Solid state electrically conductive laminate

• US 4,250,398 A
• Filed: 03/03/1978
• Issued: 02/10/1981
• Est. Priority Date: 03/03/1978
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: TVI Energy Corporation
• Original Assignee: Delphic Research Labortories, Inc.
• Inventors: Rosa, Stephen, Ellis, Harold, De Fonso, Alexander
• Primary Examiner(s): Albritton, C. L.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Roskoski, Bernard
• Application Number:
  US05/883,008
• Time in Patent Office: 1,075 Days
• Field of Search: 219/539, 219/553, 219/552, 219/345, 219/549, 219/548, 219/443, 219/528, 338/211, 338/212-222, 252/506, 252/509, 252/510, 252/511, 174/121 R, 428/323, 428/408, 428/480, 428/481, 428/482, 428/483
• US Class Current: 219/549
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 15/08 of synthetic resin
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 15/20 comprising aluminium or copper B32B15/016 and B32B15/017 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 2307/202 Conductive
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 2307/206 Insulating
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 2307/306 Resistant to heat
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 2311/24 Aluminium
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 27/08 of synthetic resin
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 27/306 comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 27/36 comprising polyesters
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 7/025 Electric or magnetic properties
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 7/12 using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 9/007 comprising carbon, e.g. graphite, composite carbon
• CPC Class Codes: B32B 9/045 of synthetic resin
• CPC Class Codes: H01B 3/004 with conductive additives or conductive layers
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 2203/005 using multiple resistive elements or resistive zones isolated from each other
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 2203/011 Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 2203/016 Heaters using particular connecting means
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 2203/017 Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 2203/032 Heaters specially adapted for heating by radiation heating
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 3/36 heating conductor embedded in insulating material
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/25 : Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/31786 : Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]

Abstract

A unitary, composite laminated article comprises an electrically insulating top layer and an electrically insulating bottom layer. Applied to the inner surfaces of each of these layers is a barrier layer substantially impermeable to moisture and water vapor. A substantially continuous electrically conductive layer of substantially uniform thickness is interposed between the barrier layers. The electrically conductive layer is comprised mainly of carbon and is capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation when an electric current is passed therethrough. In contact with the electrically conductive layer is electrical conductor means. The top layer and bottom layer are sealed together to thereby form an enclosed laminate. The electrically conductive layer exhibits very stable resistivity. The use of the article as a radiant heating device and a method for its manufacture are provided. The device is especially useful for personal comfort heating and as a heat source in commercial, residential and industrial establishments.

Claims

1. A unitary, composite, laminated article of manufacture comprising:

(A) an electrically insulating top layer having an inner surface and an outer surface;

(B) a first barrier layer of polymeric material having a water vapor transmission rate (ASTME

     96) not exceeding about 0.5 g/100 sq.in./24 hr/mil at 37.8°

C., wherein said first barrier layer substantially covers said inner surface of said top layer;

(C) an electrically insulating bottom layer having an inner surface and outer surface;

(D) a second barrier layer of polymeric material having a water vapor transmission rate (ASTME

     96) not exceeding about 0.5 g/100 sq.in./24 hr/mil at 37.8°

C., wherein said second barrier layer substantially covers said inner surface of said bottom layer;

(E) a substantially continuous, electrically conductive layer of substantially uniform thickness between said first and second barrier layers, wherein said electrically conductive layer is comprised mainly of carbon and is capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation when an electric current is passed therethrough;

(F) electrical conductor means in contact with said electrically conductive layer;

wherein said top layer and said bottom layer have edges, which are sealed together to thereby form an enclosed laminate containing an electrically conductive layer having stable resistivity.

2. Article according to claim 1 wherein said laminate is flexible.

3. Article according to claim 2 in which:

(A) said top layer and said bottom layer are independently selected from smooth, flexible polyester films having a uniform thickness of about 0.35 to about 14 mils, a dielectric strength (ASTMD

     149) of at least about 1300 volts AC per mil and an infrared radiation transmission greater than about 30%;

(B) said electrically conductive layer is comprised mainly of lamellar graphite and is capable of emitting infrared radiation in the middle infrared range when an electric current is passed therethrough; and

(C) said electrical conductor means comprises at least two flexible metallic wires or busbars.

