Detection system for lightning

• US 4,115,732 A
• Filed: 10/14/1976
• Issued: 09/19/1978
• Est. Priority Date: 10/14/1976
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: University of Arizona Foundation (University of Arizona)
• Original Assignee: University of Arizona Foundation (University of Arizona)
• Inventors: Krider, Edmund Philip, Uman, Martin Allan, Noggle, Ralph Carl
• Primary Examiner(s): Tokar, M.
• Application Number:
  US05/732,365
• Time in Patent Office: 705 Days
• Field of Search: 73/170 R, 340/172.5, 340/224, 324/72, 324/72.5, 324/77 R, 324/77 A
• US Class Current: 324/72
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 29/0842 Measurements related to lightning, e.g. measuring electric disturbances, warning systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01W 1/16 Measuring atmospheric potential differences, e.g. due to electrical charges in clouds measuring potentiels in general G01R

Abstract

A lightning detection system utilizes a gated magnetic direction finder for determining the range and direction of lightning discharges to ground. Logic circuitry is provided for controlling gating circuits within the direction finder so that the direction measurement is made during the initial few microseconds of the return stroke waveform, thereby minimizing errors caused by nonvertical lightning channels to ground, branches and intracloud discharges. Distance measurements are made by analyzing the amplitude of the detected return stroke waveform, or by utilizing two or more geographically separated direction finders and triangulation techniques. The waveforms of the signals received by the direction finder are analyzed to determine whether the discharge is ground stroke or another type of discharge, or background noise. Further circuitry can be used to distinguish between various types of ground strokes, such as first strokes or subsequent strokes in a flash.

Claims

1. A direction finder for determining the direction relative to said direction finder of lightning discharges to ground characterized by one or more strokes having a substantially vertical portion extending from the ground and one or more branches above the substantially vertical portion, said substantially vertical portion and said branches each producing a field, said direction finder comprising:

means for detecting the field produced by a stroke; and

means coupled to said detecting means and responsive only to the field generated by the substantially vertical portion of the stroke for generating an indication of the direction of said portion.

2. A direction finder as recited in claim 1 wherein said detecting means includes means for providing a signal representative of the detected field for application to said indication generating means, said system further including control means responsive to said detecting means for rendering said indication generating means responsive to only a predetermined initial portion of said detected field representative signal.

3. A direction finder as recited in claim 2 wherein said control means includes amplitude sensing means responsive to said detecting means for rendering said indication generating means responsive to said field representative signal only when the amplitude of said detected field exceeds a predetermined level.

4. A direction finder as recited in claim 3 wherein said control means includes means responsive to said detecting means for detecting an amplitude peak of said detected field, and means responsive to said peak detecting means for rendering said indication generating means responsive to said field representative signal only if said amplitude peak occurs within a predetermined time interval after said detected field has exceeded said predetermined level.

5. A direction finder as recited in claim 4, wherein said predetermined time interval is approximately 15 microseconds.

6. A direction finder as recited in claim 4, wherein said control means further includes means responsive to the amplitude of said detected field for rendering said indication generating means responsive to said field representative signal only if the amplitude of said field representative signal remains above a predetermined threshold for a second predetermined time interval.

7. A direction finder as recited in claim 6 wherein said predetermined threshold is equal to said predetermined level.

8. A direction finder as recited in claim 7 wherein said second predetermined time interval is in the range of approximately 0-50 microseconds.

9. A direction finder as recited in claim 7 wherein said predetermined threshold is variable.

10. A direction finder as recited in claim 4 further including means responsive to a second amplitude peak of said detected field for rendering said indication generating means responsive to said field representative signal only if said second peak occurs within a predetermined range of time intervals following said amplitude peak.

11. A direction finder as recited in claim 10 wherein said predetermined range of time intervals is approximately 5-17 microseconds.

12. A direction finder as recited in claim 4 further including means for comparing the amplitudes of said first and any subsequent peaks and for rendering said indication generating means responsive to said field representative signal only if every said subsequent peak has a lesser amplitude than said amplitude peak.

13. A direction finder as recited in claim 3 wherein said control means includes means for rendering said indication generating means responsive to said field representative signal only if the amplitude of said detected field has remained below a predetermined threshold for a predetermined time interval prior to exceeding said predetermined level.

