Solar heating system
First Claim
1. An improved heating system for collecting radiant energy, and absorbing heat from a source of radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the source of radiant energy and the local gravitational field, which includes:
- (a) means for absorbing heat from the source of radiant energy, and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting said one or more inlets of said absorbing means to said one or more outlets of said absorbing means;
(b) means, having a refrigerant passage and a condensing surface, for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring the heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet;
(c) means for transferring the refrigerant evaporated in said absorbing means to said condensing means; and
(d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means;
wherein the improvement comprises;
(a) means for separating the evaporated portion from the non-evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means, for transferring the evaporated portion of the refrigerant to said condensing means, and for returning the non-evaporated portion of said refrigerant to said one or more inlets of said absorbing means; and
(b) means for reducing, including stopping, the flow of liquid refrigerant into all said one or more inlets of said absorbing means whenever the pressure of the refrigerant, at a selected location, including the location of said flow-reducing means, exceeds a preselected value.
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Accused Products
Abstract
Various systems are disclosed for absorbing radiant heat, especially solar heat, by evaporating a refrigerant, and for releasing the heat thus absorbed to a medium to be heated, by condensing the evaporated portion of the refrigerant. The refrigerant fluid loop includes (1) an evaporator, or solar collector, including passageways where at least a portion of the refrigerant is vaporized, (2) a separator which may be a part of or a separate component from the evaporator, that divides the vapor portion and the liquid portion of the refrigerant exiting the evaporator passageways, (3) a condenser for condensing the vapor portion of the refrigerant and transferring the latent heat released to a medium to be heated, and (4) a condensate pump to return the liquid refrigerant from the separator and condenser to the evaporator. Systems are also disclosed for returning the liquid refrigerant to the evaporator by gravity thus eliminating the need for a condensate pump. Controls and component arrangements are shown for maintaining the temperature of evaporation of the refrigerant automatically insofar as practical just above that of the medium to be heated, independently of changes in the temperature of the medium, the temperatures of the system'"'"'s surroundings, and the intensity of radiation intercepted by the system. Also disclosed are novel solar collector designs applicable to the invented systems.
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Citations
112 Claims
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1. An improved heating system for collecting radiant energy, and absorbing heat from a source of radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the source of radiant energy and the local gravitational field, which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the source of radiant energy, and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting said one or more inlets of said absorbing means to said one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means, having a refrigerant passage and a condensing surface, for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring the heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet; (c) means for transferring the refrigerant evaporated in said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises; (a) means for separating the evaporated portion from the non-evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means, for transferring the evaporated portion of the refrigerant to said condensing means, and for returning the non-evaporated portion of said refrigerant to said one or more inlets of said absorbing means; and (b) means for reducing, including stopping, the flow of liquid refrigerant into all said one or more inlets of said absorbing means whenever the pressure of the refrigerant, at a selected location, including the location of said flow-reducing means, exceeds a preselected value. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 71, 79, 81, 82)
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11. An improved heating system for absorbing heat from solar radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the radiant energy and the local gravitational field, which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy, and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting said one or more inlets of said absorbing means to said one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means, having a refrigerant passage and a condensing surface, for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring the heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet; (c) means for transferring the refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises means for separating the evaporated portion and the non-evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means, for transferring the evaporated portion of the refrigerant to said condensing means, and for returning the non-evaporated portion to said absorbing means; and
wherein the separating means is located spatially with respect to said absorbing means, and is sized and shaped, so that there exists at least one value of refrigerant charge for which--for all useful refrigerant evaporation rates at a preselected evaporation temperature--(a) the refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means is not superheated significantly, and (b) the refrigerant vapor exiting said separating means is substantially dry. - View Dependent Claims (15, 16, 17, 18, 27, 28, 29)
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12. An improved heating system for absorbing heat from solar radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the radiant energy and the local gravitational field, which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy, and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting said one or more inlets of said absorbing means to said one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means, having a refrigerant passage, and a condensing surface, for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring the heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet; (c) means for transferring the refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises means for separating the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means, for storing the maximum volume of liquid refrigerant displaced from said absorbing means at high evaporation rates, for transferring the evaporated portion of the refrigerant to said condensing means, and for returning the non-evaporated portion to said absorbing means; and
wherein said condensing means is located spatially with respect to said absorbing means, and said separating means is located spatially with respect to said absorbing means and said condensing means and is sized and shaped, so that there exists at least one value of refrigerant charge for which--for all useful evaporation rates at a preselected evaporation temperature--(a) the refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means is not superheated significantly, (b) the refrigerant vapor exiting said separating means is substantially dry, and (c) the effective condensing area of the condensing surface of said condensing means is not reduced significantly be being immersed in or flooded by, liquid refrigerant.
