Three decision thresholding mode switch and method for mode selection

• US 4,251,837 A
• Filed: 10/16/1979
• Issued: 02/17/1981
• Est. Priority Date: 09/05/1978
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Original Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Inventors: Janeway, Donald L. III
• Primary Examiner(s): Britton, Howard W.
• Application Number:
  US06/085,355
• Time in Patent Office: 490 Days
• Field of Search: 358/280, 358/282, 358/283, 358/284, 340/146.3 AG
• US Class Current: 358/3.21
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 30/10 Character recognition
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 30/162 Quantising the image signal
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/40062 Discrimination between different image types, e.g. two-tone, continuous tone
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/4056 the pattern varying in one dimension only, e.g. dash length, pulse width modulation [PWM]

Abstract

A method for three decision mode selection of a thresholding algorithm is disclosed as is a thresholding mode switch having a three decision mode determining capability that is particularly useful for facsimile-copier devices in making printed copies of mixed format documents. The thresholding mode switch uses a reflectance difference algorithm for switching between a gray-scale thresholding algorithm and black-white thresholding algorithm to enhance the quality of prints made of mixed format documents presented for copying. A gradient constant is established for each picture element (pel) of the document then presented for copying and a determination is made at the thresholding mode switch as to which range, of three predetermined ranges, the gradient constant falls within, with this determination being then used to control the thresholding algorithm utilized in making that portion of the copy relating to that particular pel then being copied.

Claims

1. A thresholding mode switching device for establishing an optimum operational mode for printing copies of mixed format documents, said mode switching device comprising:

pel processing means for receiving a plurality of pels indicative of portions of documents then being copied and developing therefrom an output indicative of a rate of change of reflectance between pels in said plurality of pels;

range establishing means connected with said pel processing means to receive the output therefrom and establishing at least three ranges each reflecting different rates of reflectance changes possible between said pel then being thresholding and said other pels of said plurality of pels and providing an output indicative thereof; and

selecting means for receiving said output from said range establishing means and responsive thereto selecting one of three decisions as established by said range establishing means to provide a mode establishing output that enables selection of an optimum operational mode with respect to said pel then being thresholded.

2. The mode switching device of claim 1 wherein said device is utilized in a system that includes a document scanner providing an analog output signal indicative of the reflectance sensed from said document for each portion then to be copied, and an analog-to-digital converter for converting said analog signal to a digital output signal with said digital output signal being coupled to said pel processing means.

3. The mode switching device of claim 2 wherein said mixed format documents may include continuous tone, previously gray-scaled, and line copy documents.

4. The mode switching device of claim 2 wherein said system is a facsimile-copier system.

5. The mode switching device of claim 1 wherein said range establishing means includes gradient constant establishing means for establishing a gradient constant which reflects the reflectance rate of change of said pel then being thresholded with respect to the reflectances of said other pels of said received plurality of pels.

6. The mode switching device of claim 5 wherein said gradient constant establishing means includes determining means for receiving said pels and determining the differences between each received pel and an immediately adjacent pel included in said plurality of pels, summing means connected with said difference determining means for summing absolute values of the differences determined by said determining means, and dividing means connected with said summing means to normalize the values summed by said summing means by dividing the same by the value of the pel then being thresholded.

7. The mode switching device of claim 5 wherein said gradient establishing means includes a first plurality of cascaded registers for receiving said plurality of pels, a first plurality of adders for receiving the outputs from said registers and providing difference outputs, a read only memory circuit which returns the square of differences coupled thereto, a multiplexer to channel the differences from said adders through said read only memory circuit, a second plurality of registers connected with said read only memory circuit to receive the squared difference outputs therefrom, a second plurality of adders for summing the squared differences received from said second set of registers, a plurality of multipliers to produce a value indicative of said pel then being thresholded, and comparator means for receiving joint outputs from said second plurality of adders and said plurality of multipliers.

8. The mode switching device of claim 7 wherein said gradient establishing means includes a plurality of gates connected with said comparator means.

9. The mode switching device of claim 8 wherein said comparator means includes first and second comparators, and wherein said gates include first and second AND gates and an OR gate, said first AND gate being connected with said first comparator to receive an inverted output therefrom and to said OR gate to receive outputs therefrom, said second AND gate being connected to said second comparator to receive an inverted output therefrom and to said first AND gate to receive outputs therefrom, and said OR gate being connected to said second comparator and said second AND gate to receive outputs therefrom.

10. The mode switching device of claim 8 wherein said comparator means includes first, second and third comparators, and wherein said gates include an OR gate, first and second AND gates, a NAND gate and an inverter, said OR gate being connected with said AND gates to receive the outputs therefrom, said first AND gate being connected with said first comparator and through said inverter with said second comparator to receive outputs therefrom, said second AND gate being connected with said NAND gate and said OR gate to receive outputs therefrom, and said NAND gate being connected to said first, second and third comparators to receive outputs therefrom.

11. The mode switching device of claim 7 wherein said plurality of multipliers includes first and second multipliers, and wherein said comparator means includes first and second comparators each of which is connected with a different one of said multipliers.

12. The mode switching device of claim 7 wherein said plurality of multipliers includes first, second and third multipliers, and wherein said comparator means includes first, second and third comparators, each of which is connected with a different one of said multipliers.

