Apparatus for investigating fast chemical reactions by optical detection
First Claim
1. Apparatus for investigating fast chemical reactions by optical detection, said reactions being initiated in a chemical system by an external perturbation, said apparatus comprising means for performing said external perturbation, at least one light path, means for supporting a sample cell in said light path, said sample cell forming a cell chamber for holding a liquid sample of said chemical system, at leat one photodetector, said light path comprising a light source, a monochromator, means for imaging said light source onto the entrance of said monochromator, and means for imaging the exit of said monochromator onto said sample cell chamber, said apparatus comprising also means for directing light from said liquid sample onto said photodetector, the improvement comprising:
- (a) a set of at least two different types of sample cells, each of said types having one different means for application of at least one parameter of perturbation, said means comprising;
(a.1) two electrodes facing opposite sides of said chamber for temperature-jump and field-jump perturbation,(a.2) a pressure autoclave and pressure release means for pressure-jump perturbation,(a.3) at least one optical window in an auxiliary light path for flash-light perturbation,(a.4) a mixing chamber and flow-channels for rapid mixing, and(a.5) two electrodes, a mixing chamber, and flow-channels for combined rapid mixing and temperature-jump perturbation;
each of said sample cells having a specific sample volume at least two optical windows for application of at least one of the following parameters of observation;
optical absorption, fluorescence, scattered light, and parameters of polarization, said sample cells having identical exterior dimensions at least in their middle parts and an identical position of their main optical axis with respect to said exterior dimensions;
(b) at least two different ones of the following perturbation supply means;
(b.1) a high-voltage pulse source,(b.2) a pressure supply,(b.3) a flash-light source, and(b.4) a stopped-flow drive system;
(c) a metallic sample cell holder mating said sample cells and holding one selected sample cell operatively inserted into said apparatus, said holder comprising;
(c.1) a hollow structure having a main axis, enclosing said selected sample cell in close mechanical and thermal contact,(c.2) threaded fixation means for clamping said sample cell therein,(c.3) thermostatting channels connected to a liquid thermostatting system,(c.4) window openings for passing said light path in a direction perpendicular to the main axis of said hollow structure, and(c.5) means for connecting a high-voltage pulse source at one end of said hollow structure; and
(d) a set of changeable optical elements adapting said light path to the optical dimensions of the chamber of said selected sample cell, said elements comprising at least one lens mounted in an axially adjustable holder and at least one diaphragm modifying the free exit aperture of said monochromator.
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Abstract
A reaction kinetics measuring system which provides for the application of great variety of reaction initiating methods, as temperature or pressure or electrical field jump methods, mixing methods, flash photolysis method, and combinations of said methods, and for various optical detection methods, as absorption or fluorescence or scattered light or polarized light detection methods. The system features quickly and easily interchangeable optical elements in a number of optical paths, and a multitude of selectively usable measuring cells to adapt the system to the reaction initiating and detection methods used so that reliable and exactly reproducible results are obtained, which are comparable even if obtained under widely differing conditions.