14. A direction finder as recited in claim 1 further including second means geographically spaced from said detecting means for detecting the field produced by said stroke, second means coupled to said second detecting means and responsive only to the field generated by the relatively straight, substantially vertical portion of the stroke for generating a second indication of the direction of said portion, and means responsive to said first and second indications for generating an indication of the location of said discharge.

15. A direction finder as recited in claim 1 wherein said lightning discharge comprises a plurality of component strokes, and wherein said detecting means and said indication generating means are responsive to said component strokes for generating an indication of the direction of each of said component strokes, wherein said direction finder further includes means responsive to each of said indications for providing an average indication of the direction of said portion.

16. A direction finder as recited in claim 1 further including means responsive to the amplitude of the field produced by a lightning discharge for determining the distance between said direction finder and said lightning discharge.

17. A direction finder as recited in claim 1 wherein said field is a magnetic field.

65. A direction finder as recited in claim 4 wherein said control means includes means responsive to said amplitude peak detecting means for rendering said indication generating means responsive only to the portion of said detected field representative signal immediately following said amplitude peak.

66. A direction finder as recited in claim 4 wherein said field detecting means includes an antenna.

67. A direction finder as recited in claim 66 wherein said antenna includes a magnetic field detecting antenna.

18. A direction finder for determining the direction relative to said direction finder of lightning discharges to ground having one or more component strokes comprising:

means responsive to orthogonal components of the field produced by a lightning discharge for generating electrical signals having waveforms representative of the orthogonal components of the field produced by at least one of said component strokes; and

means responsive only to the portions of the waveforms of said orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes for determining the direction of said discharge.

19. A direction finder as recited in claim 18 wherein said direction determining means includes means responsive to the amplitude of said field for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveforms of said orthogonal components only for a predetermined time interval after the amplitude of said field exceeds a predetermined level to thereby render said direction determining means responsive to only said portions of said waveforms of said orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes.

20. A direction finder as recited in claim 19 wherein said means for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveforms of said orthogonal components includes means for determining the peak of said field and means for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveforms only if said peak occurs within said predetermined time interval.

21. A direction finder as recited in claim 20 wherein said means for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveforms of said orthogonal components includes means for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveforms only if the amplitude of said field exceeds said predetermined level for a predetermined minimum time duration.

22. A direction finder as recited in claim 21 wherein said means for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveforms of said orthogonal components includes means for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveform only if the amplitude of said field has remained below a predetermined threshold for a predetermined time interval prior to exceeding said predetermined level.

23. A direction finder as recited in claim 21 wherein said peak determining means further includes for determining the occurrence of a second peak of said field and for rendering said direction determining means responsive to said waveforms only if said second peak has a predetermined amplitude and time relationship to said first peak.

24. A direction finder as recited in claim 19 wherein said electrical signal generating means includes first and second antennas disposed for receiving orthogonal components of said field, means connected to each of said antennas for providing electrical signals each having a waveform representative of one of the received orthogonal components and means coupled to said orthogonal component representative signal providing means for combining said orthogonal component representative waveforms for providing a combined waveform, said field amplitude responsive means being responsive to said combined waveform for rendering said direction determining means responsive to the portions of said waveforms of said orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes.

25. A direction finder as recited in claim 24 wherein said electrical signal providing means includes first means responsive to strong fields and second means responsive to weak fields.

26. A direction finder as recited in claim 18 wherein said direction determining means includes means for generating a visual indication of the direction of said discharge and the distance to said discharge, said visual indication including a vector having a length representative of the distance to said discharge and extending in a direction representative of the direction of said discharge, means for controlling the generation of said vector including means for initiating and terminating the generation of said vector, said generation initiating and terminating means including timing means for providing a fixed time interval between the initiation and termination of the generation of each vector, and means for controlling the rate of generation of said vector to thereby generate variable length vectors within said fixed time intervals.

27. A direction finder as recited in claim 26 wherein said vector generation controlling means includes means responsive to the amplitude of said waveform for generating a signal defining one end of said vector, and means for providing a signal proportional to said signal defining said one end of said vector to thereby define a second end of said vector.

