Automated method and apparatus for classification of cells with application to the diagnosis of anemia

• US 4,199,748 A
• Filed: 02/03/1978
• Issued: 04/22/1980
• Est. Priority Date: 11/01/1976
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Rush-Presbyterian St Luke's Medical Center Incorporated (Rush University)
• Original Assignee: Rush-Presbyterian St Luke's Medical Center Incorporated (Rush University)
• Inventors: Bacus, James W.
• Primary Examiner(s): Boudreau, Leo H.
• Application Number:
  US05/875,126
• Time in Patent Office: 809 Days
• Field of Search: 356/39, 356/102, 356/125, 356/244, 235/92 PC, 364/416, 364/515, 340/146.3 AC, 340/146.3 CA, 128/2 G
• US Class Current: 382/134
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/1433 using image recognition
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/1468 with spatial resolution of the texture or inner structure of the particle
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 20/69 Microscopic objects, e.g. biological cells or cellular parts

Abstract

A method and apparatus are disclosed for measuring characteristics of cells, such as red blood cells, and for analyzing parameters of the cell characteristics to define a patient'"'"'s blood. These parameters may be compared for resemblance to predetermined reference characteristic values for a blood cell pathological condition such as a specific kind of anemia or for a normal blood. A report may be generated showing such resemblance to an anemia or to a normal blood. A report may be generated showing parameters of a multivariate dispersion of distribution for a subpopulation of biconcave cells, an indication of skewness of the distribution of the cells with regard to shape variations in central pallor size; the proportion of abnormal kinds of cells found, and closeness of blood to several specific anemias. To expedite the system, a plurality of microprocessors are employed with one microprocessor controlling the imaging means and the summing of measured characteristics while one or more additional microprocessors are measureing characteristics and analyzing the digitized image signals. An improved method of measuring central pallor size is provided.

Claims

1. A method of automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood for an anemia or other red blood cell disorder comprising the steps of:

examining the red blood cells in patient'"'"'s blood sample, measuring characteristics of blood cells and classifying normal and abnormal cells into a plurality of mutually exclusive subpopulations, determining parameters for the red blood cells in respective ones of said subpopulations, and comparing parameters of respective ones of the patient'"'"'s red blood cell subpopulations with predetermined reference characteristic values of red blood cell subpopulations from a person having a known kind of anemia or other red blood cell disorder,

and reporting the results of the comparison to provide an indication of a specific anemia or red blood cell disorder or the lack thereof.

2. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the step of classifying the red blood cells includes the step of classifying spherocytic cells, target cells and elongated cells into different subpopulations and in which the comparing step comprises a comparison of at least one parameter for each of the spherocytic, target and elongated cell subpopulations to a predetermined reference characteristic value for similar cell subpopulations of persons having recognized kinds of anemias.

3. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the classifying step comprises separating biconcave red blood cells having a substantially round exterior and a central pallor of a predetermined configuration into a cell subpopulation constituting the major subpopulation of cells.

4. A method in accordance with claim 3 in which the determining step includes generating parameters indicating the variation of cell size and of cell hemoglobin for said subpopulation of cells having the biconcave cells.

5. A method in accordance with claim 4 including the steps of generating a mean cell size parameter, generating a mean cell hemoglobin parameter, and generating first and second eigen parameters for said subpopulation of cells having biconcave cells therein.

6. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the step of determining predetermined parameters includes generating a parameter of dispersion of distribution of cells in at least one subpopulation and determining a parameter with respect to variation in size of central pallors for the red blood cells.

7. A method in accordance with claim 6 in which the step of generating parameters for the subpopulations comprises generating a mean cell hemoglobin parameter, a mean cell size parameter, and the number of cells in the subpopulation relative to the total number of cell parameters.

8. A method in accordance with claim 7 in which the step of generating parameters comprises generating a skewness parameter for said subpopulation having said biconcave cells therein.

9. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the determining step comprises generating a plurality of parameters to define a patient'"'"'s blood and in which the resemblance of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood cell disorder, if any, is reported.

10. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the determining step comprises generating multivariate distributions of the cells in said subpopulations in accordance with the variables of cell size, cell hemoglobin content, and central pallor, and the comparing step comprises comparing descriptors of these distributions to predetermined distribution descriptors for recognized kinds of anemias.

11. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the reporting step comprises reporting for said cell subpopulation having normal cells therein values of the mean cell size, the mean cell hemoglobin, and the amount of bivariate dispersion thereof.

12. A method in accordance with claim 11 in which the reporting step comprises reporting out the mean cell size and mean cell hemoglobin for the abnormal cell subpopulations of spherocytic cells, elongated cells, irregular cells and target cells, and further comprises reporting out the relationship of the patient'"'"'s blood sample to known anemias including the iron deficient anemia, chronic disease anemia, B-thalassemia, megaloblastic, hemoglobin SS, hemoglobin SC, and spherocytic anemia.

13. A method of automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood comprising the steps of:

examining the red blood cells in a patient'"'"'s blood sample, measuring characteristics of the red blood cells, determining parameters of the dispersion of the distribution of the measured characteristics of said red blood cells,

and reporting on said parameters to provide a description of the blood.

14. A method of automatically analyzing red blood cells in accordance with claim 13 in which the step of examining the red blood cells includes the step of segregating individual red blood cells into mutually exclusive subpopulations and in which the step of reporting on said parameters includes the step of reporting the parameters of dispersion of distribution of one of said subpopulations of red blood cells.

15. A method in accordance with claim 13 including the further step of comparing the parameters of the dispersion of distribution of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood disorder and reporting the results of said comparison.

16. A method in accordance with claim 13 in which the step of determining said parameters includes the step of determining the skewness of said distribution with respect to a measured characteristic and in which said reporting on said parameters includes reporting an indication of said skewness.

17. A method in accordance with claim 13 in which the step of measuring cell characteristics includes the steps of measuring red cell size and red cell hemoglobin and in which the determining step includes determining the parameters of dispersion of distribution of the red blood cells with respect to red blood cell size and hemoglobin content.

18. A method in accordance with claim 13 in which the step of measuring of characteristics includes the step of measuring the size of the central pallors of red blood cells and in which the determining of parameters step includes determining the dispersion of distribution with respect to central pallor size.

19. A method in accordance with claim 18 in which the step of determining the parameters of dispersion of distribution with respect to central pallor size includes the step of determining the standard deviation thereof.

20. A method of automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood for an anemia or blood cell disorder, said method comprising the steps of:

examining the red blood cells in a patient'"'"'s blood sample,

measuring characteristics of the red blood cells,

generating a plurality of measured properties from said measured characteristics to define a patient'"'"'s blood,

comparing the resemblance of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood cell disorder, and reporting with respect to the results of said comparison.

21. A method in accordance with claim 20 in which the step of examining the red blood cells includes the step of segregating individual blood cells into mutually exclusive subpopulations and in which the step of generating a plurality of measured properties includes the generating of parameters for at least one of said subpopulations.

22. A method in accordance with claim 20 in which the step of generating a plurality of measured properties includes the step of determining parameters of disperion of the distribution of the measured characteristics for said red blood cells, and in which the patient'"'"'s dispersion of distribution is compared to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood disorder.

23. A method in accordance with claim 20 in which the step of measuring characteristics of the red blood cells includes the step of measuring the size of the central pallors of red blood cells and in which the step of generating a plurality of measured properties includes the step of determining the dispersion of distribution with respect to central pallor size.

24. A method in accordance with claim 20 in which the step of generating a plurality of measured properties includes the steps of determining the dispersion of distribution with respect to a measured characteristic of the red blood cells and includes the step of determining the skewness of said distribution.

25. A method in accordance with claim 20 in which the step of measuring cell characteristics includes the step of measuring cell size and cell hemoglobin content and in which the generating of a plurality of measured properties step includes generating parameters of dispersion of distribution of the red blood cells with respect to cell size and hemoglobin content.

26. A method of automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood comprising the steps of:

examining the red blood cells in a patient'"'"'s blood sample;

measuring characteristics of the red blood cells;

classifying the cells into a plurality of mutually exclusive subpopulations including a normal and abnormal subpopulation;

determining subpopulation parameters including the dispersion of the distribution of at least one of said subpopulations;

and reporting on the results of the dispersion of distribution as a description of the blood.

27. A method in accordance with claim 26 including the step of comparing the parameters of the dispersion of distribution of said subpopulation of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood disorder;

and reporting the results of said comparison.