178 Citations
101 Claims
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1. Apparatus for investigating fast chemical reactions by optical detection, said reactions being initiated in a chemical system by an external perturbation, said apparatus comprising means for performing said external perturbation, at least one light path, means for supporting a sample cell in said light path, said sample cell forming a cell chamber for holding a liquid sample of said chemical system, at leat one photodetector, said light path comprising a light source, a monochromator, means for imaging said light source onto the entrance of said monochromator, and means for imaging the exit of said monochromator onto said sample cell chamber, said apparatus comprising also means for directing light from said liquid sample onto said photodetector, the improvement comprising:
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(a) a set of at least two different types of sample cells, each of said types having one different means for application of at least one parameter of perturbation, said means comprising; (a.1) two electrodes facing opposite sides of said chamber for temperature-jump and field-jump perturbation, (a.2) a pressure autoclave and pressure release means for pressure-jump perturbation, (a.3) at least one optical window in an auxiliary light path for flash-light perturbation, (a.4) a mixing chamber and flow-channels for rapid mixing, and (a.5) two electrodes, a mixing chamber, and flow-channels for combined rapid mixing and temperature-jump perturbation;
each of said sample cells having a specific sample volume at least two optical windows for application of at least one of the following parameters of observation;
optical absorption, fluorescence, scattered light, and parameters of polarization, said sample cells having identical exterior dimensions at least in their middle parts and an identical position of their main optical axis with respect to said exterior dimensions;(b) at least two different ones of the following perturbation supply means; (b.1) a high-voltage pulse source, (b.2) a pressure supply, (b.3) a flash-light source, and (b.4) a stopped-flow drive system; (c) a metallic sample cell holder mating said sample cells and holding one selected sample cell operatively inserted into said apparatus, said holder comprising; (c.1) a hollow structure having a main axis, enclosing said selected sample cell in close mechanical and thermal contact, (c.2) threaded fixation means for clamping said sample cell therein, (c.3) thermostatting channels connected to a liquid thermostatting system, (c.4) window openings for passing said light path in a direction perpendicular to the main axis of said hollow structure, and (c.5) means for connecting a high-voltage pulse source at one end of said hollow structure; and (d) a set of changeable optical elements adapting said light path to the optical dimensions of the chamber of said selected sample cell, said elements comprising at least one lens mounted in an axially adjustable holder and at least one diaphragm modifying the free exit aperture of said monochromator. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94)
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95. Apparatus for investigating fast chemical reactions by optical detection, said reactions being initiated in a chemical system by an external perturbation, said apparatus comprising means for performing said external perturbation, at least one light path, means for supporting a sample cell in said light path, said sample cell forming a cell chamber for holding a liquid sample of said chemical system, at least one photodetector, said light path comprising a light source, a monochromator, means for imaging said light source onto the entrance of said monochromator, and means for imaging the exit of said monochromator onto said sample cell chamber, said apparatus comprising also means for directing light from said liquid sample onto said photodetector, the improvement comprising:
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(a) a set of at least two different types of sample cells, each of said types having one different means for application, said means comprising; (a.1) two electrodes facing opposite sides of said chamber for temperature-jump perturbation, and means for the application of at least one additional parameter of perturbation comprising; (a.2) a pressure autoclave and pressure release means for pressure-jump perturbation, (a.3) at least one optical window in an auxiliary light path for flash-light perturbation, (a.4) a mixing chamber and flow-channels for rapid mixing, and (a.5) two electrodes, a mixing chamber, and flow-channels for combined rapid mixing and temperature-jump perturbation;
each of said sample cells having a specific sample volume, and at least two optical windows for application of at least one of the following parameters of observation;
optical absorption, fluorescence, scattered light, and parameters of polarization, said sample cells having identical exterior dimensions at least in their middle parts and an identical position of their main optical axis with respect to said exterior dimensions, and at least two further optical windows similar to said two first-mentioned optical windows and capable of passing optical radiation therethrough;(b) at least two different ones of the following perturbation supply means comprising; (b.1) a high-voltage pulse source, and at least one of; (b.2) a pressure supply, (b.3) a flash-light source, and (b.4) a stopped-flow drive system;
said flash-light source being located to pass its emitted flash radiation through said two further windows;(c) a metallic sample cell holder holding said sample cells and holding one selected sample cell operatively inserted into said apparatus, said holder comprising; (c.1) a hollow structure enclosing said selected sample cell. (c.2) Threaded fixation means for clamping said sample cell therein, (c.3) thermostatting channels connected to a liquid thermostatting system, (c.4) window openings for passing said light path in a direction perpendicular to the cylindrical axis of said hollow structure, (c.5) means for connecting a high-voltage pulse source at one end of said hollow structure, and (c.6) said structure including means defining an inner cross section matching the cross section of the selected sample cell and fitting around said cell in close mechanical and thermal contact therewith to place said holder and said sample cell in close mechanical and thermal contact; and (d) a set of changeable optical elements adapting said light path to the optical dimensions of the chamber of said selected sample cell, said elements comprising at least one lens mounted in an adjustable holder and at least one diaphragm modifying the free exit aperture of said monochromator. - View Dependent Claims (96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101)
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Specification