Method and apparatus for determining a change of the flow state of flowable substances from its static state to its flowing state or vice verse

• US 4,112,740 A
• Filed: 07/18/1977
• Issued: 09/12/1978
• Est. Priority Date: 01/13/1977
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Contraves AG (Rheinmetall AG)
• Original Assignee: Contraves AG (Rheinmetall AG)
• Inventors: Brandestini, Marco
• Primary Examiner(s): Ruehl, Charles A.
• Application Number:
  US05/816,715
• Time in Patent Office: 421 Days
• Field of Search: 73/53, 73/64.1, 73/194 A, 340/239 R, 340/258 A
• US Class Current: 73/64.53
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/02836 Flow rate, liquid level
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/102 one emitter, one receiver
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/032 by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/346 with amplitude characteristics, e.g. modulated signal
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/348 with frequency characteristics, e.g. single frequency signals, chirp signals measuring frequency of mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in general G01H1/06, G01H3/04; measuring frequency or analysing frequency spectra G01R23/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/40 by amplitude filtering, e.g. by applying a threshold or by gain control
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/42 by frequency filtering or by tuning to resonant frequency
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/449 Statistical methods not provided for in G01N29/4409, e.g. averaging, smoothing and interpolation
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/4905 Determining clotting time of blood by chemical methods G01N33/86, C12Q1/56

Abstract

A method and apparatus for determining a change of the flow state of a flowable substance by transmitting ultrasonic or ultrasound waves of constant frequency to a spatial region of the substance, receiving ultrasonic waves backscattered by the substance, converting the backscattered ultrasonic waves into a primary signal which is amplitude- and phase-modulated in accordance with the backscattering and demodulating the primary signal in order to obtain a modulation signal. This modulation signal can be divided into a spectrum of signal components of different frequency and possessing pseudo periods which are defined as the time intervals between successive momentary values of the modulation signal, such momentary values corresponding to one another. The time duration corresponding to a predetermined number of pseudo periods is compared with a predetermined time duration.

Claims

1. A method of determining a change of the flow state of a flowable substance, comprising the steps of:

transmitting ultrasonic waves of substantially constant frequency to a spatial region of the substance;

receiving ultrasonic waves backscattered by the substance;

transforming the backscattered ultrasonic waves into a primary signal which is amplitude and phase modulated in accordance with the backscattering;

demodulating the primary signal to obtain a modulation signal which can be subdivided into a spectrum of signal components of different frequencies and possessing pseudo periods which are defined as the time spacing between successive mutually corresponding momentary values of the signal modulation;

determining at least one time point at a mean value of the psuedo periods having a monotonous variation with time which entails a monotonous variation with time of the time duration of a predetermined number of pseudo periods;

comparing a time duration corresponding to a predetermined number of pseudo periods with a predetermined time duration; and

wherein

the time duration of the predetermined number of pseudo periods traverses the predetermined time duration in the course of its monotonous variation with time.

2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein:

said step of determining said at least one time point entails determining a first time point at a mean value of the pseudo periods which decreases with time; and

wherein,

the time duration of the predetermined number of pseudo periods is shorter than a first predetermined time duration at said first time point.

3. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein:

said step of determining at least one time point entails determining a second time point at a mean value of the pseudo periods which increases with time; and

wherein,

at said second time point there are completely absent such pseudo periods, the duration of which is shorter than the reciprocal value of a predetermined boundary frequency during a second predetermined time duration which ends at the second time point.

4. The method as defined in claim 3, wherein:

said step of determining said at least one time point further entails determining a first time point at a mean value of the pseudo periods which decreases with time and at which first time point the time duration of the predetermined number of pseudo periods is shorter than a first predetermined time duration; and

starting a time count at the first time point and stopping such time point count at the second time point.

5. The method as defined in claim 4, further including the steps of:

producing a predetermined pulse whenever there arises a predetermined momentary value of the modulation signal;

integrating at least one pulse train formed by the pulses while utilizing charging and discharging time constants to produce a result;

comparing the integration result with a threshold value;

carrying out two integrations of the same pulse train in parallel;

starting the time count when the result of the one integration exceeds a first threshold value; and

stopping the time count when the result of the other integration falls below a second threshold value.

6. The method as defined in claim 1, further including the steps of:

producing a predetermined pulse whenever there arises a predetermined momentary value of the modulation signal;

integrating at least one pulse train formed by the pulses while utilizing charging and discharging time constants to produce a result; and

wherein,

the step of comparing said time duration entails comparing the result of the integration with a threshold value.