28. A method in accordance with claim 26 in which the step of determining said parameters includes the step of determining the skewness of the distribution with respect to a measured characteristic for all of the red blood cells;

and in which a reporting is made of the indication of said skewness.

29. A method in accordance with claim 26 in which the step of measuring of the characteristics of the red blood cells includes a measuring of the cell size and hemoglobin content;

and in which a report is made of the dispersion of the distribution with respect to cell size and hemoglobin content.

30. A method in accordance with claim 26 in which the step of measuring characteristics of the red blood cells includes the step of measuring the size of the central pallors of red blood cells;

and in which a report is made of the dispersion of distribution of the pallor size for the said red blood cells.

31. A method of automatically and rapidly analyzing cells on a support, said method comprising the steps of:

producing an optical image on an imaging means of a field of the cells on the support;

converting the image into a point by point distribution representative of the image;

converting each point into a digital signal;

controlling said imaging means by a first processing means so that a plurality of fields may be imaged on said imaging means;

analyzing the digital signals of each field of the cells imaged by a second processing means and measuring characteristics of the digitized signals for predetermined red blood cell characteristics;

and reporting parameters relating to the measured characteristics of the cells analyzed.

32. A method of automatically and rapidly analyzing cells on a slide comprising the steps of:

producing a first optical image on an imaging means of a field of the cells on the slide;

converting the image into a point by point distribution representative of the image;

converting each point into a digital signal with a digitizing means;

controlling said imaging means by a first processing means so that an additional field may be imaged;

analyzing the digital signals of each field of the cells imaged by a second processing means for a plurality of cell features;

synchronizing the first processing means with the digitizing means so that the first processing means may cause an additional field to be imaged after the first image is digitized.

33. A method of analyzing with apparatus including an optical imaging means controlled by a first processing means and at least one additional processing means for measuring cell characteristics, said method comprising the steps of:

producing a first optical image on said imaging means and digitizing said image to produce digital signals under the control of said first processing means,

measuring characteristics of the cells from the digitized image signals in one of said additional processing means and analyzing the measured characteristics while said first processing means is controlling the imaging means and producing another image for cell measuring and analyzing,

transferring information concerning said analyzed and measured characteristic from one of said additional processing means to said first processing means for storing therein,

and controlling the imaging means by said first processing means to transfer digitized image signals to one of said additional processing means.

34. A method in accordance with claim 33 in which a plurality of additional processing means are provided and including the step of transferring digital signal images to a second one of said additional processing means while a first one of said additional processing means is still measuring and analyzing characteristics from a previous image so that a plurality of images may be in process simultaneously.

35. A method of automatically testing blood for abnormalities by analyzing red blood cells having quantifiable features in a blood specimen, said method comprising the steps of identifying at least one subpopulation of the red blood cells in said specimen, determining a distribution of the red blood cells for said subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells;

and reporting parameters relating to said distribution to provide an indication of a blood abnormality or a lack thereof.

36. A method in accordance with claim 35 in which the step of determining a distribution comprises a determining of cell size and cell hemoglobin and the distribution is a bivariate distribution with respect to the two quantifiable features of cell size and cell hemoglobin.

37. A method for automatically testing blood for abnormalities by analyzing red blood cells having quantifiable features in a blood specimen, said method comprising the steps of identifying at least one subpopulation of the red blood cells, determining a distribution of the red blood cells of said subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells including the size of the red blood cells and the hemoglobin content of the red blood cells, and reporting parameters relating to said distribution including the mean cell size, mean cell hemoglobin content, and the dispersion of the distribution relative to the size and hemoglobin content of the red blood cells.

38. A method for automatically classifying blood and its relationship to recognized categories of anemia wherein a sample of red blood cells having quantifiable features is analyzed, said method comprising the steps of:

identifying at least one defined subpopulation of red blood cells, determining the proportion of said subpopulation in said sample, and comparing said proportion to the proportion of a similarly defined subpopulation in a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

39. The method of claim 38 further comprising determining a distribution of the red blood cells of said subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells and comparing parameters relating to the distribution of the subpopulation to the parameters of the distribution of the similarly defined subpopulation in the sample of anemic red blood cells with respect to the same plurality of quantifiable features.