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13. An improved heating system for absorbing heat from a source of radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the source of radiant energy and the local gravitational field, which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the source of radiant energy, and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means, having a refrigerant passage and a condensing surface, for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring the heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet; (c) means for transferring the refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises means for separating the evaporated portion and the non-evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means, for transferring the evaporated portion of the refrigerant to said condensing means, for returning the non-evaporated portion of said refrigerant to said absorbing means; and
wherein the highest level of the surface of the liquid refrigerant, in said separating means, attained at high evaporation rates, is located at a level no lower than the highest part of the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means exposed to radiant energy from the source of radiant energy.
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14. An improved heating system for absorbing heat from a source of radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the source of radiant energy and the local gravitational field, which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the source of radiant energy, and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means, said absorbing means being tilted with respect to a local horizontal plane so that the one or more outlets are above the one or more inlets; (b) means, having a refrigerant passage and a condensing surface, for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring the heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having a refrigerant inlet and a refrigerant outlet; (c) means for transferring the refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises means, having one or more liquid outlets, for separating the evaporated portion and the non-evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means, for transferring the evaporated portion of the refrigerant to said condensing means, and for returning the non-evaporated portion to said absorbing means; and
wherein at least one of the one or more liquid outlets of said separating means is at or above the lowest common level attained by the surfaces of the liquid refrigerant--within the range of operating temperatures over which the system is designed to operate--when no radiant energy is being adsorbed by the system, and the temperature of all said surfaces are equal. - View Dependent Claims (80)
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19. An improved heating system, located in the gravitational field of the earth, for collecting radiant energy emanating from a source of radiant energy, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit--within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the action of the absorbed heat and the earth'"'"'s gravitational field--which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means; (c) means for transferring evaporated refrigerant from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returniing liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises means for reducing, including stopping, the flow of liquid refrigerant into all the one or more inlets of said absorbing means whenever the pressure of the refrigerant at a selected location, including the location of said flow-reducing means, exceeds a preselected value. - View Dependent Claims (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 109)
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30. An improved heating system, located in the gravitational field of the earth, for collecting radiant energy from a source of radiant energy, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit--within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the action of the absorbed heat and the earth'"'"'s gravitational field--which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means; (c) means for transferring refrigerant vapor from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises means for rejecting heat from the refrigerant to a heat sink whenever the temperature of the refrigerant, at a selected location, exceeds a preselected value. - View Dependent Claims (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 68, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104)
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52. An improved heating system, located in the gravitational field of the earth, for collecting solar radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit--within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net static head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the absorbed heat and the earth'"'"'s gravitation field--which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having an inlet and an outlet, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the inlet of said absorbing means to the outlet of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means; (c) means for transferring refrigerant vapor from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises a refrigerant-circuit configuration wherein the principal refrigerant circuit also includes means for storing liquid refrigerant displaced from said absorbing means at high evaporation rates, said storing means having an inlet and an outlet not necessarily distinct, and said storing means being located in the principal refrigerant circuit so that the inlet of said storing means is connected to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means, and the outlet of said storing means is connected to the inlet of said absorbing means; and