4. Article according to claim 3 in which:

(A) said top layer and said bottom layer are each comprised of a flexible polyethylene terephthalate film having a thickness of about 1.5 to about 7 mils and a dielectric strength (ASTMD

     149) of at least about 1500 volts AC per mil;

(B) said first and said second barrier layers are each comprised of polyvinylidene chloride;

(C) said electrically conductive layer is comprised of a particulate phase containing about 60% to about 98% by weight of graphite;

about 1.5% to about 20% by weight of manganese dioxide; and

about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of zinc oxide; and

(D) said busbars are comprised of copper foil.

5. Article according to claim 2 having a substantially continuous, electrically conductive, flexible metallic layer over at least one of said outer surfaces and means for connecting said metallic layer to an electrical ground.

6. Article according to claim 5 in which said metallic layer is aluminum foil.

7. Article according to claim 4 in which said electrically conductive layer is adhesively bonded to said first and said second layers, and each of said barrier layers are in adherent contact with its adjacent upper or lower layer.

8. Article according to claim 3 in which said electrically conductive layer emits infra-red radiation having a wavelength of about 6 to about 15 microns and said conductive layer is comprised of a particulate phase consisting essentially of about 88 to about 94 weight percent graphite, about 4 to about 8 weight percent MnO₂ and about 0.7 to about 3 weight percent ZnO₂.

9. Article according to claim 6 in which said aluminum foil layer is adhesively bonded to said outer surface of said top layer, and said aluminum foil layer has adhesively bonded thereto a flexible, protective, film layer.

10. Article according to claim 4 in which a flexible, decorative film layer is interposed between said electrically conductive layer and said upper or said lower layer.

11. Use of the article of claim 1 comprising connecting said electrically conductive layer to an electric power supply, and passing an electric current through said conductive layer.

12. Use of the article of claim 6 comprising:

(A) connecting said electrically conductive layer to an electric power supply;

(B) connecting said aluminum foil to an electrical ground; and

(C) passing an electric current through said electrically conductive layer.

13. Article according to claim 3 in which the metallic busbars are multiple even or odd numbers running parallel the length of the conductive coated area interconnected to form continuations of the hot and return lines of the power source.

14. Article according to claim 1 wherein said article is made in a shape having first and second perpendicular axes, and said electrical conductor means comprises

a. a first conductor substantially parallel to said first axis and adjacent one edge of said article;

b. a second conductor substantially parallel to said first axis and adjacent another edge of said article.

15. Article according to claim 1 wherein said article is made in a shape having first and second perpendicular axes and said electrical conductor means comprises

a. a first conductor having a first leg substantially parallel to said first axis, a second leg substantially parallel to said second axis and a third leg substantially parallel to said first axis, said first and third legs being adjacent opposite edges of said article and electrically connected only through said second leg,

b. a second conductor substantially parallel to said first axis and substantially equidistant from said first and third legs of said first conductor.

16. Article according to claim 1 wherein said article is made in a shape having first and second perpendicular axes and said electrical conductor means comprises

a. a first conductor having a first leg substantially parallel to said first axis, a second leg substantially parallel to said second axis and a third leg substantially parallel to said first axis, said first leg adjacent one edge of said article and said third leg spaced from said first leg,

b. a second conductor having a fourth leg substantially parallel to said first axis, a fifth leg substantially parallel to said second axis, and a sixth leg substantially parallel to said first axis, said fourth leg adjacent the edge of said article opposite said first leg of said first conductor and said sixth leg spaced from said fourth leg and being substantially equidistant from said first and third legs and said third leg being substantially equidistant from said fourth and sixth legs.

17. Article according to claim 1 wherein said article is made in a shape having first and second perpendicular axes, and said electrical conductor means comprises

a. a first conductor having first, second, and third legs substantially parallel to said first axis, said first and third legs being adjacent opposite edges of said article and said second leg being substantially equidistant from said first and third legs,

b. a second conductor having fourth and fifth legs substantially parallel to said first axis, said fourth leg being substantially equidistant from said first and second legs and said fifth leg being substantially equidistant from said second and third legs.