Detector array gain compensation

• US 4,032,975 A
• Filed: 02/25/1974
• Issued: 06/28/1977
• Est. Priority Date: 02/25/1974
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation (The Boeing Co.)
• Original Assignee: Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation (The Boeing Co.)
• Inventors: Malueg, Richard M., Meier, Michael J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Safourek, Benedict V.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Saffian, Mitchell
• Application Number:
  US05/445,787
• Time in Patent Office: 1,219 Days
• Field of Search: 178/7.1, 178/DIG. 29, 178/7.2, 250/211 J, 250/232, 250/332, 250/211 R, 250/553, 357/29-32
• US Class Current: 358/482
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 23/81 for suppressing or minimising disturbance in the image signal generation
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/63 applied to dark current
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/673 by using reference sources
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/78 Readout circuits for addressed sensors, e.g. output amplifiers or A/D converters

Abstract

In an electronic system employing an array of detectors which have been compensated for any fixed pattern noise present, further compensation is provided for any deviation in sensitivity (gain) of each detector from a standard by measuring the output of each detector under uniform level of incident energy, and comparing the amplitude measured with a standard while multiplying the measured output by a factor that is varied until the product equals the standard. The final factor is then stored for use as a gain compensation factor during normal system operation.

Claims

1. Apparatus for normalizing the gain utilized with each detector of a radiation detector system employing a plurality of detectors, comprising:

(a) calibration means for illuminating each of said plurality of detectors of the system with radiation of known intensity and spectral characteristics in response to a calibrate signal;

(b) sampling means coupled to the detectors for selectively presenting the output of each detector in response to sampling signals;

(c) an amplifier having a controllable gain, connected to said sampling means, to produce an amplified signal whose amplitude equals the product of the controllable gain and the sampled detector output;

(d) a source of a reference signal;

(e) comparison means connected to said amplifier and to said reference signal and operable in response to a calibrate signal, for comparing the amplified signal from said amplifier with the reference signal and to issue a stop signal when they are equal;

(f) means connected to said amplifier and to said comparison means for varying the controllable gain of said amplifier until said comparison means issues the stop signal;

(g) storage means coupled to said amplifier and to said comparison means for storing the gain of said amplifier in response to the stop signal issued by said comparison means;

(h) read-out means connected to said storage means for selectively recalling the stored gain in response to a recall signal;

(i) correcting means connected to said read-out means to receive the recalled gain and to said amplifier, operable when the detectors are illuminated by radiation of unknown intensity and spectral characteristics, for producing a normalized detector output from the recalled gain and the output of said amplifier; and

(j) timing signal generator for generating in a predetermined sequence the sampling, calibrate and recall signals, and connected to said calibration means and said comparison means for presenting to them calibrate signals, and connected to said read-out means and said sampling means for presenting to them recall signals and sampling signals, respectively.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 further including averaging means connected to said storage means for calculating an average gain from repeated gain determinations made for each detector of the plurality of detectors.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the detector system further comprises means for biasing the output of each detector to zero when no radiation illuminates the detectors.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said detectors are semiconductor photodiodes having internal charge storage of radiation induced charge.

5. A method for normalizing the gain of each detector of a radiation detector system employing a plurality of detectors, comprising the steps of:

(a) illuminating a detector of the system with radiation of known intensity and spectral characteristics;

(b) sampling the output signal of the detector while it is thus illuminated;

(c) amplifying the sampled output by an amplifier having a controllable gain, to obtain an amplified signal whose amplitude equals the product of the controllable gain and the sampled output;

(d) varying the controllable gain until a corresponding value of it is determined for which the amplified signal equals a predetermined constant magnitude;

(e) storing the value of the corresponding controllable gain thus determined in a memory for non-destructive read-out;

(f) illuminating said detector with radiation of unknown intensity and spectral characteristics;

(g) reading out the stored controllable gain value;

(h) setting the gain of a controllable gain amplifier equal to the corresponding controllable gain value read-out; and

(i) applying the video output of said detector to the amplifier whose gain has been set in step (h), to obtain a normalized output signal for said detector.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising the steps of:

repeating, for each detector, steps (a) through (d) a predetermined number of times and averaging the values of the controllable gain thus determined, the average value being stored in the succeeding step (e).

7. The method of claim 5 further including the steps of isolating the detectors from all radiation and then biasing the outputs of the detectors to zero, these steps preceding step (a) of claim 5.

