Asynchronous interface message transmission using source and receive devices

• US 4,451,898 A
• Filed: 11/09/1981
• Issued: 05/29/1984
• Est. Priority Date: 11/09/1981
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Agilent Technologies, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Hewlett-Packard Company (HP Inc.)
• Inventors: Marriott, Joe E., Heger, Thomas J., Palermo, David W., Ricci, David W.
• Primary Examiner(s): Springborn, Harvey E.
• Application Number:
  US06/319,559
• Time in Patent Office: 932 Days
• Field of Search: 364/200 MS File, 364/900 MS File, 370/54, 370/90, 370/94, 340/825.05
• US Class Current: 710/29
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 13/42 Bus transfer protocol, e.g. handshake; Synchronisation
• CPC Class Codes: G11C 11/419 Read-write [R-W] circuits

Abstract

An asynchronous interface enables the transfer of information between a set of devices operating in a loop and having a wide range of operating speeds. Each device can enter a Controller active state in which it sources command frames to control the loop operation. Each device can also enter a Talker active state in which it sources Data frames on a Listener active state in which it received Data frames. The transfer of frames is coordinated by a set of handshakes which enable the frames to be transferred in an asynchronous manner.

Claims

1. A process of transferring message frames of at least a first type and a second type in a linear interface of the type in which at least one receiver is connected to a source in a linear configuration, in which the source has an output port connected to an input port of a first receiver, in which any other receivers each has an input port connected to an output port of a preceeding receiver in the configuration so that message frames pass from the source along the linear interface to a last receiver, said process comprising the steps of:

transmitting a message frame from the source to the first receiver;

each receiver other than the last one passing the message frame on to its succeeding receiver in the linear configuration;

when the first receiver is ready to accept another message frame, transmitting a Ready signal in the direction from the first receiver toward the last receiver;

at each receiver other than the first and last ones, when that receiver is ready to accept another message frame and has also received a Ready signal from the preceding receiver in the linear configuration, transmitting a Ready signal to its succeeding receiver in the linear configuration; and

controlling the source to transmit a succeeding message frame only if the last receiver has received a Ready signal and is ready itself to receive another message frame, thereby transmitting said succeeding message frame only when all receivers are ready to accept another message frame.

2. A process as in claim 1 wherein the message frames include a first type which is typically of interest only to a small number of receivers, said process further comprising the steps of:

testing the message frame upon reception by each receiver to determine whether it is of the first type; and

if it is, then performing the step of passing it on only when said receiver is ready to accept another message frame whereby the first type of message frame itself is the Ready signal for each receiver.

3. A process as in claim 2 wherein at least one receiver can assume a listener active state or a listener inactive state, wherein receivers in the listener active state respond to each message frame of the first type before performing the step of passing it on and wherein receivers in the listener inactive state promptly perform the step of passing the message frame on upon reception without responding to it.

4. A process as recited in claim 1 wherein the types of message frames include a second type which is typically of interest to a greater number of receivers than the first type of message frame, said process further comprising the steps of:

testing the message frame upon reception by each receiver to determine whether the message frame is of the second type; and

if it is, then saving a copy of the message frame and promptly performing the step of passing it on.

5. A process as in claim 4 further comprising, after the step of tranmitting a second type of message frame from the source, the step of transmitting a Ready signal from the source to the first receiver, said first receiver transmitting a Ready signal only when it is ready for another message frame and has received the Ready signal transmitted by the source.

6. A process as recited in claim 1 wherein said message frames and receivers can be assigned addresses, said process further comprising the step of:

each receiver comparing the address of a message frame to its own address; and

responding to the message frame only if there is a match between these addresses.

7. A process as in claim 6 wherein addresses are assigned to the receivers by the steps of:

transmitting an Auto Address message frame from the source, said Auto Address message frame containing an address and each receiver other than the last;

upon reception of the Auto Address message frame and in response to the address in said Auto Address message frame, assigning to said receiver an address to which it will respond;

incrementing the address in the Auto Address message frame;

transmitting the incremented Auto Address message frame to the succeding receiver in the configuration; and

upon reception of the incremented Auto Address message frame by the last receiver and in response to the address in said Auto Address message frame assigning to the last receiver an address to which it will respond.

8. A process as in claim 6 wherein the message frames include a universal type of message frame to wbich all receivers respond regardless of the address or state of each receiver.