40. A method for automatically classifying blood and its relationship to recognized categories of anemias wherein a sample of red blood cells having quantifiable features is analyzed, said method comprising the steps of identifying at least one defined subpopulation of red blood cells, determining a distribution of the red blood cells of the subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells and comparing parameters of the distribution to the parameters of a distribution of a similarly defined subpopulation in a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

41. A method for automatically classifying blood and its relationship to recognized categories of anemias wherein a sample of red blood cells having quantifiable features is analyzed, said method comprising determining the average of a plurality of said quantifiable features including the pallor size from said sample and comparing said averages to averages of the same quantifiable features of a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

42. The method of claim 41 further comprising the step of determining a distribution of the red blood cells of the sample with respect to at least one of the quantifiable features, determining parameters relating to said distribution and comparing said parameters to the parameters of the distribution of a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

43. A method for automatically identifying target cells in a sample of red blood cells comprising:

determining a first cross-sectional profile of a red blood cell and determining a second cross-sectional profile in a direction substantially transverse to said first profile, each of said profiles relating to the thickness of the red blood cell at points along each cross section and defining relative maxima and minima; and

detecting the existence of three relative maxima and two relative minima on either profile.

44. The method of claim 43 including the further step of comparing the two relative minima detected to a predetermined value.

45. The method of claim 44 in which said step of comparing comprises comparing the two detected minima to a predetermined value which is one half the average of the first and third relative maxima.

46. The method of claim 43 including the step of comparing the second relative maxima to a predetermined value.

47. The method of claim 43 wherein the step of determining each profile includes measuring the hemoglobin density along each respective cross section.

48. A method for determining a parameter relating to the size of the central pallor of a round red blood cell comprising:

determining a first cross-sectional profile of the red blood cell and determining a second cross-sectional profile substantially transverse to said first profile, each of said profiles relating to the thickness or density of the red blood cell at points along each cross section and defining relative maxima of the profiles;

determining the volume of a cylinder defined by the average of said maxima and the area of said round red blood cell; and

determining a volume relating to the volume occupied by the red blood cell, and determining a parameter defined by the difference between the volume of said cylinder and the volume relating to the volume of the red blood cell.

49. The method of claim 48 wherein the determining of said profile relating to the thickness of the red blood cell at points along each cross section includes measuring the hemoglobin density at said points along each cross section and the determining of said volume relating to the volume occupied by the red blood cell includes determining the aggregate hemoglobin density of the red blood cell.

50. A method of automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood comprising the steps of:

examining the red blood cells in patient'"'"'s blood sample, measuring a plurality of characteristics of each of the red blood cells, determining parameters of the multivariate dispersion of the distribution of the measured plurality of characteristics for said red blood cells,

and reporting on said parameters to provide a description of the blood.

51. An apparatus for automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood for an anemia or other red blood cell disorder comprising:

means for examining the red blood cells in patient'"'"'s blood sample, means for measuring characteristics of blood cells and for classifying normal and abnormal cells into a plurality of mutually exclusive subpopulations, means for determining parameters for the red blood cells in respective ones of said subpopulations, and means comparing parameters of respective ones of the patient'"'"'s red blood cell subpopulations with predetermined reference characteristic values of red blood cell subpopulations from a person having a known kind of anemia or other red blood cell disorder,

and means for reporting the results of the comparison to provide an indication of a specific anemia or red blood cell disorder or the lack thereof.

52. An apparatus in accordance with claim 51 in which said classifying means comprises means for separating biconcave red blood cells having a substantially round exterior and a central pallor of a predetermined configuration into a cell subpopulatfion constituting the major subpopulation of cells.

53. An apparatus in accordance with claim 52 in which said determining means includes means for generating parameters indicating the variation of cell size and of cell hemoglobin for said subpopulation of cells having the biconcave cells.

54. An apparatus in accordance with claim 53 including means for generating a mean cell size parameter, means for generating a mean cell hemoglobin parameter, and means for generating first and second eigen parameters for said subpopulation of cells having biconcave cells therein.

55. An apparatus in accordance with claim 51 in which said means for determining parameters generates a parameter of dispersion of distribution of cells in at least one subpopulation and determines a parameter with respect to variation in size of central pallors for the red blood cells.