13. A three decision thresholding mode switching device for establishing an optimum operational mode from at least two available mode control algorithms for printing copies of mixed format documents in a system that includes a scanner for scanning the reflectance from that portion of the document then being copied to develop therefrom an analog output signal indicative thereof, and an analog-to-digital converter to convert the developed analog signal to a digital output signal that includes a plurality of pels, said mode switching device comprising:

gradient constant establishing means for receiving said plurality of pels indicative of the reflectance sensed by said scanner and developing therefrom a gradient constant for each pel when thresholded, said gradient constant being indicative of the rate of change of reflectance of said pel then being thresholded with respect to the average rate of change of predetermined others of said plurality of pels, said gradient constant establishing means including means for establishing three different decision ranges of gradient constants and providing outputs indicative thereof; and

selecting means for receiving said gradient constants from said gradient constant establishing means and responsive thereto providing a mode control output for establishing said optimum operational mode for printing that portion of the copy of said document then being scanned.

14. The mode switching device of claim 13 wherein said available mode control algorithms include a black-white thresholding algorithm and a gray-scale thresholding algorithm, and wherein said three decision ranges established by said range establishing means provide for utilization of said black-white thresholding algorithm when said gradient constant is large, utilization of said gray-scale thresholding algorithm when said gradient constant is intermediate, and continuation of the previously utilized thresholding algorithm when the gradient constant is small.

15. The mode switching device of claim 14 wherein the switching algorithm for decision determination is:

##EQU6## where, F_i =gradient constant for the ith pel (i.e., the pel being thresholded);

R_i, R_j+1 and R_j =reflectance of the i, j+1, and j pels, respectively; and

a and b=arbitrary constants determined by the optimization of the algorithm to the particular application

so that when;

F_i >

K₂, then the thresholding mode is changed to said black-white thresholding algorithm;

K₁ ≦

F_i ≦

K₂, then the thresholding mode is changed to said gray-scale thresholding algorithm; and

F_i >

K₁, then no change is made in the thresholding mode.

16. An electronic switching device for establishing the optimum operational mode with respect to a predetermined parameter of data from a plurality of available modes in a processing unit receiving said data in the form of a plurality of bytes indicative of a portion of said data, said device comprising:

first means for receiving a plurality of bytes representing said received data and developing therefrom an output signal indicative of differences with respect to said predetermined parameter of said data between one of said received bytes and others of said bytes of said received plurality of bytes;

second means connected with said first means and for establishing at least three ranges into which said differences sensed by said first means can fall and providing output signals indicative thereof; and

third means for receiving said output signals from said second means and responsive thereto selecting one of three decisions as established by said second means to provide mode establishing signals that enable selection of the optimum operational mode for said processing unit.

17. The electronic switching device of claim 16 wherein said processing unit is a printer-copier for mixed format documents which includes an image dissecting scanner providing an analog signal indicative of reflectance from the portion of the document then being scanned, an analog-to-digital converter for providing a digital output signal having a plurality of bytes, a printer, and at least two control algorithms for causing printing in different modes, and wherein said mode establishing output signals from said third means of said electronic switching device controls said control algorithms to optimize printing of copies by said printer with respect to the portion of the document then being scanned.

18. The electronic scanning device of claim 17 wherein said electronic switching device causes one of said control means to be operative in the event of a first decision by said switching means, causes the other of said control algorithms to be operative in the event of a second decision, and causes operation of the last utilized control algorithm in the event of a third decision.

19. The electronic switching device of claim 18 wherein said byte differences reflect rate of change of reflectance differences with a large rate of change causing said first decision, an immediate rate of change causing said second decision, and a small change causing said third decision.

20. A method for establishing an optimum operational mode for printing copies of mixed format documents by selection of a thresholding algorithm, from a plurality of algorithms, most suitable for each scanned segment of the document, said method comprising:

scanning a document and producing a plurality of pels indicative of reflectance from different segments of the scanned document;

developing an output indicative of the rate of change of reflectance of the pel from which a thresholding algorithm is then to be selected with respect to other pels of said plurality of pels;

determining the value of said developed output with respect to the value ranges of at least three different rates of change of reflectance ranges; and

utilizing said determination to cause the most suitable thresholding algorithm to be utilized to print copies of that portion of the document then being scanned.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein a gradient constant is developed from said rate of change of reflectance, and wherein said gradient constant determines said thresholding algorithm to be utilized.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein said thresholding algorithm includes two different thresholding algorithms, and wherein a first decision is reached if said gradient constant is large to cause utilization of one of said thresholding algorithms, a second decision is reached if said gradient constant is intermediate to cause utilization of the other of said thresholding algorithms, and a third decision is reached if said gradient constant is small to cause utilization of the last utilized thresholding algorithm.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein said one thresholding algorithm is a black-white thresholding algorithm, and therein said other thresholding algorithm is a gray-scale thresholding algorithm.

24. A method for establishing an optimum operational mode for printing copies of mixed format documents by selection of one of a black-white thresholding algorithm and a gray-scale thresholding algorithm for each segment of the scanning document, said method comprising:

scanning a document and producing a plurality of pels indicative of the reflectance as sensed from different segments of the document during scanning;

determining the reflectance differences between adjacent pels of said plurality of pels and summing the determined differences;

normalizing the summed differences by dividing the summed differences by the reflectance value of the pel for which a thresholding algorithm is then to be selected to establish a gradient constant with respect to said pel;

selecting three ranges of gradient constants corresponding to three decisions one of which is to utilize said black-white thresholding algorithm, the second of which is to utilize said gray-scale thresholding algorithm, and the third of which is to utilize the last utilized thresholding algorithm;

determining into which of the said three ranges said established gradient constant falls; and

utilizing said determination to select the thresholding algorithm best suited for printing copies of that segment of the document then being scanned.