Strain sensor employing piezoelectric material

• US 4,023,054 A
• Filed: 09/26/1975
• Issued: 05/10/1977
• Est. Priority Date: 05/06/1974
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: 3M Company
• Original Assignee: 3M Company
• Inventors: Taylor, Allen L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Budd, Mark O.
• Application Number:
  US05/616,906
• Time in Patent Office: 592 Days
• Field of Search: 310/8.1, 310/8.3, 310/8.5, 310/8.6, 310/9.1, 310/9.4, 310/9.7, 310/8, 73/88.5 R, 73/88.5 SD, 73/DIG. 4, 73/398, 204/194, 204/2
• US Class Current: 310/330
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 7/16 for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by resistance strain gauge
• CPC Class Codes: G01K 3/14 in respect of space
• CPC Class Codes: G01K 7/003 using pyroelectric elements radiation pyrometers G01J5/00

Abstract

A strain sensor and a method for producing a remanent electrostatic image of the strain gradient existing on the surface of an object are disclosed. The sensor includes a layer of poled, piezoelectric material that is employed as a medium on which the strain gradient image is electrostatically formed. The piezoelectric layer is coated on one side with an electrically conductive layer, and the sensor is adapted to be positioned with the conductive layer in surface-to-surface contact with the object. Thereupon, a stress is applied to the object to place it in a condition of strain whereby the object is dimensionally changed or deformed. Both layers of the sensor are highly compliant to permit the sensor to be bent from its normal configuration to conform to the surface stress of the object without significantly affecting the strain of the object. Next, the surfaces of the piezoelectric layer are neutralized and the stress on the sensor is then relaxed. As the object returns to its normal configuration, an electrostatic image representative of the strain gradient caused by the stress forms on the uncoated surface of the piezoelectric layer.

Claims

1. A process for producing a detectable image of the surface strain gradient of an object, including the steps of:

(1) providing a strain sensor that includes at least one poled, piezoelectric layer of material that produces electrostatic charges of opposite polarities on its planar surfaces when subjected to a stress, said layer having a conductive layer carried on not more than one of its planar surfaces;

(2) attaching said strain sensor on said object with the conductive layer of said sensor in surface-to-surface contact with a surface of said object such that said piezoelectric layer conforms to said surface of said object;

(3) neutralizing the surfaces of said piezoelectric layer to remove any electrostatic charges produced thereon as a result of the conformance of said piezoelectric layer to the surface of said object; and

then

(4) stressing said object to place said object in a condition of strain to create an electrostatic latent charge pattern on the other surface of said layer indicative of the strain gradient of the object produced by the stress.

2. A process for producing a detectable image of the surface strain gradient of an object, including the steps of:

(1) providing a strain sensor that includes at least one poled, piezoelectric layer of material that produces electrostatic charges of opposite polarities on its planar surfaces when subjected to a stress, said layer having a conductive layer carried on at least one of its planar surfaces;

(2) attaching said strain sensor on said object with the conductive layer of said sensor in surface-to-surface contact with a surface of said object such that said piezoelectric layer conforms to said surface of said object;

(3) stressing said object to place said object in a condition of strain to create a first electrostatic charge pattern on the other surface of said layer indicative of the strain gradient of the object produced by the stress;

(4) neutralizing the surfaces of said piezoelectric layer to remove any electrostatic charges accumulated thereon in response to said stress on said object; and

(5) relaxing the stress of said object to form a second electrostatic image on the other surface of said layer, which second charge pattern is opposite to said first charge pattern.

3. A process as recited in claim 2, wherein subsequent to relaxing the stress on said object, the second electrostatic charge pattern on the other surface of said layer is developed.

4. A process as recited in claim 3 wherein said second charge pattern is developed by powdering the other surface of said layer with toner powder.

5. A process as recited in claim 3 wherein said charge pattern is measured, recorded or plotted by recording with an X-Y recorder.

6. A process as recited in claim 2 wherein immediately subsequent to the attachment of said sensor on said object, the surfaces of said piezoelectric layer are neutralized to remove any electrostatic charges produced thereon as a result of the conformance of said piezoelectric layer to the surface of said object.