Ultrasonic system for measuring fluid impedance or liquid level

• US 4,320,659 A
• Filed: 01/11/1980
• Issued: 03/23/1982
• Est. Priority Date: 02/27/1978
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Panametrics, Inc. (General Electric Company)
• Original Assignee: Panametrics, Inc. (General Electric Company)
• Inventors: Lynnworth, Lawrence C., Bradshaw, James E., Seger, John L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Ruehl, Charles A.
• Application Number:
  US06/111,466
• Time in Patent Office: 802 Days
• Field of Search: 73/53, 73/290 V, 73/589, 73/592, 73/597, 73/599, 73/629, 73/644
• US Class Current: 73/589
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 1/66 by measuring frequency, phase shift or propagation time of electromagnetic or other waves, e.g. using ultrasonic flowmeters
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/2961 for discrete levels G01F23/2962 - G01F23/2968 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/2962 Measuring transit time of reflected waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/2965 Measuring attenuation of transmitted waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01H 15/00 Measuring mechanical or acoustic impedance
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/02818 Density, viscosity
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/02836 Flow rate, liquid level
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/032 by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
• CPC Class Codes: G10K 11/24 for conducting sound through solid bodies, e.g. wires

Abstract

An ultrasonic system that measures either the impedance of a fluid or liquid level utilizes moderately directional, bulk SV mode sound waves generated by a transducer and propagated in a homogeneous, flaw-free solid member. The SV wave propagates in the solid along a zigzag path that reflects at a solid-fluid interface in at least two areas and at an angle of incidence that exceeds the first critical angle by at least five degrees and is less than the second critical angle by at least ten degrees. The attenuated amplitude of the wave due to acoustic coupling between the solid and the fluid measures the impedance or an impedance related parameter of the fluid. The system preferably includes a second acoustic path that serves as a reference to compensate for changes in parameters such as temperature, the nature of the fluid, the transducer, the transducer coupling, and residues or corrosion at the solid-fluid interface. In another form, the reference mechanism is a series of reflections from notches in the solid member. For liquid level measurement desensitized to variations in the liquid impedance, the solid is an elongated member that is oriented at an oblique angle, or is parallel to, the surface of the liquid. Other liquid level measurement systems utilize multiple receivers or reflectors located at the points of reflection of the zigzag wave.

Claims

1. An ultrasonic system for measuring at least one selected impedance related parameter of a fluid comprising

a solid member capable of supporting the propagation of moderately directional, bulk SV shear waves without mode conversion,

transducer means acoustically coupled to said member for generating and detecting said SV waves propagated along a multiply-reflected path that includes at least two reflections in a region of said member remote from said transducer means and is at least partially immersed in said fluid to form a solid-fluid interface, said reflections having an angle of incidence that exceeds the first critical angle by at least five degrees and is at least ten degrees less than the second critical angle,

said path lying in a portion of said member that is substantially homogeneous and flaw free and said SV waves having a frequency that lies in the range of 0.5 to 5 MHz to minimize energy loss by absorption and maximize energy loss by coupling to said fluid at said reflections in said remote region, and

means for sensing the attenuation of said waves along said path at said interface to measure said selected impedance related parameter.

2. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 1 wherein the number N of said reflections in said remote region is in the range of 2 to 100.

3. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 2 wherein N is sufficiently large that the product of N and the reflection loss coefficient R_L at said reflections in said remote region is at least 20 dB.

4. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 2 wherein said angle of incidence is about 45°

and where N is substantially equal to the acoustic impedance ratio.

5. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 2 wherein said solid member is an elongated rod having said transducer means coupled to one end of said rod and having said remote region disposed at the opposite end of said rod separated from said one end by a buffer portion of said solid member.

6. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 5 wherein said remote region is separated from said transducer means by distance at least equal to 30 λ

where λ

is the wavelength of said SV waves.

7. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 5 wherein said remote region is localized.

8. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 7 wherein said localized remote region comprises at least two surfaces beveled with respect to the longitudinal axis of said rod.

9. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 7 wherein said rod has at least two localized remote regions axially spaced from one another.

10. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 6 wherein said remote region is distributed.

11. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 10 wherein said distributed remote region supports at least ten of said reflections.

12. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 10 wherein said transducer means and said buffer portion are shielded from said fluid.

13. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 12 wherein said remote region is protectively coated at least in part with an elastically dissimilar material whose thickness is less than one-tenth of a wavelength.

14. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 2 wherein said solid member is a wall segment of a container for said fluid and said remote region is one surface of said wall segment.

15. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 2 wherein said angle of incidence is in the range of 45°

to 60°

.

16. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 2 wherein said fluid is a liquid that has a kinematic viscosity of less than 10 stokes.

17. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 1 wherein said transducer means is permanently bonded to said member.

54. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claims 5, 6, 7 or 8 wherein said elongated rod is truncated along a plane that is substantially perpendicular to shear waves generated by said transducer means to produce a shear wave echo that is received at said sensing means prior to said SV waves propagated along said multiply-reflected path.

