Radiographic systems employing multi-linear arrays of electronic radiation detectors

• US 4,383,327 A
• Filed: 12/01/1980
• Issued: 05/10/1983
• Est. Priority Date: 12/01/1980
• Status: Expired

• Current Assignee: University of Utah Research Foundation (State of Utah)
• Original Assignee: University of Utah (State of Utah)
• Inventors: Kruger, Robert A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Anderson, Bruce C.
• Application Number:
  US06/211,792
• Time in Patent Office: 890 Days
• Field of Search: 250/445 T, 250/416 TU, 358/111, 378/19, 378/99, 378/22
• US Class Current: 378/19
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/06 Diaphragms
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 23/04 and forming images of the material
• CPC Class Codes: H05G 1/60 Circuit arrangements for obtaining a series of X-ray photographs or for X-ray cinematography

Abstract

A scanning radiographic system employing a multi-linear array. The system includes a source of electronic radiation, which is focused upon the multi-linear array. The multi-linear array includes radiation sensors each of which is adapted to generate an intensity signal as a function of the amount of radiation sensed thereby. Each sensor has associated therewith a means for holding or storing its respective intensity signals. The intensity signals thus held may be continually up-dated to reflect subsequent intensity signals resulting from additional radiation sensed by the respective sensors. An opaque object to be scanned by the radiographic system passes through the beam of radiation in a controlled fashion. This controlled motion is synchronized and coordinated with the shifting of the up-dated intensity signals so that the speed and course of travel of a particular up-dated intensity signal through the holding means of a given group of said sensors is optically aligned with the speed and course of travel of the radiation passing through a given area of the opaque specimen. In this fashion, there is generated one up-dated intensity signal corresponding to a given area of the opaque specimen. These up-dated intensity signals are then collected and processed by a suitable visual system.

Claims

1. A radiographic system for generating a radiograph-type image of an opaque specimen comprising:

means for generating a beam of radiation;

an array of sensors aligned with said beam comprising;

a plurality of sensors, each adapted to sense and signal the intensity of any radiation falling thereon,

signal connection means for connecting said sensors of said array in columns, said signal connection means being adapted to allow signals from each of said sensors of a given column to be shifted to an adjacent sensor of said given column in response to a shift control signal, and

data output means for outputting signals from said columns in response to an output control signal;

image display means responsive to said outputted signals from said data output means for producing an image representative of said outputted signals;

motion means for transversing said beam of radiation with said opaque specimen in a direction that is substantially parallel with said columns of said sensors; and

synchronization means for generating said shift control and output control signals and synchronizing them with the relative motion between said opaque specimen and said beam of radiation, whereby said opaque specimen passes through said beam of radiation at substantially the same rate as said signals of said sensors are shifted along said columns of sensors of said planar array.

2. A radiographic system as defined in claim 1 wherein said data output means comprises a shift register having a plurality of elements adapted to shift a signal from one element of said register to an adjacent element of said register in response to said output control signal, an end element of said register having an output port through which said signals may be serially outputted to said image display means, and each element of said register havinig an input port coupled to an end sensor of a respective column of said sensors, whereby said signals being shifted through said columns in response to said shift control signal may be loaded in parallel into said shift register.

3. A radiographic system as defined in claim 2 wherein said output control signal operates at a substantially faster rate than said shift control signal, whereby said shift register, in response to said output control signal, may be completely emptied in serial fashion before being reloaded in parallel in response to said shift control signal.

4. A radiographic system as defined in claim 3 wherein the frequency of said output control signal is at least n×

f, where f is the frequency of said shift control signal and n is the number of elements in said shift register.

5. A radiographic system as defined in claim 3 wherein said motion means comprises:

a holding surface onto which said opaque specimen may be placed, said holding surface being adapted to allow said radiation to pass therethrough;

drive means for moving said holding surface through said beam.

6. A radiographic system as defined in claim 5 further including lens means for focusing said beam of radiation onto said array after said beam has passed through said holding surface and opaque specimen.

7. A radiographic system as defined in claim 6 further including image intensifier means for collecting and intensifying said beam of radiation after said beam has passed through said holding surface.

8. A radiographic system as defined in claim 5 wherein said image display means comprises:

an image data processor for buffering and processing the outputted signals received from said data output means;

image storage means coupled to said image data processor for storing said buffered and processed signals; and

an image display coupled to said image data processor for receiving said buffered and processed signals and converting them to an image representative of said buffered and processed signals.

9. A radiographic system as defined in claim 8 wherein said image display comprises a cathode-ray tube.

10. A radiographic system as defined in claim 5 wherein said array comprises a two dimensional charge coupled device, wherein each of said sensors comprises a photodetector, each of said photodetectors being adapted to generate an electrical charge proportional to the intensity of the radiation falling thereon, said two dimensional charge coupled device including:

a first group of charge transfer gates connecting different groups of said photodetectors in series in a first dimension so as to form a plurality of photodetector columns, said first group of charge transfer gates comprising said signal connection means and being adapted to allow the electrical charges generated by said photodetectors to be serially shifted through said photodetector columns in response to said shift control signal; and

a second group of charge transfer gates connecting an upper end of said photodetector columns in a second dimension so as to form a charge transport row, said charge transfer row comprising said data output means and being adapted to allow electrical charges from said photodetector columns to enter thereinto in parallel and be serially shifted thereacross in response to said output control signal.