7. The method as defined in claim 6, wherein:

said predetermined momentary value comprises a null throughpass of the modulation signal.

8. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein:

the step of demodulating the primary signal entails demodulating the phase values of the primary signal to obtain a phase modulation of the primary signal and

obtaining a modulation signal corresponding to the phase modulation.

9. The method as defined in claim 8, further including the steps of:

multiplying the phase modulation with a periodic sampling function of predetermined sampling frequency to obtain a result;

filtering the result in order to suppress both the sampling frequency and also sampling values which remain constant and to obtain a modulation signal which envelops the sampling values of the phase modulation.

10. The method as defined in claim 9, further including the steps of:

transmitting the ultrasonic waves in periodically repetitive pulses synchronously with the sampling function.

11. The method as defined in claim 1, further including the steps of:

utilizing as the substance blood whose coagulation time constitutes the determined change of the flow state thereof.

12. An apparatus for determining a change of the flow state of a flowable substance, comprising:

a signal generator for producing a reference signal of substantially constant frequency;

said signal generator having an output side;

an ultrasonic transmitter arranged in circuit with the output side of the signal generator for transmitting ultrasonic waves corresponding to the reference signal to a spatial region of the substance;

an ultrasonic receiver for receiving ultrasonic waves which are backscattered at the substance and for converting such backscattered ultrasonic waves into a primary signal which is amplitude and phase modulated in accordance with the backscattering;

a demodulator for obtaining a modulation signal from said primary signal;

an analyser for detecting signal components of the modulation signal;

said analyser being structured to comprise a detector which delivers a detector signal upon the presence of a predetermined momentary value of the modulation signal;

said detector having an output side;

a pulse generator connected with the output side of said detector;

said pulse generator delivering a predetermined pulse upon reception of a detector signal;

said pulse generator having an output side;

said analyser further comprising at least one analysis device connected in circuit with the output side of said pulse generator;

said analysis device comprising an integrator having an output side and possessing charging and discharging time constants and a comparator connected at the ouput side of the integrator; and

said analysis device serving for the integration of a pulse train formed from the pulses, for the comparison of the result of the integration with a predetermined threshold value and for delivering an analysis signal upon the presence of a predetermined result of the comparison.

13. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, wherein:

said analyser comprises two of said analysis devices; and

time counter means arranged at the output side of the associated comparators of the analysis devices.

14. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, wherein:

said detector is structured as a null value detector for determining a null throughpass of the modulation signal.

15. The apparatus as defined in claim 12, wherein:

said demodulator comprises a phase detector having two inputs and an output;

one of the inputs serving for the infeed of the reference signal and the other input for the infeed of the primary signal;

said output of the phase detector serving for the outfeed of the modulation signal which corresponds to the phase modulation of the primary signal.

16. The apparatus as defined in claim 15, further including:

a sampling circuit arranged at the output side of the phase detector;

said sampling circuit having a predetemined sampling frequency;

bandpass filter means arranged at the output side of the sampling circuit for suppressing both the sampling frequency and sampling values which remain substantially constant and for delivering a modulation signal enveloping the sampling values of the phase modulation at an output of the demodulator.

17. The apparatus as defined in claim 15, further including:

control means arranged in circuit with and ahead of the signal generator and the sampling circuit for producing a pulse operation of the signal generator which is synchronized with the sampling frequency.

18. An apparatus for determining a change of the flow state of a flowable substance, comprising:

a signal generator for producing a reference signal of substantially constant frequency;

said signal generator having an output side;

an ultrasonic transmitter arranged in circuit with the output side of the signal generator for transmitting ultrasonic waves corresponding to the reference signal to a predetermined region of the substance;

an ultrasonic receiver for receiving ultrasonic waves which are backscattered at the substance and for converting such backscattered ultrasonic waves into a primary signal which is modulated in accordance with the backscattering;

a demodulator for obtaining a modulation signal from said primary signal;

an analyser for detecting signal components of the modulation signal;

said analyser comprising a detector which delivers a detector signal upon the presence of a predetermined momentary value of the modulation signal;

said detector having an output side;

a pulse generator connected with the output side of said detector;

said pulse generator delivering a predetermined pulse upon reception of a detector signal;

said pulse generator having an output side;

said analyser further comprising at least one analysis device connected in circuit with the output side of said pulse generator;

said analysis device containing an integrator having charging and discharging time constants and a comparator connected to the output side of the integrator; and

said analysis device serving for the integration of a pulse train formed from the pulses, for the comparison of the result of the integration with a predetermined threshold value and for delivering an analysis signal upon the presence of a predetermined result of the comparison.