorbed by blood within a solution passing between the solution inlet and outlet of the chamber; and

a circuit coupled to detect and indicate relative changes in the intensity of sensed light incident upon the first and second photosensors.

15. The system according to claim 14 above, wherein the circuit includes a light failure circuit coupled to detect the failure of normal light intensities to pass through the chamber to the first and second photosensors.

16. The system according to claim 14 above, wherein the circuit includes a latching circuit causing an indication of a relative change in the intensity of sensed light to be continued, once started, until selectively discontinued without regard to the relative change in the sensed light.

17. The system according to claim 14 above, wherein the circuit indicates a relative change in the intensity of sensed light when the ratio of intensity of light sensed by the first photosensor relative to the intensity of light sensed by the second photosensor exceeds a selected threshold.