Proximity sensing system and inductance measuring technique

• US 4,219,740 A
• Filed: 01/12/1979
• Issued: 08/26/1980
• Est. Priority Date: 01/12/1979
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Eldec Corporation (Crane Company)
• Original Assignee: Eldec Corporation (Crane Company)
• Inventors: Little, William R.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hix, L. T.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Dwyer, James L.
• Application Number:
  US06/002,968
• Time in Patent Office: 592 Days
• Field of Search: 324/59, 324/327, 324/328, 340/686, 340/572, 307/116
• US Class Current: 307/116
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 27/2611 Measuring inductance
• CPC Class Codes: H03K 17/9512 using digital techniques
• CPC Class Codes: H03K 17/9537 in a resonant circuit

Abstract

A proximity sensing system including an improved variable inductance measuring technique to provide an indication of the proximity of a target object to a remote sensor unit 10 which includes a sensor inductor. A variable inductance measuring apparatus measures the inductance of the sensor inductor, which inductance corresponds to the proximity of a target object. The variable inductance measuring network includes a sensor current pulse generator 20 which, in each of successive system periods, establishes a time-varying current through the sensor unit 10. A sensor control loop stage 30 senses when the resulting sensor voltage reaches a predetermined level and then captures the sensor current so as to clamp the sensor voltage at this level. A retrieval stage 40 then determines the rate of change of the sensor current at the time the sensor current is zero, establishing a calibrated analog voltage of the inductance of the sensor inductor which is substantially temperature independent. The inductance analog voltage is applied to a proximity detection and switching stage 50 which provides a quantized target-near detection pulse if the inductance analog voltage corresponds to a threshold proximity of the target object. Integration over successive system periods then provides a time-average proximity voltage which is applied to a Schmitt trigger and proximity switching network 58, the output of which indicates the proximity of the target object to the sensor inductor with respect to a threshold actuation gap.

Claims

1. A method for determining the inductance L of a network, wherein the network includes an equivalent resistance in series with the inductance L and an equivalent capacitance in shunt with the inductance L, comprising the steps of:

establishing a current i through the network, said network current having a time-variable waveform;

thereafter, constraining the voltage across said network to be constant when said network voltage reaches a reference voltage V_L, whereby the effect of the equivalent capacitance is cancelled;

while so constraining said network voltage to be constant, determining the rate of change of said network current with respect to time when said network current is zero, whereby the effect of the equivalent resistance is cancelled; and

determining the inductance L in accordance with the relationship ##EQU7##

2. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the step of constraining said network voltage comprises the steps of:

comparing said network voltage with the reference voltage V_L ; and

,

when said network voltage reaches the reference voltage V_L, thereafter controlling said network current so as to maintain said network voltage at the reference voltage V_L.

3. The method defined in claim 2 wherein the step of determining the rate of change of said network current includes the steps of:

developing a voltage v_C which is proportionate to said network current; and

,

differentiating said voltage v_C to obtain a voltage v_D which is the analog of the rate of change of said voltage v_C, and thereby the analog of the rate of change of said network current.

4. The method defined in claim 1 wherein the step of determining the inductance L comprises the step of:

developing an indication of the inductance L in accordance with the relationship ##EQU8##

5. The method defined in claims 1 or 4 wherein said network current has a damped, substantially sinusoidal waveform.

6. The method defined in claim 5 wherein said network current is established by:

charging a capacitance to a predetermined voltage; and

,

thereafter coupling said capacitance in circuit with said network.

7. The method defined in claim 6, further comprising the steps of decoupling said capacitance from said network when said network voltage reaches the reference voltage V_L.

8. A method for monitoring the proximity of a target object to a sensor unit wherein the sensor unit includes a sensor inductor whose inductance L_S varies in a known relationship with the proximity of the target object, the sensor unit also having a temperature-dependent or otherwise variable equivalent resistance in series with said inductance L_S and a temperature-dependent or otherwise variable equivalent capacitance in shunt with said inductance L_S, comprising the steps of:

periodically establishing, during each of successive system periods T_S, a current i_S through the sensor unit, and thereby through the sensor inductor, said sensor current having a time-variable waveform; and

, for each such system period T_S,

thereafter constraining the voltage v_S across the sensor unit to be constant when said sensor voltage reaches a reference voltage V_L, whereby the effect of the equivalent capacitance is cancelled;

while so constraining said sensor voltage to be constant, determining the rate of change of said sensor current with respect to time when said sensor current is zero, whereby the effect of the equivalent resistance is cancelled;

establishing an indication of the inductance L_S when said sensor current is zero in accordance with the relationship ##EQU9## and, providing a target proximity indication representative of the proximity of the target object to the sensor unit in accordance with a known relationship between the proximity of the target object and the inductance L_S.

