Gas discharge lamp control

• US 4,350,935 A
• Filed: 03/28/1980
• Issued: 09/21/1982
• Est. Priority Date: 03/28/1980
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Lutron Technology Company LLC
• Original Assignee: Lutron Electronics Company Incorporated (Lutron Electronics)
• Inventors: Spira, Joel S., Luchaco, David G., Capewell, Dennis
• Primary Examiner(s): LAROCHE, EUGENE
• Application Number:
  US06/135,091
• Time in Patent Office: 907 Days
• Field of Search: 315/208, 315/287, 315/291, 315/307, 315/311, 315/DIG. 4, 315/DIG. 5, 315/DIG. 7, 315/201, 315/207, 315/210, 315/226, 315/241 R, 315/250, 315/294, 315/297 , 315/312, 315/313, 315/324
• US Class Current: 315/291
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 41/3924 by phase control, e.g. using a triac H05B41/3922 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 315/04 Dimming circuit for fluorescent lamps

Abstract

The input energy to a gas discharge lamp is controlled over a given range to obtain output light regulation in a controlled fashion for different kinds of gas discharge lamps, including fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps and others associated with any type ballast, including conventional non-dimming type ballasts. A suitable circuit switches each half wave of an input a-c wave form from some instantaneous value greater than zero to a substantially zero value and then back to a value greater than zero one or more times in each half cycle. The time duration of the substantially zero energy interval is varied to vary the total energy applied to the gas discharge lamps. In a preferred embodiment, a first high speed electronic switch is connected in series with the a-c source and lamp ballast and a high speed electronic shunt switch is connected across the a-c line and ballast input. The series switch is opened to produce the zero energy interval. Simultaneously with the opening of the series switch, the shunt switch is closed to allow discharge of energy stored in the reactive components of the ballast into the lamp. When the series switch is reclosed, the shunt switch is simultaneously opened. Other embodiments are described which include the use of passive energy divertors in place of the shunt switches or across the series switch. Numerous protective circuits protect the control circuit, the lamp and ballast, and the a-c line.

Claims

1. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means having a high power factor connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least one non-conductive region;

said at least one non-conductive region disposed in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

said at least one region located between but not including adjacent zero magnitude crossovers of the voltage applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals; and

adjustment means for varying the duration of said non-conductive region and the ratio of non-conductive time to conductive time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp.

3. The control system of claim 1 wherein said wave shape has at least one further non-conductive region which includes at least one of the two zero magnitude crossovers associated with each half wave, whereby current does not flow through said circuit means during said at least one further non-conductive region.

16. The control system of claim 1 or 2 wherein said lamp is a fluorescent lamp.

17. The control system of claim 1, 2, 7 or 11 wherein said current has a single non-conductive region in each of said half waves.

18. The control system of claim 17 wherein said single non-conductive region hs the same duration and the same location in each of said half waves.

19. The control system of claim 17 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

20. The control system of claim 17 which includes adjustment means for varying the location of said non-conductive region within each of said half waves.

21. The control system of claim 20 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

22. The control system of claim 1, 2, 7 or 11 wherein said current has at least two non-conductive regions in each of said half waves.

23. The control system of claim 21 wherein said non-conductive regions have the same duration and location in each of said half waves.

24. The control system of claim 22 which includes adjustment means for varying the location of at least one of said non-conductive regions within each of said half waves.

25. The control system of claim 3, 4, 5 or 6 wherein said non-conductive regions have the same duration and location in each of said half waves.

26. The control system of claim 3, 4, 5 or 6 which includes adjustment means for varying the location of at least one of said non-conductive regions within each of said half waves.

27. The control system of claim 26 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

28. The control system of claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 11 which includes more than two non-conductive regions in each of said half waves.

29. The control system of claim 28 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

31. The control system of claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 11 which includes a multiplicity of said non-conductive regions in each of said half waves.

