Method and apparatus for detection of antibodies and antigens
First Claim
1. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody or antigen in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
- depositing a metal onto a substrate material;
contacting said substrate material with an aqueous medium containing either a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody or a corresponding specifically reacting antibody to said specific antigen, to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen or antibody;
immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; and
examining said coated substrate material to determine whether said substrate has a bimolecular or monomolecular layer adhering thereto.
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Accused Products
Abstract
Method and apparatus for the detection of antibodies and antigens based upon the effect that any arbitrary antigen will adsorb onto a substrate in a monomolecular layer only, but that a corresponding specific antibody for such arbitrary antigen will bond thereto to form a bimolecular layer on the substrate. A first layer of antigen is adsorbed onto a substrate and the coated substrate is then exposed to a solution suspected of containing the specific antibody of interest. The substrate is then examined to determine whether a monomolecular or bimolecular layer is adhering thereon. Optical, including visual, electrical, and chemical means for examining the coated substrate are disclosed. The method can be reversed by replacing the antigen in each step above with its specifically reacting antibody and by replacing the antibody with its specific antigen.
118 Citations
60 Claims
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1. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody or antigen in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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depositing a metal onto a substrate material; contacting said substrate material with an aqueous medium containing either a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody or a corresponding specifically reacting antibody to said specific antigen, to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen or antibody; immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; and examining said coated substrate material to determine whether said substrate has a bimolecular or monomolecular layer adhering thereto. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18)
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19. A dignostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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coating a metal film onto a substrate material; contacting said substrate material with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen; immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; placing a mercury drop on the upper surface of said layer on said substrate material; and measuring the electrical capacitance between said mercury drop and said metal coating. - View Dependent Claims (20)
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21. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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coating a metal film onto a substrate material, said metal being capable of forming a visible amalgam with mercury; contacting said substrate material with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen; immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; placing a mercury drop on the upper surface of said layer on said substrate material; and measuring the time elapsing between said placing of a mercury drop and the appearance of a visible amalgam. - View Dependent Claims (22)
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23. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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coating a metal film onto a substrate material; contacting said substrate material with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen; immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; coating a second metal layer onto the upper surface of said layer on said substrate material; and viewing said substrate by reflected light. - View Dependent Claims (24, 25)
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26. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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depositing indium as metal globules onto a light transmissive substrate material by evaporation from a tantalum boat at a vacuum of approximately 5 ×
10-5 mm of mercury;contacting said substrate material with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen; immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; and examining said coated substrate material to determine whether said substrate has a bimolecular or monomolecular layer adhering thereto. - View Dependent Claims (27)
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28. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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evaporating a metal having high atomic mobility and poor surface wetting characteristics as metal globules onto a light transmissive substrate material; contacting said substrate material with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen; immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; placing said substrate material, oriented with said metal and said layer downwards, onto a surface of a light reflecting liquid; and examining said substrate to determine whether said substrate has a bimolecular or monomolecular layer adhering thereto. - View Dependent Claims (29)
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30. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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contacting a substrate material with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate material with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen; immersing said coated substrate material in said sample; and immersing said substrate material in an immunological bond-cleaving reagent while observing said substrate in an ellipsometer. - View Dependent Claims (31)
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32. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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contacting a substrate material having a metallic surface with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific protein; immersing the resulting substrate material in said sample; and examining said substrate with electrical capacitance sensing means to determine whether said substrate has a bimolecular or monomolecular layer adhering thereto. - View Dependent Claims (33)
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34. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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contacting a substrate material having a metallic surface with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen, said metallic surface comprising a first electrode; immersing the resulting substrate material in said sample; placing a second electrode on the upper surface of said layer; and measuring the electrical capacitance between said first and second electrodes. - View Dependent Claims (35)
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36. A diagnostic method for determining the presence or absence of a specific antibody in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
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contacting a substrate material having a metallic surface with an aqueous medium containing a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said specific antibody to coat all or part of said substrate with a monomolecular layer of said specifically reacting antigen; immersing the resulting substrate material in said sample; and examining said substrate employing a chemical sensing means to determine whether said substrate has a bimolecular or monomolecular layer adhering thereto. - View Dependent Claims (37, 38)
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39. A surface immunological test method for antibodies to hepatitis comprising exposing a slide like, metallized substrate having a monomolecular surface layer comprising hepatitis-associated antigen over all or part thereof to a solution of an antibody specific to the hepatitis-associated antigen and producing an immunological reaction therewith to form a bimolecular layer on the substrate which can be seen when the substrate is visually examined.
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40. A surface immunological test method for antigens to hepatitis comprising exposing a slide like, metallized substrate having a monomolecular surface layer comprising antibody to hepatitis-associated antigens over all or part thereof to a solution of hepatitis-associated antigen and producing an immunological reaction therewith to form a bimolecular layer on the substrate which can be seen when the substrate is visually examined.
- 41. A surface immunological test method for gonorrhea comprising exposing a slide like, metallized substrate having a monomolecular surface layer comprising Neisseria gonorrhea antigen to a solution of an antibody specific to the Neisseria gonorrhea antigen and producing an immunological reaction therewith to form a bimolecular layer on the substrate which can be seen when the substrate is visually examined.
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44. Medical diagnostic apparatus comprising:
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a substrate member; a plurality of metal globules attached to a surface of said substrate member; and a monomolecular layer of a immunologically reactive composition overlying at least a portion of said substrate and said metal globules. - View Dependent Claims (45, 46, 47, 48, 49)
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50. Medical diagnostic apparatus for detecting the presence of an antibody of interest in a fluid consisting of:
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a substrate having a surface including metal; and a monomolecular layer of a corresponding specifically reacting antigen to said antibody of interest attached to said surface. - View Dependent Claims (51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60)
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Specification