wherein(a) the vertical location of (1) said condensing means with respect to said absorbing means, and of (2) said storing means with respect to said absorbing means and with respect to said condensing means; (b) the size and shape of said storing means, and (c) the cross-sectional areas of the refrigerant passages of the principal refrigerant circuit--including the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means and the one or more refrigerant passages of said condensing means-- are chosen so that there exists at least one amount of refrigerant mass, with which the refrigerant-circuit configuration can be charged, for which--over the entire range of achievable and useful evaporation rates at a preselected evaporation temperature-- (a) the refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means is not superheated significantly, (b) the effective area of the one or more condensing surfaces of said condensing means is not reduced significantly by flooding with liquid refrigerant displaced from said absorbing means at high evaporation rates; and (c) the refrigerant vapor delivered to said condensing means is substantially dry. - View Dependent Claims (53, 54, 55, 56)
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83. An improved heating system, located in the gravitational field of the earth, for collecting radiant energy emanating from a source of radiant energy, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having one or more refrigerant circuits--within which a refrigerant is circulated, at least in part, by one or more refrigerant pumps--which include:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting and absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means; (c) means for transferring evaporated refrigerant from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means;
wherein the one or more refrigerant circuits include one or more refrigerant spaces, including one or more refrigerant passages, having a total internal volume--outside the one or more passageways of said absorbing means and below the level at which liquid refrigerant can flow solely by the action of gravity into the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means from refrigerant spaces and passages outside said refrigerant passageways--smaller than the total volume of liquid refrigerant under at least some internal and external system design conditions;
so that, under at least some system steady-state, non-operating, design conditions, liquid refrigerant is present in the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means;
wherein the improvement comprises means for reducing, including stopping, the flow of liquid refrigerant into all the one or more inlets of said absorbing means whenever the pressure of the refrigerant, at a first selected location, including the location of said flow-reducing means exceeds a preselected value, including a value equal to the maximum refrigerant operating design pressure. - View Dependent Claims (85, 87, 88, 89)
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84. An improved heating system, located in the gravitational field of the earth, for collecting radiant energy emanating from a source of radiant energy, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having one or more refrigerant circuits--within which a refrigerant is circulated, at least in part, by one or more refrigerant pumps--which include:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting and absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means. (c) means for transferring evaporated refrigerant from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means;
wherein the one or more refrigerant circuits include one or more refrigerant spaces, including one or more refrigerant passages, having a total internal volume--outside the one or more passageways of said abosrbing means and below the level at which liquid refrigerant can flow solely by the action of gravity into the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means from refrigerant spaces and passages outside said refrigerant passageways--smaller than the total volume of liquid refrigerant under at least some internal and external system design conditions;
so that, under at least some system steady-state, non-operating, design conditions, liquid refrigerant is present in the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means; and
wherein the improvement comprises means for rejecting heat absorbed by the refrigerant to a heat sink whenever the temperature of the refrigerant, at a selected location, exceeds a preselected value, including a value equal to the maximum refrigerant operating design temperature.
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86. An improved heating system, located in the gravitation field of the earth, for collecting radiant energy emanating from a source of radiant energy, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having one or more refrigerant circuits--within which a refrigerant is circulated, at least in part, by one or more refrigerant pumps--which include:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting and absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means; (c) means for transferring evaporated refrigerant from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means;
wherein the one or more refrigerant circuits include one or more refrigerant spaces, including one or more refrigerant passages, having a total internal volume--outside the one or more passageways of said absorbing means and below the level at which liquid refrigerant can flow solely by the action of gravity into the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means from refrigerant spaces and passages outside said refrigerant passageways--smaller than the total volume of liquid refrigerant under at least some internal and external system design conditions;
so that, under at least some system steady-state, non-operating, design conditions, liquid refrigerant is present in the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means;
wherein the improvement comprises means for rejecting heat absorbed by the refrigerant to a heat sink whenever the pressure of the refrigerant, at a selected location, exceeds a preselected value of refrigerant pressure, including a value equal to the maximum refrigerant operating design pressure.