32. The control system of claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 11 wherein said circuit means includes a controllably conductive device connected in series with said control circuit input a-c terminals and said control circuit output a-c terminals.

33. The control system of claim 32 wherein said controllably conductive device is open during any non-conductive region and closed at all other times.

34. The control system of claim 33 which further includes bypass switching means connected in parallel with said circuit means and between said control circuit input a-c terminals and said control circuit output a-c terminals and second circuit means for operating said bypass switching means responsive to predetermined circuit conditions.

35. The control system of claim 33 which further includes input capacitor means connected to said control circuit input a-c terminals to absorb transient voltage pulses including those generated by said circuit means.

36. The control system of claim 32 which further includes input capacitor means connected to said control circuit input a-c terminals to absorb transient voltage pulses including those generated by said circuit means.

37. The control system of claim 32 which further includes bypass switching means connected in parallel with said circuit means and between said control circuit input a-c terminals and said control circuit output a-c terminals and second circuit means for operating said bypass switching means responsive to predetermined circuit conditions.

38. The control system of claim 32 which further includes voltage responsive means connected to said control circuit input a-c terminals, and connection means connecting said voltage responsive means to said controllably conductive device for controllably varying the conduction of said device in accordance with a predetermined pattern.

39. The control system of claim 3, 4, 5 or 6 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

81. The control system of claim 1 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

2. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least one non-conductive region;

said at least one non-conductive region disposed in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

said at least one region located between but not including adjacent zero magnitude crossovers of the voltage applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals;

adjustment means for varying the duration of said non-conductive region and the ratio of non-conductive time to conductive time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp; and

energy divertor means connected in closed series with said circuit means.

4. The control system of claim 2 wherein said wave shape has at least one further non-conductive region which includes at least one of the zero magnitude crossovers associated with each half wave, whereby current does not flow through said circuit means during said at least one further non-conductive region.

8. The control system of claim 2, 4 or 6 wherein said energy divertor means is connected directly across said a-c ballast input terminals.

9. The control system of claim 2, 4 or 6 wherein said energy divertor means is connected directly across said circuit means.

13. The control system of claim 2, 4, 6 or 7 wherein said energy divertor means is a passive element.

15. The control system of claim 13 wherein said passive element is a capacitor.

30. The control system of claim 2, 4, 6 or 7 which includes multiplicity of said non-conductive regions in each of said half waves;

said energy divertor comprising a capacitor.

5. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means having a high power factor connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least two non-conductive regions in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

said at least two non-conductive regions including both zero magnitude crossovers of each half cycle of the voltage applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals; and

adjustment means for varying the duration of at least one of said two non-conductive regions and the ratio of non-conduction time to conduction time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp.

6. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least two non-conductive regions in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

said at least two non-conductive regions including both zero magnitude crossovers of each half cycle of the voltage applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals;

adjustment means for varying the duration of at least one of said two non-conductive regions and the ratio of non-conduction time to conduction time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp;

and energy divertor means connected in closed series with said circuit means.

7. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least one non-conductive region;

said at least one non-conductive region disposed in each of the half waves of the said a-c wave shape;

adjustment means for varying the duration of said non-conductive region and the ratio of non-conductive time to conductive time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp;

and energy divertor means connected directly across said cicuit means.

10. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least one non-conductive region;

said at least one non-conductive region disposed in each of the half waves of the said a-c wave shape;

said a-c wave shape having a phase control configuration;

adjustment means for varying the duration of said non-conductive region and the ratio of non-conductive time to conductive time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp; and

an energy divertor means connected across said a-c ballast means.

12. The control system of claim 2, 4, 6 or 10 wherein said energy divertor means includes a passive element selected from the group consisting of capacitors, inductors, resistors and two terminal semiconductor devices.

14. The control system of claim 2, 4, 7 or 10 wherein said energy divertor means is a switch.

11. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least one non-conductive region;

said at least one non-conductive region disposed in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

adjustment means for varying the duration of said non-conductive region and the ratio of non-conductive time to conductive time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp;

and switching means connected directly across said a-c ballast input terminals.