18. An ultrasonic system for measuring at least one selected impedance related parameter of a fluid comprising

a solid member capable of supporting the propagation of moderately directional, bulk SV shear waves without mode conversion,

first transducer means acoustically coupled to said member for generating and detecting at least said SV waves propagated along a multiply-reflected first path that includes at least two reflections in a region of said member remote from said transducer means and is at least partially immersed in said fluid to form a solid-fluid interface, said reflection having an angle of incidence that exceeds the first critical angle by at least five degrees and is at least ten degrees less than the second critical angle,

said first path lying in a portion of said member that is substantially homogeneous and flaw free and said SV waves having a frequency that lies in the range of 0.5 to 5 MHz to minimize energy loss by absorption and maximize energy loss by coupling to said fluid at said reflections in said remote region,

means for sensing the attenuation of said waves along said first path at said interface to measure said selected impedance related parameter, and

desensitizing means for rendering said measurement substantially insensitive to variations in other parameters which could influence said measurement.

19. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said desensitizing means comprises a supplemental ultrasonic reference path.

20. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 19 whrein said first and reference paths enter and exit said solid member at the same interfaces and wherein said first path traverses said interface at an oblique angle of incidence and said reference path traverses said interface at a substantially normal angle of incidence.

21. An ultrasonic measuring system as in claim 19 wherein said first path is interrogated in a through-transmission mode and said reference path is interrogated in a pulse-echo mode.

22. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 19 wherein said sensing means responds to differences in the transmission times over said first path and said reference path.

23. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 19 wherein a portion of said reference path is propagated in the fluid being measured.

24. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 23 wherein said first path and said reference path are interrogated at at least two different frequencies to distinguish between the waves received along said paths by said sensing means.

25. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 23 wherein said solid member comprises a pair of elongated probes in parallel spaced relationship that measure the level of said liquid between said probes.

26. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said reference path lies at least partially in a solid material which is substantially the same as that of said solid member.

27. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 26 wherein said reference path lies within said solid member and is not reflected at an oblique angle of incidence.

28. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 27 where said solid member includes a reflective notch which generates as said reference path an echo transmitted generally along the axis of said first path.

29. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 further comprising

second transducer means acoustically coupled to said solid material for generating and detecting said supplemental reference path and wherein the coupling of said first and second transducer means to said solid member and said solid material, respectively, have a known transmission efficiency.

30. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 29 wherein said first and second transducer means each include at least one transducer common to both said multiply-reflected first path and said reference path.

31. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 30 wherein said first and second transducer means use the same transducers.

32. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 30 wherein said at least one transducer common to said first and reference paths is coupled to said solid member through a wedge that propagates said SV waves.

33. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said fluid is a liquid held in a container, said solid member is a wall segment of said container, said measured impedance related parameter is its liquid level, and said desensitizing means comprises a plurality of second transducer assemblies located at an unwetted side of said solid member and at reflection points of said multiply-reflected first path.

34. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 33 wherein said second transducer assemblies are adjusted so that the detected wave at each of said assemblies has substantially an equal amplitude when said solid member is unwetted.

35. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said fluid is a liquid held in a container, said solid member is a wall segment of said container, said measured impedance related parameter is its liquid level, and said desensitization means comprises a plurality of reflective means located at an unwetted side of said solid member and at reflection points of said multiply-reflected first path.

36. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 35 wherein said reflective means comprises a dummy reflector wedge.

37. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 35 wherein said reflective means comprises a notch formed in said solid member.

38. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 37 wherein said solid member comprises at least one elongated probe.

39. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said fluid is a liquid and said desensitizing means comprises means for generating reflective echoes that propagate along the axis of said first path.

40. The ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 39 wherein said echo generating means comprises a series of notches formed on the side of said solid member adjacent said liquid.

41. The ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 40 wherein said notches are structured to generate echoes of equal amplitude when said solid member is unwetted.

42. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 41 wherein the fluid is comprised of two fluids P and Q of dissimilar impedances Z_p and Z_q, wherein said selected impedance related parameter is the location of an interface between the fluids P and Q, and wherein said sensing means responds to the relative amplitudes of successive echoes generated at said notches which in turn yields said interface location.

43. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 40 wherein said solid member is an elongated rod having said transducer means coupled to said one end of said rod and having said remote region disposed at the opposite end of said rod separated from said one end by a buffer portion of said rod.

44. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 43 wherein said remote region has two mutually inclined double surfaces adjacent said liquid to generate two of said reflections.

45. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said fluid is a liquid and said densensitizing means comprises orienting the axis of said multiply-reflected first path obliquely with respect to the surface of said liquid.

46. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 45 wherein said desensitizing means comprises at least one additional compensation path that is fully immersed in said liquid.

47. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 45 wherein said desensitizing means comprises at least one additional compensation path that is not immersed in said liquid.

48. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 38 or 45 wherein said compensation path is generally the same as said first path and includes the same number of reflections at the solid-fluid interface.

49. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said fluid is a liquid and said desensitizing means comprises orienting the axis of said first path parallel to the surface of said liquid.

50. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said desensitizing means comprises means for dissipating incident acoustic energy intermediate adjacent reflection points of said first path.

51. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 50 wherein said dissipating means comprises acoustic energy scattering means.

52. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 50 wherein said dissipating means comprises an absorptive material secured to the surface of said solid member.

53. An ultrasonic measuring system according to claim 18 wherein said desensitizing means comprises means for operating said first transducer means at different frequencies to compare the frequency response of said system.