Solar radiation collection system

• US 4,054,124 A
• Filed: 04/06/1976
• Issued: 10/18/1977
• Est. Priority Date: 04/06/1976
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Stellan Knoos
• Original Assignee: Stellan Knoos
• Inventors: Knoos, Stellan
• Primary Examiner(s): King, Lloyd L.
• Application Number:
  US05/674,309
• Time in Patent Office: 560 Days
• Field of Search: 126/270, 126/271
• US Class Current: 126/584
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 10/25 having two or more passages for the same working fluid layered in direction of solar-rays, e.g. having upper circulation channels connected with lower circulation channels
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 10/80 comprising porous material or permeable masses directly contacting the working fluids for conveying liquefied working fluid from evaporator sections to condenser sections with capillary force F24S10/95
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 2023/88 Multi reflective traps
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 23/70 with reflectors
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 50/40 responsive to temperature
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 80/50 Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
• CPC Class Codes: F24S 80/56 characterised by means for preventing heat loss
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/44 Heat exchange systems

Abstract

High efficiency solar radiation collectors may employ a dual flow path relative to heat transfer surfaces of the collector panel. A major air flow is confined beneath the panel, but a subsidiary (bypass) air flow at an angle to the principal air flow is also employed to suppress natural (free) flow convection at an upper side of the panel. Advantageously, the subsidiary air flow can be established by perforations in the collector panel and by creation of a suction for the bypass air. High efficiency energy collection, particularly adapted to weak and intermittent radiation environments, is further enhanced by the usage of a collector panel having a low thermal mass and providing good thermal interchange with a relatively small air mass moving beneath and above the panel, while being arranged to limit thermal conduction along the panel in the direction of air flow. Thus, a thermal gradient is established along the length of the collector panel, with a low temperature differential with the heated air mass at every position, with a fast heating response time, and with reradiation losses being minimized. By recirculating the air in a low thermal mass heat exchange system with an energy storage system in such fashion that inlet fluid is at the lowest sustainable temperature, insolation incident upon the collector is more fully utilized. The thermal energy storage most advantageously comprises what may be termed a minimum entropy system, with thermal energy in the heated air mass being interchanged in counterflow relation with a storage fluid which may be fed to different temperature level storages, dependent upon the intensity of the solar radiation available to the collector.

Claims

1. In a solar energy collection system of the fluid heating type having at least one transparent upper panel for limiting heat losses from an adjacent, lower, collector panel, the improvement characterized by means providing at least two major fluid flow paths relative to the collector panel, at least a first of the fluid flows being adjacent and in thermal interchange relation with the under side of the collector panel, and at least one other of the fluid flows having flow components at least partially angled toward the plane of the collector panel and intersecting with the first fluid flow.

2. The invention as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein said means provides dual fluid flows, the second of which flows is along the upper side of the collector panel and wherein the system includes means defining spatially distributed flow apertures in the collector panel, wherein the flow components angled toward the plane of the collector panel are directed through the flow apertures to join the first fluid flow.

3. The invention as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein said system further includes means defining inlet and outlet means for the fluid flows, means coupled to the inlet and outlet means for providing a pressure differential therebetween, and means disposed in the path of the second fluid flow for restricting the flow thereof.

4. The invention as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein the area of the flow apertures is such that the at least one other flow path comprises less than 75% of the total flow.

5. The invention as set forth in claim 4 above, wherein the flow apertures are asymmetrically disposed relative to the areal surface of the collector panel.

6. The invention as set forth in claim 4 above, wherein said means providing fluid flows comprises planar insulator means substantially coextensive with and spaced apart from the under side of the collector panel and where air is the fluid.

7. The invention as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein said collector panel comprises means flowing liquid in thermal exchange relation therewith.

8. The invention as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein said system further includes open cellular light transmissive means spatially distributed on the upper surface of the collector panel, and wherein the flow components that are partially angled to the plane of the collector panel define bypass flow components within at least some of the cells of the light transmissive means.

9. The invention as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein said cellular means comprises honeycomb means and said system includes aperture means disposed within the cells for providing the bypass flow components.

10. The invention as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein said system includes means disposed above said collector panel for concentrating incident solar radiation on selected areas of said collector panel, and bypass aperture means in said collector panel for providing the said at least one other fluid flow.

11. The invention as set forth in claim 10 above, wherein said means for concentrating radiation comprises insulative means including means defining an array of reflecting concavities therein.

12. The invention as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein said system includes an array of tubular light transmissive means spatially distributed adjacent the upper surface of said collector panel.