40. An illumination control circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp comprising:

an a-c ballast connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a pair of a-c source terminals for connection to an a-c line;

a first controllably conductive switching device connected in series between said a-c source terminals and said a-c ballast input terminals;

first control means for switching said first controllably conductive switching device on and off to permit energy transfer from said a-c source terminals to said a-c ballast input terminals only when said first controllably conductive switching device is on, and producing at least one off region during each half cycle at a point in said half cycle between, but not including, its zero crossover regions;

a second controllably conductive switching device connected across said a-c ballast input terminals;

second control means for switching said second controllably conductive switching device on and off when said first controllably conductive device is off and on respectively;

and adjustment means for adjusting the duration of each of said off regions to produce dimming of the output of a lamp.

41. The circuit of claim 40 wherein said first switching device has only a single off operation during each half cycle.

42. The circuit of claim 40 wherein said first switching device comprises a high power transistor and a single phase, full wave, bridge-connected rectifier circuit;

the emitter and collector terminals of said transistor connected to the d-c terminals of said bridge circuit;

the a-c terminals of said bridge circuit connected in series with said a-c source terminals and said a-c ballast input terminals.

43. The circuit of claim 40 which includes normally closed relay means in parallel with said first switching device and time delay means for opening said relay means a predetermined time after rated a-c voltage appears at said a-c source terminals.

44. The circuit of claim 43 wherein all off regions for said first switching device occur at identical angles in each half cycle and have identical durations.

45. The circuit of claim 40 or 41 wherein said off region in each of said off periods begins at the same angle and ends at a variable angle in each half cycle.

46. The circuit of claim 40 or 42 wherein said second switching device includes first and second oppositely poled thyristors;

said second control means including gate drive circuits connected directly to said a-c source terminals to operate in proper sequence.

49. The circuit of claim 40 or 47 which further includes an input capacitor connected across said a-c source terminals to absorb voltage surges produced by the operation of said first switching device.

50. The circuit of claim 40 or 47 which further includes power supply means for providing operating power for said first control means;

said power supply means including a full wave rectifier having a-c terminals connected to respective terminals of said a-c source terminals and providing symmetry for operating said first switching device on positive and negative half cycles.

51. The circuit of claim 40 or 47 wherein said first control circuit includes fixed timing circuit means for producing an output signal at the end of a first time following any zero crossover of the voltage of said a-c source terminals and variable timing circuit means producing an output for a variable time following the end of said first time connected to said first switching device and applying a signal to said first switching device for said variable time to turn said first switching device off for said variable time;

and input control signal means connected to said variable timing circuit means.

52. The circuit of claim 51 which further includes power supply means for providing operating power for said first control means;

said power supply means including a full wave rectifier having a-c terminals connected to respective terminals of said a-c source terminals and providing symmetry for operating said first switching device on positive and negative half cycles;

said full wave rectifier connected to and operating said fixed timing circuit means.

53. The circuit of claim 52 wherein said fixed and variable time delay circuit means each comprise one-shot circuits.

54. The circuit of claim 40, 43 or 47 which further includes a-c line voltage monitor means connected to said a-c source terminals and cutoff circuit means connected thereto and connected to said first switching device;

said line voltage monitor means producing an output signal to operate said cutoff circuit means when the voltage at said a-c source terminals varies beyond predetermined limits for a fixed given time;

said cutoff circuit means thereafter preventing the closing of said first switching device for a second given time longer than said first given time.

55. The circuit of claim 54 which includes normally closed relay means in parallel with said first switching device and time delay means for opening said relay means a predetermined time after rated a-c voltage appears at said a-c source terminals;

said voltage monitor means further connected to said relay means and closing said relay means when said voltage varies beyond said predetermined limits.

