Flame detector

• US 4,157,506 A
• Filed: 12/01/1977
• Issued: 06/05/1979
• Est. Priority Date: 12/01/1977
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Combustion Engineering Incorporated (ABB Limited)
• Original Assignee: Combustion Engineering Incorporated (ABB Limited)
• Inventors: Spencer, John D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Edlow, Martin H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Davis, B. P.
• Application Number:
  US05/856,444
• Time in Patent Office: 551 Days
• Field of Search: 328/1, 328/6, 328/94, 340/577, 340/578, 431/24, 431/25, 307/218
• US Class Current: 307/653
• CPC Class Codes: F23N 5/082 using electronic means
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 23/15 Indicating that frequency of pulses is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values, by making use of non-linear or digital elements (indicating that pulse width is above or below a certain limit)

Abstract

A method and apparatus for processing signals produced by a flame detector. A phase-locked loop is used to generate a binary indication of whether the signal from a flame probe is within a predetermined frequency band. A signal indicative of the average analog value of the resulting pulse train is produced and tested to determine whether it is in a range consistent with flame presence. The resultant binary signal is ANDed with a binary determination of whether the average DC value of the probe signal is within a range consistent with flame presence, and if both the DC and the frequency indications imply possible flame presence, then flame presence is indicated.

Claims

1. In a flame-sensing method in which a sensor signal is produced by monitoring, with an appropriate sensor, a region in which flame is to be detected, a method of detecting the absence of flame in the region, comprising:

a. setting a binary range indication to a first logic level when the sensor signal comes within a first predetermined frequency range;

b. setting the binary range indication to a second logic level when the sensor signal leaves a second predetermined frequency range that includes the first predetermined frequency range;

c. producing an average signal representative of the average analog value of the binary range indication, the first logic level in the binary range indication thereby influencing the average signal in a first direction, and the second logic level in the binary range indication thereby influencing the average signal in a second direction;

d. setting a binary frequency indication to indicate the possible presence of flame when the average signal leaves a predetermined magnitude range in the first direction; and

e. setting the binary frequency indication to indicate the absence of flame when the magnitude of the average signal leaves the predetermined magnitude range in the second direction.

2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein:

a. the binary range indication is set to the first logic level when a signal indicative of the conductivity in the region to be monitored comes within the first predetermined frequency range; and

b. the binary range indication is set to the second logic level when the signal indicative of conductivity leaves the second predetermined frequency range.

3. A method as recited in claim 2, wherein the first predetermined frequency range includes 40 hertz and 180 hertz.

4. A method as recited in claim 3, wherein the first frequency range includes frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

5. A method as recited in claim 4 wherein the first frequency range consists of frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first frequency range includes 40 hertz and 180 hertz.

7. A method as recited in claim 6, wherein the first frequency range includes frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

8. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein the first frequency range consists of frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

9. An apparatus for detecting the absence of flame in a region to be monitored, comprising:

a. an appropriate sensor for monitoring the region and producing a sensor signal that is representative of a quantity with the intensity of flame;

b. means for receiving the sensor signal and producing a binary range output that assumes a first logic level when the sensor signal comes within a first predetermined frequency range and assumes a second logic level when the sensor signal leaves a second predetermined frequency range, which second range includes the first frequency range;

c. means for receiving the binary range output and producing an average signal that is indicative of the average of the analog value of the binary range, output, the average signal thereby being influenced in a first direction when the binary range output is at the first logic level and in a second direction when the binary range output is at the second logic level; and

d. means for receiving the average signal and producing a binary output that assumes a possible-flame-presence state when the magnitude of the average signal leaves a predetermined magnitude range in the first direction and assumes a flame-absence state when the magnitude of the average signal leaves the predetermined magnitude range in the second direction.

10. An apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the sensor is a means for impressing a potential difference across the region and producing a sensor signal that is indicative of the amount of current flowing through the region in response to the potential difference.

11. An apparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein the first frequency range includes 40 hertz and 180 hertz.

12. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein the first frequency range includes frequencies between about 37 and about 43 hertz and between about 167 and about 193 hertz.