8. The method of claim 5 wherein the steps prior to step (f) are executed upon each detector of the plurality of detectors before step (f) is applied to any detector.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the steps prior to step (f) are executed each detector of the plurality of detectors, then step (f) is executed for each detector of the plurality of detectors, then step (g) is executed for each detector of the plurality of detectors, and then steps (h) and (i) are executed for each detector of the plurality of detectors.

10. The method of claim 5 wherein the radiation detector system comprises an array of semiconductor photodiodes each having internal charge storage of radiation induced charge.

11. Apparatus for normalizing the gain utilized with each detector of a detector system employing a plurality of detectors, comprising:

(a) calibration means for applying predetermined stimuli to the detectors in response to a calibrate signal;

(b) gate means connected to the detectors for selectively presenting the output of each detector in response to gate signals;

(c) gain value determining means connected to said gate means and operable in response to a calibrate signal for producing a gain determining value from the output of each detector presented by said gate means;

(d) storage means connected to said gain value determining means for storing each gain determining value;

(e) read-out means connected to said storage means for selectively recalling each stored gain determining value in response to a recall signal;

(f) correcting means connected to said gate means and said read-out means, operable when the detectors are exposed to stimuli of unknown magnitudes for producing a gain corrected output from the output of a detector and from the corresponding recalled gain determining value for that detector; and

(g) timing signal generating means for generating in a predetermined sequence the calibrate, gate and recall signals, and connected to said calibration means and said gain determining means for presenting to them the calibrate signal, and connected to said gate means and said recall means for presenting to them the gate and recall signals, respectively.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 further including averaging means connected to said storage means for calculating an average gain determining value from repeated gain determinations made for a particular channel and for storing the average value in said storage means as the corresponding stored gain to be recalled by said read-out means.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the detector system further comprises means for biasing the output of each detector to zero when no stimulus is applied to that detector.

14. A method for normalizing the gain utilized with a detector Di in a detector system employing a plurality of detectors, comprising the steps of:

(a) applying a predetermined stimulus Pi to a detector Di of the system;

(b) sampling the output signal Bi of the detector while detector Di reacts to the predetermined stimulus;

(c) producing a gain determining value from the output Bi of the detector;

(d) repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) in order a predetermined number of times for the detector Di of the system and averaging the gain determining values obtained each time those steps are repeated for the detector Di to produce a corresponding average gain determining value for the detector Di;

(e) storing the average gain determining value for detector Di;

(f) applying a stimulus Ui of unknown magnitude to the detector to produce an output signal Si;

(g) recalling the stored average gain determining value for detector Di; and

(h) producing a normalized output Si'"'"' for detector Di from the recalled gain determining value and the output signal Si.

15. The method of claim 14 further including the steps of isolating the detectors from all stimuli and then biasing the outputs of the detectors to zero, these steps preceding step (a) of claim 14.

16. The method of claim 14 wherein the steps prior to step (f) are executed upon each detector of the plurality of detectors before step (f) is applied to any detector.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein after the steps prior to step (f) have been executed for each detector of the plurality of detectors, then steps (f), (g) and (h) are executed for each detector of the plurality of detectors.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein after the operations of the steps prior to step (f) have been applied to each detector of the plurality of detectors, step (f) is first applied to each detector of the plurality of detectors, then step (g) is applied to each detector of the plurality of detectors and finally step (h) is applied to each detector of the plurality of detectors.

19. A method for normalizing the gain utilized with each detector D_i in a detector system employing a plurality n of detectors D_i=1, D_i=2 ---- D_i=n, comprising the steps of:

(a) applying a predetermined stimulus P_i to each detector D_i of the system;

(b) sampling the corresponding output signal B_i of each detector D_i while each detector D_i reacts to the predetermined stimulus;

(c) producing a corresponding gain determining value from the output B_i of each detector D_i ;

(d) repeating steps (a), (b), and (c) in order a predetermined number of times for each detector D_i of the system and averaging the gain determining values obtained each time those steps are repeated for each detector D_i to produce a corresponding average gain determining value for each detector D_i ;

(e) storing the corresponding average gain determining value for each detector D_i ;

(f) applying a stimulus U_i of unknown magnitude to each detector D_i to produce a corresponding output signal S_i ;

(g) recalling the stored average gain determining value for each detector D_i ; and

(h) producing a normalized output S_i, for each detector D_i from the corresponding recalled average gain determining value and the output signal S_i.