47. An illumination control circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp comprising:

an a-c ballast connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a pair of a-c source terminals for connection to an a-c line;

a first controllably conductive switching device connected in series between said a-c source terminals and said a-c ballast input terminals;

first control means for switching said first controllably conductive switching device on and off to permit energy transfer from said a-c source terminals to said a-c ballast input terminals only when said first controllably conductive switching device is on, and producing at least one off region during each half cycle at a point in said half cycle between, but not including, its zero crossover regions;

a second controllably conductive switching device connected across said a-c ballast input terminals;

second control means for switching said second controllably conductive switching device on and off when said first controllably conductive device is off and on respectively; and

normally closed relay means in parallel with said first switching device and time delay means for opening said relay means a predetermined time after rated a-c voltage appears at said a-c source terminals.

48. The circuit of claim 47 wherein the durations of each of said off regions are adjustable to produce dimming of the output of said lamp.

56. A gas discharge lamp lighting system comprising, in combination:

a plurality of separate groups of gas discharge lamps and ballasts therefor;

a main power source for energizing each of said plurality of groups;

a control circuit for modifying the power applied to said plurality of said groups;

first circuit means for each of said groups connecting its respective group to said main power source through said control circuit;

each of said first circuit means including a respective first switching means;

second circuit means for each of said groups coupling its respective group to said main power source in a manner whereby the total power applied to its said group is unaffected by a power reduction due to any given state of said control circuits;

each of said second circuit means including a respective second switching means;

said second circuit means being operable before said first circuit means to effect initial connection of their respective group of said plurality of groups to power from said power source, whereby said group will be initially operated by said power source and unaffected by the power regulation due to said control circuit, and whereby said first switching means of each of said groups is operated after said lamps have reached a desired operating temperature.

57. The lighting system of claim 56 which further includes time delay means coupling each of said first and second switching means of each of said groups to one another;

said time delay means being operable to automatically close said first switching means a given time after the closing of said second switching means.

58. The lighting system of claim 56 or 57 wherein said second switching means is a local manually operable switch.

59. A gas discharge lamp lighting system comprising, in combination:

a plurality of separate groups of gas discharge lamps and ballasts therefor;

a main power source for energizing each of said plurality of groups;

a control circuit for modifying the power applied to said plurality of said groups;

first circuit means for each of said groups connecting its respective group to said main power source through said control circuit;

each of said first circuit means including a respective first switching means;

second circuit means including respective voltage step-up means for each of said groups coupling its respective group to said main power source through said control circuit in a manner whereby the voltage applied to its said group is increased;

each of said second circuit means including a respective second switching means operable to energize said step-up means;

said second circuit means being operable before said first circuit means to effect initial connection of their respective group of said plurality of groups to power from said power source through said voltage step-up means and said control circuit, whereby said group will be initially operated from an increased voltage, and whereby said first switching means of each of said groups is operated after said lamps have reached a desired operating temperature.

60. The system of claim 59 wherein said voltage step-up means is a voltage transformer.

61. The lighting system of claim 59 which further includes time delay means coupling each of said first and second switching means of each of said groups to one another;

said time delay means being operable to automatically close said first switching means a given time after the closing of said second switching means.

62. The lighting system of claim 59 or 61 wherein said second switching means is a local manually operable switch.

63. A gas discharge lamp lighting system comprising, in combination:

a plurality of separate groups of gas discharge lamps and ballasts therefor;

a main power source for energizing each of said plurality of groups;

a control circuit for modifying the power applied to said plurality of said groups;

first circuit means for each of said groups connecting its respective group to said main power source through said control circuit;

each of said first circuit means including a respective first switching means;

second circuit means including an energy storage means for each of said groups coupling its respective group to said main power source through said control circuit in a manner whereby the voltage wave shape applied to its said group is modified to be relatively unaffected by power reduction due to any given state of said control circuit;

each of said second circuit means including a respective second switching means operable to connect said energy storage means;

said second circuit means being operable before said first circuit means to effect initial connection of their respective group of said plurality of groups to power from said power source, through said control circuit and said energy storage means, whereby said group will be initially relatively unaffected by the power regulation due to said control circuit, and whereby said first switching means of each of said groups is operated after said lamps have reached a desired operating temperature.