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90. An improved heating system, located in the gravitational field of the earth, for collecting radiant energy from a source of radiant energy, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit--within which the refrigerant is circulated by the net statis head, in the principal refrigerant circuit, resulting solely from the action of the absorbed heat and the earth'"'"'s gravitational field--which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means; (c) means for transferring refrigerant vapor from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means;
wherein the improvement comprises means for rejecting heat from the refrigerant to a heat sink whenever the pressure of the refrigerant, at a selected location, exceeds a preselected value. - View Dependent Claims (91, 96, 97, 98)
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105. An improved method for collecting radiant energy emanating from the sun, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, wherein
(a) a refrigerant is circulated in one or more refrigerant circuits--located in the earth'"'"'s gravitational field--which include (1) means for absorbing the radiant heat, said absorbing means having one or more refrigerant passageways, and (2) means for releasing the absorbed heat and for transferring the released heat to the substance, said releasing and transferring means having one or more refrigerant passages and one or more condensing surfaces; -
(b) heat is absorbed from the radiant energy in said absorbing means at least in part by evaporating liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means; (c) the absorbed heat is released in said releasing and transferring means by condensing substantially all the evaporated refrigerant; and (d) the refrigerant is circulated in the one or more refrigerant circuits solely by the action of the absorbed heat and the earth'"'"'s gravitational field; wherein the improvement comprises; (a) preventing, at a preselected evaporation temperature, liquid refrigerant--displaced from the refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means at the highest evaporation rate achievable at the preselected evaporation temperature--backing-up into the one or more refrigerant passages of said releasing and transferring means and flooding a substantial portion of the one or more condensing surfaces, by storing the displaced liquid refrigerant in a space having a highest point at or below the level of a lowest point of the one or more condensing surfaces; (b) preventing, at the preselected evaporation temperature, refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means from being superheated at a preselected minimum evaporation rate, which may be chosen arbitrarily small, by charging the one or more refrigerant circuits with a large enough mass of refrigerant; and (c) preventing, at the preselected evaporation temperature, refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means from being superheated, at the highest achievable evaporation rate at the preselected evaporation temperature, by (1) locating said releasing and transferring means high enough above the level of the liquid refrigerant surfaces, in the one or more refrigerant circuits, when no heat is being absorbed by the refrigerant from the radiant energy and when the liquid refrigerant surfaces are at a temperature equal to the preselected evaporation temperature, and by <
(2) selecting the cross-sectional areas of the refrigerant passages of the one or more refrigerant circuits--including the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means and the one or more refrigerant passages of said condensing means--so that--at the preselected evaporation temperature and maximum achievable evaporation rate at the preselected evaporation temperature--in the one or more refrigerant circuits, including the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means,(1) the net static head is high enough, and (2) the friction-induced pressure drop is low enough, for the product of the refrigerant latent heat of evaporation and the total refrigerant mass flow rate in the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means, at the preselected evaporation temperature, to be no less than the highest achievable refrigerant heat-absorption rate at the preselected evaporation temperature; thereby also preventing, at the preselected evaporation temperature, (a) liquid refrigerant backing-up into the one or more refrigerant passages of said releasing and transferring means and flooding a substantial portion of the one or more condensing surfaces at all evaporation rates between the preselected minimum evaporation rate and the maximum achievable evaporation rate at the preselected evaporation temperature; and (b) refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means from being super-heated at all evaporation rates between the preselected minimum evaporation rate and the maximum achievable evaporation rate at the preselected evaporation temperature. - View Dependent Claims (107)
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106. An improved method for collecting radiant energy emanating from the sun, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, wherein
(a) a refrigerant is circulated in one or more refrigerant circuits--located in the earth'"'"'s gravitational field--which include (1) means for absorbing the radiant heat, said absorbing means having one or more refrigerant passageways, and (2) means for releasing the absorbed heat and for transferring the released heat to the substance, said releasing and transferring means having one or more refrigerant passages and one or more condensing surfaces; -