13. A solar energy collector system for efficiently utilizing incident radiant energy comprising:

a collector element including radiant energy absorptive means on the upper side thereof;

at least one planar light transmissive means disposed adjacent but spaced apart from the upper side and defining a fluid flow path adjacent the upper side of the collector element;

planar insulating means disposed adjacent and spaced apart from the lower side of the collector element for defining a heating fluid flow path therebetween; and

integral means disposed in conjunction with the collector element for establishing a free convection suppression flow of fluid relative to the upper side of the collector element.

14. The invention as set forth in claim 13 above, wherein said collector element includes a plurality of spatially distributed apertures therethrough defining the integral means for establishing a free convection suppression flow.

15. The invention as set forth in claim 13 above, wherein said system further includes means coupled to provide a suction for the heating fluid flow and the free convection suppression flow.

16. The invention as set forth in claim 14 above, wherein the free convection suppression flow is less than 75% of the total fluid flow.

17. The invention as set forth in claim 16 above, wherein the apertures are non-uniformly distributed across the face of the collector element and are substantially concentrated in the hottest regions of the collector element.

18. A solar energy collector system comprising:

a collector element having a light incident side and a back side heated by the incident light energy and including a minor proportion of area defining spatially distributed apertures therethrough; and

means disposed adjacent the collector element for defining a major reentrant air flow path extending along the light incident side of the collector element and then along the back side of the collector element, whereby a minor flow exists in the direction toward the collector element on the light incident side to limit free convection losses thereat.

19. A radiant energy collection system comprising:

a collector panel having a radiant energy absorbing upper face and a heat transferring lower face;

means disposed adjacent said panel for providing a partially restricted air flow path adjacent the upper face and a substantially laminar air flow path adjacent the lower face; and

means intercoupling the partially restricted air flow path and the laminar air flow path with a plurality of spatially distributed flow paths at an angle to the faces of the collector panel, whereby free convection adjacent the upper face is suppressed.

20. A solar energy collection system comprising:

an apertured collector panel;

means providing a principal air flow under said collector panel concurrently with a bypass air flow through the apertures thereof;

and liquid conduit means in thermal interchange relation with said collector panel.

21. The invention as set forth in claim 20 above, wherein the bypass air flow passes along a part of the upper side of the collector panel before diverting through the apertures to join the principal air flow, wherein the system additionally includes counterflow heat exchanger means, and means for directing heated air from the principal air flow through said heat exchanger means in counterflow relation to unheated liquid.

22. A solar energy collector system comprising:

a heat collector having an anisotropic heat transfer characteristic, with substantially lower heat transfer in a direction along the plane than to an adjacent fluid medium, the collector having a light absorptive surface;

an insulating member disposed adjacent and parallel to the heat collector and spaced apart therefrom in coextensive relation on the opposite side from the radiant energy absorptive surface by a distance sufficiently small that a fluid flowing therebetween in thermal exchange relation with the collector is substantially uniformly heated in the direction therebetween with a small temperature differential relative to the temperature of the adjacent position on the collector; and

means for feeding a fluid to be heated into the collector-insulating member space at a temperature substantially below that to which the collector heats the fluid, whereby a thermal gradient exists in the heat flow direction along the collector arising from the anisotropic heat transfer characteristic.

23. The invention as set forth in claim 22 above, wherein said collector comprises a thin heat conductive sheet.

24. The invention as set forth in claim 22 above, wherein said heat conductive sheet is less than about 0.5 mm in thickness, wherein the space between the collector and insulating member has a hydraulic diameter D_n of 1.0 to 4.0, and where the fluid is air.

25. The invention as set forth in claim 22 above, wherein the space between the collector and insulating member is substantially rectangular and between 0.5 mm and 3.0 mm, and wherein said collector system further comprises light transmissive means coextensive with but spaced apart from the absorptive surface of said collector, and said means for feeding a fluid includes means defining a flow path extending at least partially between the space between the light transmissive means and the collector to effect convective heat transfer therein.

26. A solar energy collector comprising:

a thin sheet of material having a radiation absorbing surface on one side and a limited longitudinal heat conduction along its length such that a substantial temperature differential can exist along the length, the sheet including bypass flow apertures in at least a portion thereof;

means defining a laminar fluid flow path adjacent the side of the sheet opposite the radiation absorbing surface and along the length of the sheet, the fluid flow path being of a thickness to provide a low temperature differential relative to the sheet; and

fluid supply means providing fluid at a low mass flow rate to the means defining fluid flow paths on both sides of said sheet and through the apertures therein, the inlet fluid being at a substantially lower temperature than the sheet temperature when exposed to solar energy.