11. A radiographic system as defined in claim 10 wherein said data output means further includes an output gate connected in series with said charge transport row, said output gate being responsive to said output control signal and being adapted to interface said charge transport row with said image display means, whereby the electrical charges being shifted across said charge transport row may be serially passed through to said image display means.

12. A method for producing a radiograph-type image of an opaque specimen having increased resolution and imaging speed, comprising the steps of:

(a) constructing a multi-linear array having a plurality of radiation sensors arranged in columns and rows thereon, each of said sensors being adapted to generate an intensity signal proportional to the intensity of the radiation sensed thereby, and each of said sensors having a storage element connected thereto;

(b) aligning a beam of radiation with said multi-linear array;

(c) storing said intensity signals of each sensor in its respective storage element;

(d) shifting the intensity signals stored in each of said storage elements to a different storage element at controlled time intervals, said adjacent storage element being connected to a radiation sensor that is adjacent to the radiation sensor having the storage element from where the intensity signals are shifted;

(e) augmenting the intensity signals of said storage elements after the shifting of step (d) in order to account for newly generated intensity signals received from the respective radiation sensors connected to each of said storage elements;

(f) creating relative motion between said opaque object and said array, said opaque object moving with respect to said array at a controlled speed;

(g) synchronizing the shifting of step (d) with the relative motion of step (f) so that the augmenting of step (e) is always based on intensity signals derived from sensed radiation passing through substantially the same small cross-sectional areas of said opaque object.

(h) repeating step (d), (e), (f), and (g) until the opaque object has passed completely through said beam of radiation,

(i) processing the augmented signals to create a radiograph-type image, each of said augmented signals representing the accumulated radiation that has passed through a specific small cross-sectional area of said opaque object during the time said opaque object was moving through said beam of radiation.

13. A method for producing a radiograph-type image as defined in claim 12 wherein step (a) of constructing a multi-linear array comprises constructing said array from a two dimensional charge coupled device.

14. A method as defined in claim 12 wherein step (f) of creating relative motion between said opaque object and said array comprises fixing said array and said beam of radiation and passing said opaque object therebetween.

15. A method as defined in claim 12 wherein step (f) of creating relative motion between said opaque object and said array comprises fixing said opaque object and moving said array therebelow and said beam of radiation thereabove.

16. A scanning radiographic system comprising:

a multi-linear array having a plurality of radiation sensors lying in a single plane and arranged in an ordered fashion, each of said sensors being adapted to generate an intensity signal proportional to the intensity of the radiation sensed thereby, said multi-linear array including;

holding means for holding the intensity signals generated by each of said radiation sensors, each of said holding means being adapted to up-date the intensity signal held therein with other newly generated intensity signals resulting from additional radiation sensed by its respective sensor,

first shifting means for serially shifting said up-dated signals through the holding means associated with defined groups of said sensors in response to a first clock signal, said defined groups of sensors comprising specified patterns of said radiation sensors, and

second shifting means for serially shifting said up-dated signals out of the holding means associated with at least one of the sensors of each of said defined groups of sensors in response to a second clock signal;

a clock source for generating said first and second clock signals;

placement means for placing an opaque specimen to be scanned by said radiographic system above said multi-linear array;

motion means for creating relative motion between said placement means and multi-linear array, said motion means being adapted to cause the relative motion thus created to follow a course substantially the same as said specified patterns;

a source of radiation placed above said placement means for directing a beam of radiation through said opaque specimen and onto said array; and

synchronization means for synchronizing said motion means with said first clock signal, whereby the speed and course of travel of a particular updated signal through the holding means of a given group of said sensors is optically aligned with the speed and course of travel of the radiation passing through the given area of said opaque specimen.

17. A scanning radiographic system as defined in claim 16 further including data processing means adapted to receive said up-dated signals from said second shifting means in response to said second clock signal.

18. A scanning radiographic system as defined in claim 17 wherein said data processing means includes

an image data processor to receive, process, and manipulate said up-dated signals;

and

an image display responsive to said processed and manipulated up-dated signals for displaying an image that is derived from said signals.

19. A scanning radiographic system as defined in claim 18 wherein said multi-linear array comprises a charge coupled device.

20. A scanning radiographic system as defined in claim 19 wherein said radiation sensors are arranged in tightly compacted columns and rows lying on the plane of said array.

21. A scanning radiographic system as defined in claim 20 wherein said first shifting means includes a plurality of vertical shift registers, each of said vertical shift registers being coupled to a respective column of said radiation sensors.

22. A scanning radiographic system as defined in claim 21 wherein said second shifting means comprises a horizontal shift register coupled to one end of said plurality of vertical shift registers.