28. A direction finder as recited in claim 27 wherein said proportional signal providing means includes a resistor and a capacitor, wherein said capacitor is operatively coupled to said waveform generating means for receiving a charge thereon representative of the amplitude of said waveform, said resistor being operative to discharge said capacitor at a predetermined rate to generate said proportional signal at the end of said fixed time interval.

68. A direction finder as recited in claim 20 wherein said peak determining means includes means for rendering said direction determining means responsive only to those portions of the waveforms of said orthogonal components immediately following the occurrence of said peak.

69. A direction finder as recited in claim 20 wherein said peak determining means includes means for rendering said direction determining means responsive to the peak of the waveforms of said orthogonal components that occur concurrently with said peak of said field.

70. A direction finder as recited in claim 20 wherein said predetermined time interval is approximately 15 microseconds.

71. A direction finder as recited in claim 21 wherein said predetermined minimum time duration is in the range of approximately 0-50 microseconds.

72. A direction finder as recited in claim 23 wherein said predetermined time relationship is such that said second amplitude peak follows said first amplitude peak by approximately 5-17 microseconds.

76. A direction finder as recited in claim 18 wherein said orthogonal component responsive means include means responsive to orthogonal components of a magnetic field.

29. A lightning detection system comprising:

means responsive to the field produced by a lightning discharge for generating an electrical signal having a waveform representative of said field; and

means for analyzing the shape of said waveform and providing a signal indicative of a lightning discharge to ground only when the shape of said waveform has a predetermined characteristic, wherein said analyzing means includes;

means responsive to said electrical signal for providing an enabling signal to said system when said waveform exceeds a predetermined level;

means responsive to said electrical signal for detecting a peak of said waveform and providing a peak indicative signal in response thereto; and

means operatively coupled to said enabling signal providing means and to said peak detecting means for providing a signal indicative of a lightning discharge to ground when said peak indicative signal occurs within a predetermined time interval following the generation of said enabling signal.

30. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 29 wherein said analyzing means includes means for providing said enabling signal only if said waveform has remained below a predetermined threshold for a predetermined time interval prior to exceeding said predetermined level.

31. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 29 wherein said analyzing means further includes means operatively coupled to said enabling signal providing means and to said lightning discharge to ground signal providing means for rendering said lightning discharge to ground signal providing means operative to provide said signal indicative of a lightning discharge to ground only when said enabling signal persists for a predetermined period of time.

32. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 31 further including long width indicative means operatively coupled to said enabling signal providing means for providing a long width signal when said enabling signal persists more than said predetermined time.

33. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 29 further including means coupled to said peak detecting means for rendering said lightning discharge to ground signal providing means operative to provide said indication of a lightning discharge to ground upon the detection of a second peak only when said second peak occurs within a predetermined time interval following the detection of said first peak.

34. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 33 further including amplitude comparing means responsive to said peak detecting means for comparing the amplitudes of said peak and said second peak and for providing an output signal only when said second peak has a lower amplitude than the amplitude of said first peak.

73. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 29 wherein said predetermined time interval is approximately 15 microseconds.

74. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 31 wherein said predetermined period of time is in the range of approximately 0-50 microseconds.

75. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 33 wherein said predetermined time interval following the detection of said first peak is in the range of approximately 5-17 microseconds.

35. The method of determining, relative to a point of observation, the direction of a lightning discharge to ground characterized by one or more strokes having a substantially vertical portion extending from the ground and one or more branches above the substantially vertical portion, comprising the steps of:

detecting at said point of observation the field produced by a lightning discharge to ground; and

utilizing only the portion of the field produced by the substantially vertical portion of the discharge to obtain an indication of the direction to the lightning discharge.

36. The method recited in claim 35 further including the steps of detecting the field produced by said lightning discharge to ground at a second geographical location, utilizing the portion of the field produced by the substantially vertical portion of the discharge detected at said second geographical location to provide a more accurate indication of the location of said lightning discharge.

37. The method of measuring the direction, relative to a point of observation, of a lightning discharge to ground characterized by one or more strokes having a substantially vertical portion extending from the ground and one or more branches comprising the steps of:

detecting at said point of observation orthogonal components of the field produced by a lightning discharge;

generating electrical signals having waveforms representative of the orthogonal components of said field; and

utilizing only the portions of the waveforms of the orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes for determining the direction of said discharge.