27. The invention as set forth in claim 26 above, wherein said thin sheet is of heat conductive material of less than 0.5 mm in thickness, wherein said means defining a fluid flow path comprises a planar insulating member disposed in facing relation to said sheet, and the spacing therebetween is of less than 3 mm in thickness.

28. The invention as set forth in claim 27 above, wherein the bypass apertures provide less than 75% of the total fluid flow.

29. The invention as set forth in claim 28 above, wherein the bypass apertures are asymmetrically distributed across the area of said sheet and are concentrated at the hotter regions of said sheet.

30. The invention as set forth in claim 29 above, wherein the sheet is aluminum of approximately 0.2 mm or less in thickness.

31. The invention as set forth in claim 26 above, wherein said system further comprises means for recirculating the fluid, and means for lowering the inlet fluid temperature to the lowest sustainable temperature relative to ambient.

32. The invention as set forth in claim 31 above, wherein said mens for lowering the inlet fluid temperature comprises countercurrent heat exchanger means coupled to said means for recirculating the fluid, and wherein said system further includes means for flowing a fluid to be heated in countercurrent relation to the recirculating fluid.

33. A solar energy collector system comprising:

collector panel means having longitudinal side edges and an upwardly facing radiant energy absorbing surface, said panel means including spatially distributed first aperture means;

frame means coupled to support said collector panel means and including an insulating surface member substantially coextensive with and spaced apart from the under side of said panel means, said frame means including at least one outlet conduit means longitudinally disposed along the under side of said panel means;

at least one light transmissive panel means spaced apart from and substantially coextensive with said collector panel means adjacent the upper side thereof;

means including an air inlet means for establishing a first air flow path for inlet air extending under said collector panel means to the outlet conduit means; and

means for establishing a bypass air flow for inlet air extending across at least a portion of the upper portion of said collector panel means and through the aperture means therein to the under side thereof.

34. The invention as set forth in claim 33 above, wherein the system includes in addition means for restricting the bypass flow such that a pressure differential exists between the bypass air flow and the first air flow, which is at relatively lower pressure than the bypass air flow.

35. The invention as set forth in claim 34 above, wherein said air inlet means are disposed to provide inlet air to above at least one light transmissive panel means, wherein said collector panel means are configured in relation to said frame means to provide a first air flow about the longitudinal side edges of said collector panel means, and wherein said outlet conduit means are centrally disposed along said panel means such that the air flows transversely in from both longitudinal side edges of said collector panel means to the outlet conduit means under said collector panel means.

36. The invention as set forth in claim 35 above, wherein said light transmissive panel means comprises a pair of spaced-apart panels, wherein said air inlet means is disposed to inject inlet air between said light transmissive panels, wherein said collector panel means is joined to the closest adjacent light panel means along one longitudinal side edge, and configured to define an inlet aperture along the other longitudinal side edge, and wherein the means for restricting the bypass flow comprises air pervious flow restricting means disposed in the space along the longitudinal side edge between said collector panel means and the adjacent light panel means.

37. The invention as set forth in claim 36 above, wherein the spatially distributed aperture means comprise aperture patterns disposed on each side of the outlet conduit means and relatively closer thereto than to the longitudinal side edges of the collector panel means and wherein the bypass flow extends transversely from the one longitudinal side edge of the collector panel means both through the closest adjacent apertures and across the central region of the collector panel means to the furthest disposed apertures.

38. The invention as set forth in claim 33 above, wherein said system includes means defining longitudinally disposed and spaced apart air inlet means and air outlet means under said collector panel means, and wherein said system further includes means communicating through said collector panel means for establishing a bypass flow above at least a portion of said collector panel means.

39. The invention as set forth in claim 38 above, wherein said means for establishing a bypass flow comprises second aperture means in said collector panel means, said second aperture means providing flow paths of substantially lower impedance than the spatially distributed first aperture means, such that air flow from the inlet means goes upwardly through the second aperture means to the region above the collector panel means for returns downwardly through the spatially distributed first aperture means to the under side of the collector panel means.

40. The invention as set forth in claim 39 above, wherein said system includes longitudinal air inlet conduits along the longitudinal side edges and the center region of said collector panel means, and longitudinal air outlet conduits disposed intermediate the central air inlet conduit and each of the different longitudinal side inlet conduits respectively, wherein the second aperture means comprise patterns of a plurality of apertures on each side of the central inlet conduit, and wherein said first aperture means comprise sets of apertures on each side of each outlet conduit and closer to the associated outlet conduit than to the closest adjacent inlet conduit.