9. The method defined in claim 8 wherein the step of constraining said sensor voltage comprises the steps of:

comparing said sensor voltage with the reference voltage V_L ; and

,

when said sensor voltage reaches the reference voltage V_L, thereafter controlling said sensor current so as to maintain said sensor voltage at the reference voltage V_L.

10. The method defined in claim 9 wherein the step of determining the rate of change of said sensor current comprises the steps of:

developing a voltage v_C which is proportionate to said sensor current; and

,

differentiating said voltage v_C to obtain a voltage v_D which is the analog of the rate of change of said voltage v_C, and thereby the analog of the rate of change of said sensor current.

11. The method defined in claim 10 wherein the step of providing a target proximity indication comprises the steps of:

comparing said voltage v_D with a threshold actuation voltage which corresponds to a predetermined actuation gap between the target object and the sensor unit; and

,

providing a target-near indication when the target object is at or closer than the actuation gap in accordance with a known relationship between the proximity of the target object to the sensor unit and the inductance L_S, and in accordance with the relationship ##EQU10##

12. The method defined in claim 11, wherein, for successive system periods T_S, the duration and magnitude of successive target-near indications, as well as the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a given target-near indication, are randomly variable, the method further comprising, after the step of providing a target-near indication, the steps of:

integrating, over successive system periods T_S, respective target-near indications to obtain a time-average proximity voltage;

p1 comparing the time-average proximity voltage with a predetermined threshold proximity voltage corresponding to a predetermined actuation gap between the target object and the sensor unit; and

,

providing a target proximity indication when said time-average proximity voltage reaches said threshold proximity voltage corresponding to the target object being at the actuation gap relative to the sensor unit.

13. The method defined in claim 11, wherein, for successive system periods T_S, the duration and magnitude of successive target-near indications, as well as the occurrence or nonoccurrence of target-near indications due to random noise, are randomly variable, the method further comprising, after the step of providing a target-near indication, the steps of:

quantizing each target-near indication to convert said target-near indication into a discrete quantum of electric charge, said quantum being substantially independent of the duration and magnitude of the target-near indication;

integrating, over successive system periods T_S, respective quanta to obtain a time-average proximity voltage;

comparing such time-average proximity voltage with a predetermined threshold proximity voltage corresponding to a predetermined actuation gap between the target object and the sensor unit; and

,

providing a target proximity indication when said time-average proximity voltage level reaches said threshold proximity voltage corresponding to the target object being at the actuation gap relative to the sensor unit.

14. The method defined in claims 9 or 12 wherein said sensor current has a damped, substantially sinusoidal waveform.

15. The method defined in claim 14 wherein said sensor current is established by periodically:

charging a capacitance to a substantially constant voltage; and

, thereafter coupling said capacitance in circuit with said sensor unit.

16. The method defined in claim 15, further comprising the step of periodically decoupling said capacitance from said sensor unit when said sensor voltage reaches the reference voltage V_L.

17. An inductance measuring apparatus for determining the inductance L of a network, wherein the network includes an equivalent resistance in series with the inductance L and an equivalent capacitance in shunt with the inductance L, said apparatus comprising:

current means for establishing a current i through the network, said network current having a time-variable waveform;

control loop means for thereafter constraining the voltage across said network to be constant when said network voltage reaches a reference voltage V_L whereby the effect of the equivalent capacitance is cancelled;

retrieval means for determining, while said network voltage is so constrained to be constant, the rate of change of said network current with respect to time when said network current is zero, whereby the effect of the equivalent resistance is cancelled; and

,

measuring means for determining the inductance L in accordance with the relationship ##EQU11##

18. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claim 17 wherein said control loop means comprises:

a control comparator responsive to the reference voltage V_L and said network voltage to change its output when said network voltage reaches the reference voltage V_L ; and

,

a current control circuit coupled to said network and being responsive to the change in the output of said control comparator to control said network current so as to maintain said network voltage at the reference voltage V_L.

19. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claim 18 wherein said current control circuit comprises:

a feedback control circuit coupled between the output of and an input to said control comparator, said feedback control circuit being enabled by the change in the output of said control comparator;

said feedback control circuit, when enabled, conducting a feedback current which corresponds to said network current.

20. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claim 19 further comprising:

current mirror means for providing a current which corresponds to said feedback current and, therefore, to said network current.

21. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claim 19 wherein said retrieval means comprises:

current-to-voltage converter means for providing a voltage v_C which is proportional to said feedback current and, therefore, to said network current;

differentiating means for differentiating said voltage v_C to obtain a voltage v_D which is the analog of the rate of change with respect to time of said voltage v_C and, therefore, an analog of the rate of said network current.

22. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claim 21 wherein said measuring means comprises:

calibration means for scaling the values of said voltage v_D to predictable values of inductance; and

,

means responsive to said scaled voltage v_D to determine the inductance L in accordance with the relationship ##EQU12##

23. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claims 17 or 22 wherein said sensor current has a damped, substantially sinusoidal waveform.

24. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claim 23 wherein said current means comprises:

a network charging capacitor adapted to be coupled to said network;

a current source to charge said network charging capacitor to a predetermined voltage V_I ; and

,

switch means, coupled between said network charging capacitor and a ground reference potential, for effectively coupling said network charging capacitor across said network when said network charging capacitor is charged to the predetermined voltage V_I.

25. The inductance measuring apparatus defined in claim 24 wherein said switch means effectively decouples said network charging capacitor and said network when said network voltage reaches the reference voltage V_L.

26. A proximity sensing system for monitoring the proximity of a target object to a sensor unit wherein the sensor unit includes a sensor inductor whose inductance L_S varies in a known relationship with the proximity of the target object, the sensor unit also having a temperature-dependent or otherwise variable equivalent resistance in series with said inductance L_S and a temperature-dependent or otherwise variable and equivalent capacitance in shunt with said inductance L_S, the proximity sensing system comprising:

current means for periodically establishing, during each of successive system periods T_S, a current i_S through the sensor unit and, thereby, through the sensor inductor, said sensor current having a time-variable waveform;

control loop means for thereafter constraining the voltage v_S across said sensor unit to be constant when said sensor voltage reaches a reference voltage V_L, whereby the effect of the equivalent capacitance is cancelled;

retrieval means for determining while said sensor voltage is so constrained to be constant, the rate of change of said sensor current with respect to time when said sensor current is zero (whereby the effect of the equivalent resistance is cancelled) so as to establish an indication of the inductance L_S in accordance with the relationship ##EQU13## and, proximity determination means responsive to said inductance indication to provide a target proximity signal representative of the proximity of the target object to the sensor unit in accordance with the known relationship between the proximity of the target object and the inductance L_S.

27. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 26 wherein said sensor current has a damped, substantially sinusoidal waveform.

28. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 27 wherein said current means comprises:

sensor current pulse means for impressing, during each system period T_S, a voltage across said sensor unit.

29. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 28 wherein said sensor current pulse means comprises:

a sensor charging capacitor adapted to be coupled to said sensor unit;

a current source operable to charge said sensor charging capacitor to a substantially constant charging voltage prior to each system period T_S ; and

,

switch means, coupled between said sensor charging capacitor and a ground reference potential, for effectively coupling said sensor charging capacitor across said sensor unit when said sensor charging capacitor is charged to said charging voltage.

30. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 29 wherein said switch means effectively decouples said sensor charging capacitor and said sensor unit when said sensor voltage reaches said reference voltage V_L.

31. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 26 wherein said control loop means comprises:

a control comparator responsive to the reference voltage V_L and said sensor voltage to change its output when said sensor voltage reaches the reference voltage V_L ; and

,

a current control circuit, coupled to said sensor unit, responsive to the change in the output of said control comparator to control said sensor current so as to maintain said sensor voltage at the reference voltage V_L.

32. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 31 wherein said current control circuit comprises:

a feedback control circuit coupled between the output of and an input to said control comparator, said feedback control circuit being enabled by the change in the output of said comparator; and

,

said feedback control circuit, when enabled, conducting a feedback current which corresponds to said sensor current.

33. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 32 wherein said feedback control circuit comprises:

a first solid state switch responsive to the change in the output of said control comparator to become conductive; and

,

a second solid state switch coupled to said network and being responsive to the conductive state of said first solid state switch to conduct said feedback current.

34. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 33 further comprising:

current mirror means for providing a current which corresponds to said feedback current and, therefore, to said sensor current.

35. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 32 wherein said retrieval means comprises:

current-to-voltage converter means for providing a voltage v_C which is proportionate to said feedback current and, therefore, to said sensor current;

differentiating means for differentiating said voltage v_C to obtain a voltage v_D which is the analog of the rate of change of such voltage v_C and, therefore, an analog of the rate of change with respect to time of said sensor current; and

,

calibration means for scaling values of said voltage v_D to predictable values of inductance so as to establish an indication of the inductance L_S in accordance with the relationship ##EQU14##

36. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 35 wherein said retrieval means further includes:

buffer means for providing current isolation between said current-to-voltage converter means and said differentiating means, said voltage v_C being coupled through said buffer means without distorting the waveform of said voltage v_C at said current-to-voltage converter means.

37. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 36 wherein said proximity determination means comprises:

detecting means responsive to said voltage v_D and to a threshold actuation voltage which corresponds to a predetermined actuation gap between the target object and the sensor unit, to provide a target-near detection signal when the target object is at the actuation gap.

38. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 37 wherein said detecting means comprises:

a detection comparator responsive to said voltage v_D and to the threshold actuation voltage to change its output when said voltage v_D corresponds to the threshold actuation voltage; and

,

gating means responsive to the change in the output of said detection comparator to provide a target-near detection pulse P_D.

39. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 38 wherein, for successive system periods T_S, the duration and magnitude of successive pulses P_D, as well as the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a given pulse P_D due to random noise, are randomly variable, and wherein said proximity determination means further comprises:

an integrating circuit for integrating, over successive system period T_S, the pulses P_D to obtain a time-average proximity voltage; and

,

a proximity switching circuit responsive to the time-average proximity voltage to output a target-near indication when such time-average proximity voltage corresponds to the target object being at the actuation gap relative to the sensor unit.

40. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 38 wherein said sensor current has a damped, substantially sinusoidal waveform.

41. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 40 wherein said current means comprises:

sensor current pulse means for impressing, during each system period T_S, a voltage across said sensor unit.

42. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 41 wherein said sensor current pulse means comprises:

a sensor charging capacitor adapted to be coupled to said sensor unit;

a current source operable to charge said sensor charging capacitor to a substantially constant charging voltage prior to each system period T_S ; and

,

switch means, coupled between said sensor charging capacitor and a ground reference potential, for effectively coupling said sensor charging capacitor across said sensor unit when said sensor charging capacitor is charged to said charging voltage, thereby initiating a sensor charge period T_C.

43. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 42 wherein said switch means effectively decouples said charging capacitor and said sensor unit when said sensor voltage reaches said reference voltage V_L, thereby terminating the sensor charge period T_C.

44. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 43 wherein, for successive system periods T_S the duration and magnitude of successive pulses P_D, as well as the occurrence or nonoccurrence due to random noise of a given pulse P_D, are randomly variable, and wherein said proximity determination means further comprises:

a quantizing circuit for converting each of said pulses P_D into a discrete quantum of electric charge, said quantum being substantially independent of the duration and magnitude of said pulse P_D ;

an integrating circuit for integrating, over successive system periods T_S, respective quanta to obtain a time-average proximity voltage; and

,

a proximity switching circuit responsive to said time-average proximity voltage to provide a target-near indication when said time-average proximity voltage corresponds to the target object being at the actuation gap relative to the sensor unit.

45. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 44 wherein said quantizing circuit comprises:

a bilevel circuit for providing either a high state or a low state output;

a first set switch responsive to said switch means to set, for each system period T_S, said bilevel circuit in its high state at a predetermined time between the initiation of said sensor charge period T_C and the occurrence of a pulse P_D ; and

,

a second set switch responsive to said gating means to switch said bilevel circuit to its low state at the time said pulse P_D is initiated.

46. The proximity sensing system defined in claim 42 wherein said switch means operates at a random frequency so as to randomize the duration of successive system periods T_S.