38. The method recited in claim 37 further including the steps of detecting the field produced by said lightning discharge at a second geographical location, generating a second electrical signal having a waveform representative of the field detected at said second geographical location, and utilizing the portions of the waveforms of the orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes detected at said location in conjunction with said portion of said waveforms of the orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes detected at said point of observation for determining the location of said discharge.

39. The method recited in claim 37 wherein the step of utilizing only the portions of said waveforms of said orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes includes the steps of generating an electrical signal representative of the magnitude of said field, determining when the magnitude of said field magnitude representative signal exceeds a predetermined level and utilizing said waveforms of said orthogonal components for determining the direction of said discharge only after the magnitude of said field magnitude representative signal has exceeded said predetermined level and remained above said predetermined level for a predetermined time interval.

40. The method recited in claim 39 further including the step of determining when the magnitude of said field magnitude representative signal is below a predetermined threshold and utilizing said waveforms of said orthogonal components for determining the direction of said discharge only if the magnitude of said field magnitude representative signal has remained below said predetermined threshold for a predetermined time interval prior to exceeding said predetermined level.

41. The method recited in claim 39 wherein the step of utilizing only the portions of the waveforms of the orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes for determining the direction of said discharge includes the steps of detecting the peak of said field magnitude representative signal and sampling said waveforms of the orthogonal components at the time of occurrence of said peak only if said peak occurs within a predetermined time interval after the amplitude of the field magnitude representative signal exceeds said predetermined level.

42. The method recited in claim 41 further including the step of detecting a second peak of said field magnitude representative signal and utilizing the portions of the waveforms of the orthogonal components for determining the direction of said discharge only if said second peak occurs within a predetermined time interval subsequent to the detection of said peak.

43. The method recited in claim 42 further including the steps of comparing the amplitudes of said first peak and any subsequent peaks, and utilizing only the initial portions of the waveforms of the orthogonal components representative of the initial portion of one of said strokes for determining the direction of said discharge only when each said subsequent peak has a smaller amplitude than the amplitude of said peak.

44. The method recited in claim 37 wherein each discharge comprises a plurality of component strokes further including the steps of detecting the field produced at said point of observation by each of said strokes, generating electrical signals having waveforms representative of orthongonal components of the field produced by each stroke, utilizing the portions of each waveform representative of the initial portion of each component stroke for determining the direction of each stroke, and averaging the directions thus determined for each stroke to determine the direction of said discharge.

45. The method recited in claim 41 further including the step of disregarding the direction determined for each stroke that does not correlate with the direction determined for the other strokes.

46. The method recited in claim 37 wherein the method of detecting the orthogonal components of the field produced by a lightning discharge includes the steps of detecting orthogonal components of the magnetic field produced by the lightning discharge.

47. The method recited in claim 37 further including the steps of generating a vector representative of the direction and range of said discharge, said vector generating step including the step of writing said vector in a fixed time period and varying the writing speed in a manner proportional to the range of the discharge to generate variable length vectors having first and second ends with the distance to said first end defining the range of said discharge and the distance to said second end being proportional to the distance to said first end, the distance to said second end thereby also defining the distance to said discharge when multiplied by a proportionality constant.

48. The method of classifying lightning discharges comprising the steps of:

detecting the field produced by a lightning discharge;

generating an electrical signal having a waveform representative of said field; and

analyzing the shape of said waveform and providing an indication of a lightning discharge to ground when the shape of the waveform has a predetermined characteristic, wherein the step of analyzing the shape of said waveform includes the steps of;

sensing the amplitude of said waveform,

determining when the amplitude of said waveform exceeds a predetermined level,

determining the peak of said waveform, and providing said indication of a lightning discharge to ground only if said waveform reaches its peak before the end of a predetermined time interval after the waveform exceeds said predetermined level.

49. The method recited in claim 48 wherein the step of analyzing the shape of said waveform includes the step of determining the amplitude of said waveform and providing said indication of a lightning discharge to ground only when the amplitude of said waveform remains below a predetermined threshold for a predetermined time interval prior to exceeding said predetermined level.

50. The method recited in claim 48 wherein the step of analyzing the shape of said waveform includes the step of determining the time interval said waveform exceeds a predetermined threshold and providing said indication of a lightning discharge to ground only when said waveform remains above said predetermined threshold for longer than a second predetermined time interval.