64. The system of claim 63 wherein said energy storage means is a capacitor.

65. The lighting system of claim 63 which further includes time delay means coupling each of said first and second switching means of each of said groups to one another;

said time delay means being operable to automatically close said first switching means a given time after the closing of said second switching means.

66. The lighting system of claim 63 or 65 wherein said second switching means is a local manually operable switch.

67. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least one non-conductive region;

said at least one non-conductive region disposed in each of the half-waves of the said a-c wave shape; and

adjustment means for varying the duration of said non-conductive region and the ratio of non-conductive time to conductive time during any half-cycle in order to control the intensity of the illumination output of said gas discharge lamp.

68. The control system of claim 67 wherein said current has at least two non-conductive regions in each of said half waves;

and adjustment means for varying the location of at least one of said non-conductive regions within each of said half waves.

69. The control system of claim 68 which further includes energy divertor means connected directly across said circuit means.

70. The control system of claim 69 wherein said at least one region is located between but not including adjacent zero magnitude crossovers of the voltages applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals.

71. The control system of claim 68 wherein said a-c ballast has a high power factor, and wherein said at least one region is located between but not including adjacent zero magnitude crossovers of the voltages applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals.

72. The control system of claim 68 which further includes switching means connected directly across said a-c ballast input terminals.

73. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has a single non-conductive region;

said single non-conductive region disposed in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

energy divertor means connected directly across said circuit means; and

adjustment means for varying the location of said non-conductive region within each of said half waves.

74. The control system of claim 73 which further includes energy divertor means connected directly across said circuit means.

75. The control system of claim 74 wherein said at least one region is located between but not including adjacent zero magnitude crossovers of the voltages applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals.

76. The control system of claim 73 wherein said a-c ballast has a high power factor, and wherein said at least one region is located between but not including adjacent zero magnitude crossovers of the voltages applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals.

77. The control system of claim 73 which further includes switching means connected directly across said a-c ballast input terminals.

78. The control system of claim 75 or 76 wherein said wave shape has at least one further non-conductive region which includes at least one of the two zero magnitude crossovers associated with each half wave, whereby current does not flow through said circuit means during said at least one further non-conductive region.

79. The control system of claim 78 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

80. The control system of claim 73, 74, 75, 76 or 77 which further includes rate-of-change control means to cause the rate of change of said adjustment means not to exceed a suitable value.

82. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means having a high power factor connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least two non-conductive regions in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

said at least two non-conductive regions including both zero magnitude crossovers of each half cycle of the voltage applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals; and

adjustment means for varying the location of at least one of said non-conductive regions within each of said half waves.

83. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least two non-conductive regions in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

said at least two non-conductive regions including both zero magnitude crossovers of each half cycle of the voltage applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals;

energy divertor means connected in closed series with said circuit means; and

adjustment means for varying the location of at least one of said non-conductive regions within each of said half waves.

84. An illumination control system comprising:

a gas discharge lamp;

an a-c ballast means connected to said lamp and having a-c ballast input terminals;

85. a control circuit having input a-c terminals and output a-c terminals;

said output a-c terminals connected to said a-c ballast input terminals;

said control circuit including circuit means for modifying the a-c wave shape of the voltage applied to said a-c ballast input terminals, whereby the current through said circuit means has at least one non-conductive region;

said at least one non-conductive region disposed in each of the half waves of said a-c wave shape;

said at least one region located between but not including adjacent zero magnitude crossovers of the voltage applied to said control circuit input a-c terminals;

energy divertor means connected in closed series with said circuit means;

said energy divertor means including a capacitor.