56. An apparatus in accordance with claim 55 in which said means for determining parameters for the subpopulations generates a mean cell hemoglobin parameter, a mean cell size parameter, and the number of cells in the subpopulation relative to the total number of cell parameters.

57. An apparatus in accordance with claim 56 in which said means for determining parameters generates a skewness parameter for said subpopulation having said biconcave cells therein.

58. An apparatus in accordance with claim 51 in which said determining means comprises means for generating a plurality of parameters to define a patient'"'"'s blood and in which the resemblance of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood cell disorder, if any, is reported.

59. An apparatus in accordance with claim 51 in which said determining means comprises means for generating multivariate distributions of the cells in said subpopulations in accordance with the variables of cell size, cell hemoglobin content, and central pallor, and said comparing means compares descriptors of these distributions to predetermined distribution descriptors for recognized kinds of anemias.

60. An apparatus in accordance with claim 58 in which said means for reporting reports for said cell subpopulation having normal cells therein values of the mean cell size, the mean cell hemoglobin, and the amount of bivariate dispersion thereof.

61. An apparatus in accordance with claim 60 in which said reporting means reports out the mean cell size and mean cell hemoglobin for the abnormal cell subpopulations of spherocytic cells, elongated cells, irregular cells and target cells, and further comprises means for reporting out the relationship of the patient'"'"'s blood sample to known anemias including the iron deficient anemia, chronic disease anemia, B-thalassemia, megaloblastic, hemoglobin SS, hemoglobin SC, and spherocytic anemia.

62. An apparatus for automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood comprising

means for examining the red blood cells in a patient'"'"'s blood sample, means for measuring characteristics of the red blood cells, means for determining parameters of the dispersion of the distribution of the measured characteristics of said red blood cells,

and means for reporting on said parameters to provide a description of the blood.

63. An apparatus for automatically analyzing red blood cells in accordance with claim 62 in which said means for examining the red blood cells includes means for segregating individual red blood cells into mutually exclusive subpopulations and said means for reporting on said parameters reports the parameters of dispersion of distribution of one of said subpopulations of red blood cells.

64. An apparatus in accordance with claim 62 including means for comparing the parameters of the dispersion of distribution of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood disorder and for reporting the results of said comparison.

65. An apparatus in accordance with claim 62 in which said means for determining said parameters determines the skewness of said distribution with respect to a measured characteristic and in which said means for reporting on said parameters reports an indication of said skewness.

66. An apparatus in accordance with claim 62 in which said means for measuring cell characteristics includes means for measuring red cell size and red cell hemoglobin and in which said determining means includes means for determining the parameters of dispersion of distribution of the red blood cells with respect to red blood cell size and hemoglobin content.

67. An apparatus in accordance with claim 62 in which said means for measuring characteristics measures the size of the central pallors of red blood cells and in which said means for determining parameters determines the dispersion of distribution with respect to central pallor size.

68. An apparatus in accordance with claim 67 in which said means for determining the parameters of dispersion of distribution with respect to central pallor size determines the standard deviation thereof.

69. An apparatus for automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood for an anemia or blood cell disorder, said apparatus comprising:

means for examining the red blood cells in a patient'"'"'s blood sample,

means for measuring characteristics of the red blood cells,

means for generating a plurality of measured properties from said measured characteristics to define a patient'"'"'s blood,

means for comparing the resemblance of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood cell disorder, and means for reporting with respect to the results of said comparison.

70. An apparatus in accordance with claim 69 in which said means for examining the red blood cells includes means for segregating individual blood cells into mutually exclusive subpopulations and in which said means for generating a plurality of measured properties generates parameters for at least one of said subpopulations.

71. An apparatus in accordance with claim 69 in which said means for generating a plurality of measured properties includes means for determining parameters of dispersion of the distribution of the measured characteristics for said red blood cells, and in which said comparing means compares the patient'"'"'s dispersion of distribution to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood disorder.

72. An apparatus in accordance with claim 69 in which said means for measuring characteristics of the red blood cells measures the size of the central pallors of red blood cells and in which said means for generating a plurality of measured properties includes means for determining the dispersion of distribution with respect to central pallor size.