(b) heat is absorbed from the radiant energy in said absorbing means at least in part by evaporating liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means; (c) the absorbed heat is released in said releasing and transferring means by condensing substantially all the evaporated refrigerant; and (d) the refrigerant is circulated in the one or more refrigerant circuits solely by the action of the absorbed heat and the earth'"'"'s gravitational field; wherein the improvement comprises; (a) preventing, at a lowest preselected evaporation temperature, liquid refrigerant--displaced from the refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means, at the highest evaporation rate achievable at the lowest preselected evaporation temperature--backing-up into the one or more refrigerant passages of said releasing and transferring means and flooding a substantial portion of the one or more condensing surfaces, by storing the displaced liquid refrigerant in a space having a highest point at or below the level of a lowest point of the one or more condensing surfaces; (b) preventing, at a highest preselected evaporation temperature, refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means from being superheated at a preselected minimum evaporation rate, which may be chosen arbitrarily small, by charging the one or more refrigerant circuits with a large enough mass of refrigerant; and (c) preventing at the lowest preselected evaporation temperature, refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means from being superheated, at the highest achievable evaporation rate at the lowest preselected evaporation temperature, by (1) locating said releasing and transferring means high enough above the level of the liquid refrigerant surfaces, in the one or more refrigerant circuits, when no heat is being absorbed by the refrigerant from the radiant energy and when the liquid refrigerant surfaces are at a temperature equal to the lowest preselected evaporation temperature, and by (2) selecting the cross-sectional areas of the refrigerant passages of the one or more refrigerant circuits--including the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means and the one or more refrigerant passages of said condensing means--so that--at the lowest preselected evaporation temperature and the maximum achievable evaporation rate at the lowest preselected evaporation temperature--in the one or more refrigerant circuits, including the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means, (1) the net static head is high enough, and (2) the friction-induced pressure drop is low enough, for the product of the refrigerant latent heat of evaporation and the total refrigerant mass flow rate in the one or more refrigerant passageways of said absorbing means, at the lowest preselected evaporation temperature, to be no less than the highest achievable refrigerant heat-absorption rate at the lowest preselected evaporation temperature; thereby also preventing, at all evaporation temperatures in the range between the lowest preselected evaporation temperature and the highest preselected evaporation temperature, (a) liquid refrigerant backing-up into the one or more refrigerant passages of said releasing and transferring means and flooding a substantial portion of the one or more condensing surfaces at all evaporation rates between the preselected minimum evaporation rate and the maximum achievable evaporation rate at all evaporation temperatures in said range; and (b) refrigerant vapor exiting said absorbing means from being superheated at all evaporation rates between the preselected minimum evaporation rate and the maximum achievable evaporation rate at all evaporation temperatures in said range. - View Dependent Claims (108)
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110. An improved heating system, located in the gravitational field of the earth, for collecting radiant energy emanating from a source of radiant energy, for absorbing heat from the collected radiant energy, and for transferring the absorbed heat to a substance, of the type having a refrigerant and a principal refrigerant circuit--within which the refrigerant is circulated, while the system is operating, by the net static head (in the principal refrigerant circuit) resulting solely from the action of the absorbed heat and the earth'"'"'s gravitational field--which includes:
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(a) means for absorbing heat from the radiant energy and for evaporating at least a portion of the liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means, said absorbing means having one or more inlets, one or more outlets, and one or more refrigerant passageways connecting the one or more inlets of said absorbing means to the one or more outlets of said absorbing means; (b) means for condensing essentially all the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means and transferring heat from the refrigerant to the substance, said condensing means having one or more condensing surfaces, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, and one or more refrigerant passages connecting the refrigerant inlet of said condensing means to the refrigerant outlet of said condensing means; (c) means for transferring refrigerant vapor from said absorbing means to said condensing means; and (d) means for returning liquid refrigerant from said condensing means to said absorbing means; wherein the improvement comprises a plurality of means employed to ensure--by the combined action of said means--that, for all external conditions under which the system is designed to operate, at least the four system internal operating conditions cited below are satisfied; first, liquid refrigerant entering said absorbing means has a mass flow rate large enough to prevent the amount of superheat of the evaporated portion of the refrigerant exiting said absorbing means exceeding any desired preselected value, including a zero value; second, the refrigerant vapor entering said condensing means is maintained in a substantially dry state; third, the amount of liquid refrigerant which backs up into the one or more refrigerant passages of said condensing means and floods--or put equivalently immerses--the one or more condensing surfaces of said condensing means is small enough to prevent the absolute value of the difference between the effective condensing surface area and the total available surface area of the one or more condensing surfaces exceeding any desired preselected value, including a zero value; and fourth, the absolute value of the difference between the saturated vapor temperature exiting said absorbing means and the saturated vapor temperature entering said condensing means is maintained below any desired value, including an arbitrarily small value, but not a zero value; thereby ensuring that the full potential of the latent-heat properties of the refrigerant is exploited within the limits imposed by said preselected value for the amount of superheat and said preselected value for the difference between the effective condensing area and the available condensing area of said condensing surfaces. - View Dependent Claims (111, 112)
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Specification