9. A process as in claim 8 wherein each receiver can assume a listener active state or a listener inactive state, wherein receivers in the listener active state respond to each mdssage frame of the first type before performing the step of retransmitting it and wherein receivers in the listener inactive state promptly perform the step of retransmitting each message frame of the first type upon reception without responding to it, said process further comprising the steps of:

passing from the source to all of the receivers an Unlisten universal message frame to which each receiver responds by entering the listener inactive state;

passing from the source to all of the receivers at least one Listen addressed message frame to which only those receivers having their address matching the address of at least one of these message frames respond by entering the listener active state.

10. A process as in claim 6 wherein at least one receiver can assume a talker active state or a talker inactive state wherein receivers in a talker inactive state do not function as a source for message frames and a receiver in the talker active state can function as a source of message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

passing from the source to all of the receivers a Talk addressed message frame to which only the receiver whose address matches the address of this message frame responds by entering the talker active state;

transmitting from the source a Start of Transmission message frame to inform the receiver which has just entered the talker active state that it is to take over as the source of message frames, the source also entering the talker inactive state;

each receiver which receives the Start of Transmission message frame and is in a talker inactive state, retransmitting the Start of Transmission message frame to pass the Start of Transmission message frame to its succeeding receiver in the configuration;

the receiver which is in the talker active state, responding to the Start of Transmission message frame by taking over the role as the sorce of message frames.

11. A process as in claim 10 wherein at least one receiver can assume a controller active state or a controller inactive state, wherein receivers in a controller inactive state do not function as a source of command message frames and wherein a receiver in the talker active state can function as a source of command message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

passing from the source to all of the receivers a Talk addressed message frame to which only the receiver whose address matches the address of this message frame responds by entering a talker active state;

transmitting from the source a Take Control ready message frame to inform the receiver which has just entered the talker active state that it is to enter the controller active state and take over as the source of message frames;

each receiver which recdives the Take Control ready message frame and is in a talker inactive state, retransmitting the Take Control ready message frame to pass it to its succeeding receiver in the configuration;

the receiver which is in the talker active state, responding to the Take Control ready message frame by entering the controller active state and taking over as the source of message frames.

12. A process as in claim 11 wherein a different receiver is in the controller active state than is in the talker active state and in which the talker active receiver is functioning as the source of message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

after transmission of all of the data message frames to be transmitted by the talker active receiver, transmitting an End of Transmission message frame from the talker active receiver to inform the controller active receiver that data transmission has been completed and the controller active receiver is to resume the function as the source of message frames;

each receiver other than the controller, retransmitting the End of Transmission message frame to pass it on to the controller active receiver; and

the controller active receiver in response to the End of Transmission message frame, resuming the function as the source of message frames.

13. A process as in claim 11 wherein a different receiver is in the controller active state than is in the talker active state and in which the talker active receiver is functioning as the source of message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

when the controller active receiver wants to take back the function of being the source of message frames, then upon receipt of the next message frame from the talker active receiver, temporarily saving that message frame and in its place transmitting a Not Ready For Data message frame;

passing the Not Ready For Data message frame to the talker active receiver to inform it that it is to cease initiating message frames;

passing the Not Ready For Data message frame from the talker active receiver on to the controller active receiver;

passing from the controller active receiver to the talker active receiver the message frame which was temporarily saved;

transmitting from the talker active receiver an End of Transmission message frame and passing it along the configuration to the controller active receiver to inform the controller active receiver that it is to assume the function of initiating message frames; and

in response to the End of Transmission message frame, the controller active receiver assuming the function of being the source of message frames.

14. A process as in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

at system configuration, setting one of the devices in the configuration into a system controller state in which, even when it is not functioning as the source of message frames, it can initiate a special message frame called an Interface Clear message frame to retake control of the interface;

when the system controller active device is not the source of message frames and wants to retake control of the interface, transmitting an Interface Clear message frame;

each receiver other than the system controller, assuming an inactive state in which it will not function as the source of message frames and then passing the Interface Clear message frame on to its succeeding receiver in the interface so that it can pass around the interface to the system controller; and

upon reception of the Interface Clear message frame by the system controller, setting that device into an active state in which it serves as the source of message frames.