41. The invention as set forth in claim 33 above, wherein said light transmissive panel means comprises a pair of panel means, a first of which is coextensive with only a selected interior central region of said collector panel means, and the second and further spaced apart one of which is coextensive with substantially the entire collector panel means, wherein the spatially distributed first aperture means are under the first light transmissive panel means, and wherein in addition said system includes peripheral support means coupling said first light transmissive panel means to said collector panel means, and including aperture means along at least one side thereof for establishing bypass flow between the under side of said first light transmissive panel means and the upper side of said collector panel means.

42. The invention as set forth in claim 41 above, wherein said air inlet means provides air in the space between said collector panel means and said second light transmissive panel means, and wherein said collector panel means includes second aperture means disposed adjacent the longitudinal side edges thereof for providing a low impedance flow path from the air inlet means to the under side side edges of said collector panel means.

43. The invention as set forth in claim 41 above, wherein said first light transmissive panel means comprises at least one panel disposed at an angle of inclination relative to the plane of the surface of the collector panel means.

44. The invention as set forth in claim 43 above, wherein said system includes a pair of longitudinally disposed outlet conduit means adjacent the under side of said collector panel means, the first aperture means comprise spatially distributed aperture means in said collector panel means adjacent each one of said outlet conduit means, and tilted light transmissive panel means substantially coextensive with the areas of each of the different spatially distributed panels of aperture means, whereby bypass air flow and gas entrapment both suppress free convection losses in the volume between the upper surface of said collector plate means and the tilted light transmissive panel means.

45. A system for storing thermal energy collected from solar radiation, comprising:

solar energy collector means for heating a first fluid in response to incident insolation;

means coupled to the collector means for feeding the first fluid therethrough at an adjustable rate;

counterflow heat exchanger means coupled to the first fluid feeding means for effecting thermal energy transfer between the first fluid and a second fluid, and coupled to return the first fluid to said collector means;

means for feeding the second fluid to said counterflow heat exchanger means at a rate providing substantially matched enthalpies;

at least two serially coupled energy storage devices for storing the second fluid at different temperature levels;

flow diverter means receiving the second fluid from said heat exchanger means for controllably directing the second fluid into a selected branch point along the serially coupled energy storage devices;

and means responsive to the heating effect of the solar energy collector means for controlling the flow diverter means to direct the second fluid to a selected branch point in accordance with the level of heating thereof.

46. The invention as set forth in claim 45 above, wherein the first fluid is air and the second fluid is water, wherein said flow diverter means is coupled in a recirculating path receiving the second fluid from the coldest energy storage device such that flow of the first fluid into the collector means is provided at the lowest sustainable temperature, and wherein said means for controlling the flow diverter means is also responsive to the temperature levels of the energy storage devices.

47. The invention as set forth in claim 46 above, wherein said counterflow heat exchanger means comprises a single heat exchanger coupled between the lowest temperature energy storage device and the flow diverter means, wherein said energy storage devices comprise insulated chambers including limited flow intercouplings therebetween, wherein said means for feeding the first fluid is responsive to the temperature of the heated air, and wherein said means for feeding the second fluid is responsive to the first fluid rate.

48. A system for storing thermal energy collected from solar radiation, comprising:

solar energy collector means for heating a first fluid in response to incident insolation;

counterflow heat exchanger means receiving the first fluid in a first direction of passage through the heat exchanger means;

means for recirculating the first fluid through the collector means and heat exchanger means;

at least two insulated energy storage devices for storing a second fluid at different temperature levels, the energy storage devices being serially connected to provide a progressive hierarchy of temperature levels, the counterflow heat exchanger means comprising at least two serially coupled sections, each coupled to a different one of the energy storage devices and receiving the second fluid in a second direction of passage through the individual heat exchanger section;

pumping means coupling each different energy storage devices to its associated heat exchanger section in a recirculating loop; and

means responsive to the temperature of the heated first fluid for controlling the pumping means to initiate heat exchange in conjunction with a related temperature level of second fluid storage.

49. The invention as set forth in claim 48 above, wherein the first fluid is air and the second fluid is water, wherein the means for controlling the pumping means is also responsive to the temperature levels of the energy storage devices, and wherein the pumping means comprises individual pumps each associated with a different combination of energy storage device and associated heat exchanger section.