51. The method recited in claim 50 wherein said predetermined threshold is equal to said predetermined level.

52. The method recited in claim 48 wherein the step of analyzing the shape of said waveform further includes the step of detecting the existence of a second peak, and upon the detection of said second peak, providing said indication of a lightning discharge to ground only if said second peak occurs within a predetermined range of times following the occurrence of said peak.

53. The method recited in claim 48 wherein the step of analyzing the shape of said waveform further includes the step of comparing the amplitudes of said peak and any subsequent peak and providing said indication of a lightning discharge to ground only if the amplitude of said peak is greater than the amplitude of said subsequent peak.

77. The method recited in claim 48 wherein said predetermined time interval is on the order of approximately 15 microseconds.

78. The method recited in claim 50 wherein said second predetermined time interval is in the range of approximately 0-50 microseconds.

79. The method recited in claim 52 wherein said predetermined range of time following the occurrence of said peak is in the range of approximately 5-17 microseconds.

80. The method recited in claim 48 wherein the step of detecting the field produced by a lightning discharge includes the step of detecting a magnetic field.

54. A lightning detection system comprising:

means for detecting the field produced by a lightning discharge and for providing signals representative of the amplitude and direction of said field relative to said system;

means for sampling portions of said signals and providing representations of said sampled portions

means for utilizing said representations to generate an indication of the direction of said discharge relative to said system;

means operatively coupled to said detecting means and to said sampling means for sensing the amplitude of said field and for rendering said sampling means operative to sample said portions of said signals only after the amplitude of said field exceeds a predetermined level, wherein said amplitude sensing means includes means for detecting the peak of said field and for rendering said sampling means operative to sample said signals upon the occurrence of said peak.

55. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 54 further including means operatively coupled to said detecting means and to said sampling means for rendering said sampling means operative to sample said waveform only if the amplitude of said waveform has remained below a predetermined threshold for a predetermined time interval prior to exceeding said predetermined level.

56. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 54 further including means for preventing the generation of said direction indication unless said peak occurs within a predetermined range of times after the amplitude of said field exceeds said predetermined level.

57. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 56 further including means for inhibiting the generation of said indication unless the amplitude of said field remains above said predetermined level for a predetermined length of time.

58. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 54 wherein said field detecting means includes means for detecting first and second orthogonal components of said field and for providing first and second signals having first and second respective waveforms each representative of one of the orthogonal components of said field, wherein said sampling means includes means for sampling portions of said first and second signals and for providing first and second representations of said first and second respective sampled portions of said waveforms, and wherein said utilizing means is responsive to said first and second representations for generating an indication of the direction of said discharge relative to said system.

59. A lightning discharge detection system as recited in claim 58 wherein said sampling means includes means for storing said first and second representations.

60. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 58 wherein said detecting means includes means for combining said first and second signals to generate a combined signal having a waveform representative of the amplitude of said field, and said amplitude sensing means includes means responsive to said combined signal for rendering said sampling means operative to sample said first and second signals after the amplitude of said combined signal exceeds a predetermined level.

61. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 60 wherein said amplitude sensing means includes means responsive to said combined signal for rendering said sampling means operative to sample said first and second signals only if the amplitude of said combined signal has remained below a predetermined threshold for a predetermined time interval prior to exceeding said predetermined level.

62. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 60 further including means responsive to said combined signal for providing an indication of the peak of said combined signal, said sampling means being responsive to said peak indication for sampling said first and second signals upon the occurrence of said peak indication.

63. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 62 further including means responsive to said peak indication for rendering said utilizing means nonresponsive to said first and second signals unless said peak indication occurs within a predetermined range of times after the amplitude of said combined signal has exceeded said predetermined level.

64. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 62 further including means responsive to said combined signal for rendering said utilizing means nonresponsive to said first and second signals unless the amplitude of said combined signal remains above said threshold for a predetermined minimum time interval.

81. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 54 wherein said preventing means includes means for preventing the generation of said direction indication unless said peak occurs within approximately 15 microseconds after the amplitude of said field exceeds said predetermined level.

82. A lightning detection system as recited in claim 57 wherein said inhibiting means includes means in inhibiting the generation of said indication unless the amplitude of said field remains above said predetermined level for a time interval in the range of approximately 0-50 microseconds.