15. A process of transferring message frames of at least a first type and a second type in a loop interface of the type in which a plurality of receivers are connected to a source in a loop configuration, in which the source and all of the receivers each have an input port connected to an output port of a preceding device in the loop so that message frames transmitted by the source are passed around the loop to the source, said process comprising the steps of:

transmitting a message frame from the source;

each receiver passing the message frame on to its succeeding device in the loop;

transmitting from the source a Ready signal;

at each receiver, when that receiver is ready to accept another message frame and has also received a Ready signal from the preceding receiver in the linear configuration, transmitting a Ready signal to its succeeding device in the linear configuration; and

controlling the source to transmit a succeeding message frame only after it receives the Ready signal, thereby transmitting succeeding message frames only when all of the receivers on the loop are ready to receive another message frame.

16. A process as in claim 15 wherein the message frames include a first type which is typically of interest only to a small number of receivers, said process further comprising the steps of:

testing the message frame upon reception by each receiver to determine whether it is of the first type; and

if it is, then performing the step of passing it on only when said receiver is ready to accept another message frame whereby the first type of message frame itself is the Ready signal for each receiver.

17. A process as in claim 15 wherein at least one receiver can assume a listener active state or a listener inactive state, wherein receivers in the listener active state respond to each message frame of the first type before performing the step of passing it on and wherein receivers in the listener inactive state promptly perform the step of passing the message frame on upon reception without responding to it.

18. A process as recited in claim 15 wherein the types of message frames include a second type which is typically of interest to a greater number of receivers than the first type of message frame, said process further comprising the steps of:

testing the message frame upon reception by each receiver to determine whether the message frame is of the second type; and

if it is, then saving a copy of the message frame and promptly performing the step of passing it on.

19. A process as in claim 18 wherein, when the message frame transmitted by the source is of the second type, then the Ready signal is transmitted by the source only after receiving the message frame back at the source.

20. A process as recited in claim 15 wherein said message frames and receivers are assigned addresses, said process further comprising the step of:

each receiver comparing the address of a message frame to its own address; and

responding to the message frame only if there is a match between these addresses.

21. A process as in claim 20 wherein addresses are assigned to the receivers by the steps of:

transmitting an Auto Address message frame from the source, said Auto Address message frame containing an address and each receiver;

upon reception of the Auto Address message frame and in response to the address in said Auto Address message frame, assigning to said receiver an address to which it will respond;

incrementing the address in the Auto Address message frame; and

transmitting the incremented Auto Address message frame to the succeeding device in the loop.

22. A process as in claim 20 wherein the message frames include a universal type of message frame to which all receivers respond regardless of the address or state of each receiver.

23. A process as in claim 22 wherein each receiver can assume a listener active state or a listener inactive state, wherein receivers in the listener active state respond to each message frame of the first type before performing the step of retransmitting it and wherein receivers in the listener inactive state promptly perform the step of retransmitting each message frame of the first type upon reception without responding to it, said process further comprising the steps of:

passing from the source to all of the receivers an Unlisten universal message frame to which each receiver responds by entering the listener inactive state;

passing from the source to all of the receivers at least one Listen addressed message frame to which only those receivers having their address matching the address of at least one of these message frames respond by entering the listener active state.

24. A process as in claim 20 wherein at least one receiver can assume a talker active state or a talker inactive state, wherein receivers in a talker inactive state do not function as a source for message frames and wherein a receiver in the talker active state can function as a source of message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

passing from the source to all of the receivers a Talk addressed message frame to which only the receiver whose address matches the address of this message frame responds by entering the talker active state;

transmitting from the source a Start of Transmission message frame to inform the receiver which has just entered the talker active state that it is to take over as the source of message frames, the source also entering the talker inactive state;

each receiver which receives the Start of Transmission message frame and is in a talker inactive state, retransmitting the Start of Transmission message frame to pass the Start of Transmission message frame to its succeeding receiver in the configuration;

the receiver which is in the talker active state, responding to the Start of Transmission message frame by taking over the role as the source of message frames.

25. A process as in claim 24 wherein at least one receiver can assume a controller active state or a controller inactive state, wherein receivers in a controller inactive state do not function as a source of command message frames and wherein a receiver in the talker active state can function as a source of command message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

passing from the source to all of the receivers a Talk addressed message frame to which only the receiver whose address matches the address of this message frame responds by entering a talker active state;

transmitting from the source a Take Control ready message frame to inform the receiver which has just entered the talker active state that it is to enter the controller active state and take over as the source of message frames;

each receiver which receives the Take Control ready message frame and is in a talker inactive state, retransmitting the Take Control ready message frame to pass it to its succeeding device in the configuration;

the receiver which is in the talker active state, responding to the Take Control ready message frame by entering the controller active state and taking over as the source of message frames.