73. An apparatus in accordance with claim 69 in which said means for generating a plurality of measured properties includes means for determining the dispersion of distribution with respect to a measured characteristic of the red blood cells and for determining the skewness of said distribution.

74. An apparatus in accordance with claim 69 in which said means for measuring cell characteristics measures cell size cell hemoglobin content and in which said means for generating a plurality of measured properties generates parameters of dispersion of distribution of the red blood cells with respect to cell size and hemoglobin content.

75. An apparatus for automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood comprising:

means for examining the red blood cells in a patient'"'"'s blood sample;

means for measuring characteristics of the red blood cells;

means for classifying the cells into a plurality of mutually exclusive subpopulations including a normal and abnormal subpopulation;

means for determining subpopulation parameters including the dispersion of the distribution of at least one of said subpopulations;

and means for reporting on the results of the dispersion of distribution as a description of the blood.

76. An apparatus in accordance with claim 75 including means for comparing the parameters of the dispersion of distribution of said subpopulation of the patient'"'"'s blood to reference characteristic values for a specific anemia or blood disorder;

and said means for reporting reports of said comparison.

77. An apparatus in accordance with claim 75 in which said means for determining said parameters determines the skewness of the distribution with respect to a measured characteristic for all of the red blood cells;

and in which said reporting means reports the indication of said skewness.

78. An apparatus in accordance with claim 75 in which said means for measuring of the characteristics of the red blood cells measures the cell size and hemoglobin content;

and said reporting means reports the dispersion of the distribution with respect to cell size and hemoglobin content.

79. An apparatus in accordance with claim 75 in which said means for measuring characteristics of the red blood cells measures the size of the central pallors of red blood cells;

and in which said reporting means reports the dispersion of distribution of the pallor size for the said red blood cells.

80. An apparatus for automatically and rapidly analyzing cells on a support, said apparatus comprising:

a plurality of processing means;

means for producing an optical image on an imaging means of a field of the cells on the support;

means for converting the image into a point by point distribution representative of the image;

means for converting each point into a digital signal;

means for controlling said imaging means by a first of said processing means so that a plurality of fields may be imaged on said imaging means;

means for analyzing the digital signals of each field of the cells imaged by a second one of said processing means and for measuring characteristics of the digitized signals for predetermined red blood cell characteristics;

and means for reporting parameters relating to the measured characteristics of the cells analyzed.

81. An apparatus for automatically and rapidly analyzing cells on a slide comprising:

a plurality of processing means;

means for producing a first optical image on an imaging means of a field of the cells on the slide;

means for converting the image into a point by point distribution representative of the image;

a digitizing means for converting each point into a digital signal;

means for controlling said imaging means by a first one of said processing means so that an additional field may be imaged;

means for analyzing the digital signals of each field of the cells imaged by a second one of said processing means for a plurality of cell features;

means for synchronizing the first processing means with said digitizing means so that said first processing means may cause an additional field to be imaged after the first image is digitized.

82. An apparatus for automatically and rapidly analyzing red blood cells comprising:

a first processing means and at least one additional processing means,

an optical imaging means for producing a first optical image, said first processing means digitizing said image to produce digital signals under the control of said first processing means,

means for measuring characteristics of the red blood cells from the digitized image signals in said additional processing means and for analyzing the measured characteristics while said first processing means is controlling the imaging means and producing another image for cell measuring and analyzing,

means for transferring information concerning said analyzed and measured characteristics from additional processing means to said first processing means for storing therein,

and means for controlling the imaging means by said first processing means to transfer digitized image signals to one of said additional processing means.

83. An apparatus in accordance with claim 82 in which said transferring means transfers digital signal images to a second one of said additional processing means while a first one of said additional processing means is still measuring and analyzing characteristics from a previous image so that a plurality of images may be in process simultaneously.

84. An apparatus for automatically testing blood for abnormalities by analyzing red blood cells having quantifiable features in a blood specimen, said apparatus comprising:

means for identifying at least one subpopulation of the red blood cells in said specimen;

means for determining a distribution of the red blood cells for said subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells; and

means for reporting parameters relating to said distribution to provide an indication of a blood abnormality or a lack thereof.

85. An apparatus in accordance with claim 84 in which said means for determining a distribution determines cell size and cell hemoglobin and the distribution is a bivariate distribution with respect to the two quantifiable features of cell size and cell hemoglobin.