13. An apparatus as recited in claim 12, wherein the first frequency range consists of frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

14. An apparatus as recited in claim 13, wherein the first frequency range includes 40 hertz and 180 hertz.

15. An apparatus as recited in claim 14, wherein the first frequency range includes frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and 193 hertz.

16. An apparatus as recited in claim 15, wherein the frequency range consists of frequencies between about 37 hertz and 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

17. A method for determining whether flame is present in a region to be monitored, comprising the steps of:

a. impressing a potential difference across the region to be monitored;

b. producing a flame signal indicative of the amount of current flowing through the region in response to the potential difference;

c. producing an average-current signal indicative of the average value of the flame signal;

d. setting a binary magnitude signal to indicate possible flame presence when the average-current signal indicates an average current in excess of a first predetermined threshold;

e. setting the binary magnitude signal to indicate flame absence when the average-current signal indicates an average current below a second predetermined threshold;

f. setting a binary range indication to a first logic level when the flame signal contains frequency components within a first frequency range that are greater in magnitude than a first predetermined minimum;

g. setting the binary frequency range indication to a second logic level when the flame signal does not contain frequency components within a second range including the first range, that are greater in magnitude than a second predetermined minimum;

h. producing an average range signal that is indicative of the average of the analog value of the binary range indication, the average range signal thereby being influenced in a first direction when the binary range indication is at the first logic level and in a second direction when the binary range indication is at the second logic level;

i. setting a binary frequency indication, when the average range signal passes out of a predetermined magnitude range in the first direction, to indicate possible flame presence;

j. setting the binary frequency indication, when the average range signal passes out of the predetermined magnitude range in the second direction, to indicate flame absence;

k. indicating flame presence when both the binary frequency and the binary magnitude indications indicate possible flame presence; and

l. indicating flame absence when either or both of the binary frequency and magnitude indications indicate flame absence.

18. A method as recited in claim 17, wherein the frequency range includes 40 hertz and 180 hertz.

19. A method as recited in claim 18, wherein the frequency range includes frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

20. A method as recited in claim 19, wherein the frequency range consists of frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

21. An apparatus for determining the presence of flame in a region to be monitored, comprising:

a. means for impressing a potential difference across the region to be monitored and producing a flame signal indicative of the amount of current flowing through the region in response to the potential difference;

b. means for receiving the flame signal and for producing an average magnitude signal indicative of the average value of the flame signal;

c. means for receiving the average magnitude signal and producing a binary magnitude signal that is set to indicate possible flame presence when the average current signal indicates an average flame current in excess of a first predetermined threshold and set to indicate flame absence when the average-current signal indicates an average flame current that is less than a second predetermined threshold;

d. means for receiving the flame signal and producing a binary range signal that is set to a first logic level when the flame signal contains frequency components within a first range that are greater in magnitude than a first predetermined minimum and are set to a second logic level when the flame signal does not contain frequency components within a second range that are greater in magnitude than a second predetermined minimum, the second frequency range including the first frequency range;

e. means for receiving the binary range signal and producing an average frequency signal that is proportional to the average of the analog value of the binary range indication, the average range signal thereby being influenced in a first direction when the binary range signal is at the first logic level and being influenced in a second direction when the binary range signal is at the second logic level;

f. means for receiving the average frequency signal and producing a binary frequency signal that is set to indicate possible flame presence when the average frequency signal passes out of a predetermined magnitude range in the first direction and is set to indicate flame absence when the average frequency signal passes out of the predetermined magnitude range in the second direction; and

g. means for receiving the binary magnitude and frequency signals, for producing an indication flame presence when both the binary magnitude and binary frequency signals indicate possible flame presence, and producing an indication of flame absence when either or both of the binary magnitude and frequency signals indicate flame absence.

22. An apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the frequency range includes 40 hertz and 180 hertz.

23. An apparatus as recited in claim 22, wherein the frequency range includes frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.

24. An apparatus as recited in claim 23, wherein the frequency range consists of frequencies between about 37 hertz and about 43 hertz and between about 167 hertz and about 193 hertz.