26. A process as in claim 25 wherein a different receiver is in the controller active state than is in the talker active state and in which the talker active receiver is functioning as the source of message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

after transmission of all of the data message frames to be transmitted by the talker active receiver, transmitting an End of Transmission message frame from the talker active receiver to inform the controller active receiver that data transmission has been completed and the controller active receiver is to resume the function as the source of message frames;

each receiver other than the controller, retransmitting the End of Transmission message frame to pass it on to the controller active receiver; and

the controller active receiver in response to the End of Transmission message frame, resuming the function as the source of message frames.

27. A process as in claim 25 wherein a different receiver is in the controller active state than is in the talker active state and in which the talker active receiver is functioning as the source of message frames, said process further comprising the steps of:

when the controller active receiver wants to take back the function of being the source of message frames, then upon receipt of the next message frame from the talker active receiver, temporarily saving that message frame and in its place transmitting a Not Ready For Data message frame;

passing the Not Ready For Data message frame to the talker active receiver to inform it that it is to cease initiating message frames;

passing the Not Ready For Data message frame from the talker active receiver on to the controller active receiver;

passing from the controller active receiver to the talker active receiver the message frame which was temporarily saved;

transmitting from the talker active receiver an End of Transmission message frame and passing it around the loop to the controller active receiver to inform the controller active receiver that it is to assume the function of initiating message frames; and

in response to the End of Transmission message frame, the controller active receiver assuming the function of being the source of message frames.

28. A process as in claim 15 further comprising the steps of:

at system configuration, setting one of the devices in the configuration into a system controller state in which, even when it is not functioning as the source of message frames, it can initiate a special message frame called an Interface Clear message frame to retake control of the loop;

when the system controller active device is not the source of message frames and wants to retake control of the loop, transmitting an Interface Clear message frame;

each receiver other than the system controller, assuming an inactive state in which it will not function as the source of message frames and then passing the Interface Clear message frame on to its succeeding receiver in the loop so that it can pass around the loop to the system controller; and

upon reception of the Interface Clear message frame by the system controller, setting that device into an active state in which it serves as the source of message frames.

29. A process as recited in claim 15 wherein the message frame in an Identify message frame which requires no response by any of the devices other than retransmission to the next receiver in the loop, said process further comprising the step of:

testing the message frame upon reception by each receiver to determine if it is the Identify message frame and if it is then immediately performing the step of retransmitting it thereby enabling the source to rapidly determine whether the loop is intact by rapidly passing the Identify message frame around the loop.

30. A process as in claim 29 wherein the Identify message frame has a set of parallel poll bits each of which can be set to its complementary value without changing the status of the message frame as an Identify message frame, said process further comprising the steps of:

before transmitting the Identify message frame from the source, assigning each receiver in a set of selected receivers to an associated one of said parallel poll bits;

upon reception of the Identify message frame by any receiver which has been assigned to a bit and also requires servicing, setting its associated bit to the value which is complementary to the initial value at the time of transmission by the source; and

upon reception of the Identify message frame by the source, determining which parallel poll bits have been altered whereby the source determines if any device servicing is requested and in addition determines that the devices requiring service are within the set of devices associated with those bits which have been altered.

31. A process as in claim 15 further comprising the steps of:

keeping in the source a temporary copy of a message frame transmitted by the source; and

upon receipt of the message frame by the source, comparing with this copy the next message frame received by the source and if this next message frame is not identical to the copy, then producing an error indication.

32. A process as recited in claim 15 wherein one of the receivers is in a controller active state in which it is responsible for controlling the operation of the loop and wherein a service request bit in a message frame can be altered by a receiver requiring service to signal the controller active device that it requires service, said process further comprising the steps of:

in any receiver needing service, before retransmitting a message frame to pass it on, altering the service request bit; and

checking the service request bit by the controller active receiver to see if any other receivers require service.

33. A process as in claim 15 wherein the message frames are transmitted in a bit serial format in which each message frame comprises a consecutive sequence of bits the first of which is a specially coded sync bit which indicates the start of a message frame.