86. An apparatus for automatically testing blood for abnormalities by analyzing red blood cells having quantifiable features in a blood specimen, said apparatus comprising:

means for identifying at least one subpopulation of the red blood cells;

means for determining a distribution of the red blood cells of said subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells including the size of the red blood cells and the hemoglobin content of the red blood cells; and

means for reporting parameters relating to said distribution including the mean cell size, mean cell hemoglobin content, and the dispersion of the distribution relative to the size and hemoglobin content of the red blood cells.

87. An apparatus for automatically classifying blood and its relationship to recognized categories of anemia wherein a sample of red blood cells having quantifiable features is analyzed, said apparatus comprising:

means for identifying at least one defined subpopulation of red blood cells;

means for determining the proportion of said subpopulation in said sample; and

means for comparing said proportion to the proportion of a similarly defined subpopulation in a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

88. The apparatus of claim 87 in which said means for determining determines a distribution of the red blood cells of said subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells and said means for comparing compares parameters relating to the distribution of the subpopulation to the parameters of the distribution of the similarly defined subpopulation in the sample of anemic red blood cells with respect to the same plurality of quantifiable features.

89. An apparatus for automatically classifying blood and its relationship to recognized categories of anemias wherein a sample of red blood cells having quantifiable features is analyzed, said apparatus comprising:

a means for identifying at least one defined subpopulation of red blood cells;

p1 means for determining a distribution of the red blood cells of the subpopulation with respect to a plurality of the quantifiable features of the red blood cells; and

means for comparing parameters of the distribution to the parameters of a distribution of a similarly defined subpopulation in a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

90. An apparatus for automatically classifying blood and its relationship to recognized categories of anemias wherein a sample of red blood cells having quantifiable features is analyzed, said apparatus comprising:

means for determining the average of a plurality of said quantifiable features including the pallor size from said sample; and

means for comparing said averages to the averages of the same quantifiable features of a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

91. The apparatus of claim 90 in which said means for determining determines a distribution of the red blood cells of the sample with respect to at least one of the quantifiable features and determines parameters relating to said distribution and, said comparing means comparing said parameters to the parameters of the distribution of a sample from a recognized category of anemic red blood cells.

92. An apparatus for automatically identifying target cells in a sample of red blood cells comprising:

means for determining a first cross-sectional profile of a red blood cell and for determining a second cross-sectional profile in a direction substantially transverse to said first profile, each of said profiles relating to the thickness of the red blood cell at points along each cross section and defining relative maxima and minima; and

means for detecting the existence of three relative maxima and two relative minima on either profile.

93. The apparatus of claim 92 including means for comparing the two relative minima detected to a predetermined value.

94. The apparatus of claim 92 in which said means for comparing uses a predetermined value which is one half the average of the first and third relative maxima.

95. The apparatus of claim 92 in which said comparing means compares the second relative maxima to a predetermined value.

96. The apparatus of claim 92 wherein said means for determining each profile measures the hemoglobin density along each respective cross section.

97. An apparatus for determining a parameter relating to the size of the central pallor of a round red blood cell comprising:

means for determining a first cross-sectional profile of the red blood cell and for determining a second cross-sectional profile substantially transverse to said first profile, each of said profiles relating to the thickness or density of the red blood cell at points along each cross section and defining relative maxima of the profiles;

means for determining the volume of a cylinder defined by the average of said maxima and the area of said round red blood cell; and

means for determining a volume relating to the volume occupied by the red blood cell, and means for determining a parameter defined by the difference between the volume of said cylinder and the volume relating to the volume of the red blood cell.

98. The apparatus of claim 97 wherein said means for determining said profile measures the hemoglobin density at said points along each cross section and said means for determining of said volume relating to the volume occupied by the red blood cell determines the aggregate hemoglobin density of the red blood cell.

99. An apparatus for automatically analyzing red blood cells in a sample of a patient'"'"'s blood comprising:

means for examining the red blood cells in patient'"'"'s blood sample;

means for measuring a plurality of characteristics of each of the red blood cells;

means for determining parameters of the multivariate dispersion of the distribution of the measured plurality of characteristics for said red blood cells; and

means for reporting on said parameters to provide a description of the blood.