System and method for eliminating short circuit current paths in photovoltaic devices

• US 4,451,970 A
• Filed: 10/21/1982
• Issued: 06/05/1984
• Est. Priority Date: 10/21/1982
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: United Solar Systems Corp.
• Original Assignee: Energy Conversion Devices
• Inventors: Izu, Masatsugu, Cannella, Vincent D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Weisstuch, Aaron
• Application Number:
  US06/435,890
• Time in Patent Office: 593 Days
• Field of Search: 29/572, 29/574, 29/584, 136/258 AM, 136/290, 204/129.2, 204/129.55, 204/129.75, 156/627
• US Class Current: 438/12
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/52 Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/022466 made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/022475 composed of indium tin oxide [ITO]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/206 Particular processes or apparatus for continuous treatment of the devices, e.g. roll-to roll processes, multi-chamber deposition
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/208 Particular post-treatment of the devices, e.g. annealing, short-circuit elimination
• CPC Class Codes: H02S 50/10 Testing of PV devices, e.g. of PV modules or single PV cells testing of semiconductor devices during manufacturing H01L22/00
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/50 Photovoltaic [PV] energy
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 70/50 Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 136/29 Testing, calibrating, treating, e.g. aging

Abstract

Systems and methods for detecting and eliminating short circuit current paths through photovoltaic devices of the type including at least one semiconductor region overlying a substrate and a layer of conductive light transmissive material overlying the at least one semiconductor region are disclosed. The short circuit current paths which are eliminated extend through the at least one semiconductor region from the substrate to the layer of conductive light transmissive material. The resistivity of the short circuit current path is increased substantially at the interface between the conductive light transmissive material and the semiconductor region by isolating electrically the conductive light transmissive material from the short circuit current path.

The isolation can be provided by removing the transparent conductive material from electrical contact or connection with the short circuit current path. The isolation also can be provided by depositing a body of insulating material onto the semiconductor region over an area including a short circuit current path prior to the deposition of the conductive light transmissive material. Further, the short circuit current path can be detected and located by applying a voltage to discrete areas of the device through a conductive solution which path then can be eliminated as described above.

Claims

1. In a process of making a photovoltaic device of the type including a semiconductor region overlying an elongated conductive substrate and a layer of conductive light transmissive material overlying said semiconductor region, a method of eliminating a short circuit current path extending from said substrate through said semiconductor region to said conductive light transmissive material, comprising applying a thin layer of an electrolyte solution to said conductive light transmissive material in the area of said short circuit current path and passing a current through said short circuit current path and said electrolyte for removing said conductive light transmissive material from contact with said short circuit current path.

2. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein said step of passing said current through said short circuit current path includes applying a voltage potential between said electrolyte and said substrate.

3. A method as defined in claim 2 wherein said step of applying said voltage potential includes maintaining said electrolyte positive with respect to said substrate.

4. A method as defined in claim 3 wherein said electrolyte solution is one of an acid, salt, or alkaline solution.

5. A method as defined in claim 4 wherein said electrolyte solution is a dilute solution.

6. A method as defined in claim 1 further comprising depositing an insulating material onto said semiconductor region over the area in which said conductive light transmissive material has been removed.

7. In a process of making a photovoltaic device of the type including a semiconductor region overlying a conductive surface of a substrate and a layer of conductive light transmissive material overlying said semiconductor region, a method of eliminating a short circuit current path extending from said conductive surface through said semiconductor region to said conductive light transmissive material, comprising the steps of locating said short circuit current path and thereafter increasing substantially the resistivity of said short circuit current path selectively at the interface between said conductive light transmissive material and said semiconductor region.

8. A method as defined in claim 7 wherein said step of increasing the resistivity of said path includes depositing an insulating material between said semiconductor body and said conductive light transmissive material in an area including said located short circuit current path.

9. A method as defined in claim 7 wherein said step of locating said short circuit current path includes applying a voltage potential between discrete areas of said semiconductor region and said substrate, and detecting when the current through said semiconductor region exceeds a predetermined limit.

10. A method as defined in claim 9 wherein said locating step further includes applying said voltage potential to said conductive light transmissive material through an electrolyte solution making discrete area surface contact therewith.

11. A method as defined in claim 9 wherein said locating step further includes applying said voltage potential to said semiconductor region through an electrolyte solution making discrete area surface contact therewith.

12. In a process of making photovoltaic devices of the type including at least one active semiconductor region overlying a conductive substrate and layer of conductive transparent material overlying said at least one active region, a method of eliminating short circuit current paths through said at least one active region to said layer of transparent conductive material, comprising the steps of:

detecting the location of said short circuit current paths; and

thereafter

isolating said short circuit current paths electrically from said transparent conduction material.

13. A process as defined in claim 12 wherein said step of electrically isolating said short circuit current paths includes the step of removing said conductive transparent material from electrical connection with said short circuit current paths.

14. A process as defined in claim 13 wherein said removing step includes etching said conductive transparent material.

15. A process as defined in claim 14 including the further step of applying an insulating material to the areas of the device where said transparent conductive material has been etched.

16. A process as defined in claim 13 including the further step of applying an insulating material to the areas of the device where said transparent conductive material is removed.

17. A process as defined in claim 12 wherein said detecting step includes applying a voltage between said conductive transparent material and said at least one active region, and sensing when the current through said device is above a predetermined limit.

18. A process as defined in claim 17 wherein said voltage is less than the forward conduction bias voltage of said device.

19. A process as defined in claim 17 wherein said voltage is applied in the direction of forward bias of said device.

20. A process as defined in claim 17 wherein said voltage is applied in the direction of reverse bias of said device.

21. A process as defined in claim 17 wherein said voltage is applied to said conductive transparent material through a conductive solution.

22. A process as defined in claim 21 wherein said solution is also an etching solution.

23. A process as defined in claim 22 wherein said etching solution is adapted to etch said conductive transparent material in the presence of an electrical current for removing said conductive transparent material from electrical connection with said short circuit current paths.

24. A process as defined in claim 23 wherein said solution is diluted hydrochloric acid.

25. In a process of making photovoltaic devices of the type including at least one active semiconductor region overlying a conductive substrate and a layer of conductive transparent material overlying said at least one active region, a method of eliminating short circuit current paths from said substrate, through said at least one active region, and to said layer of transparent conductive material comprising the steps of:

applying a voltage to said device between discrete areas of said substrate and said transparent conductive layer, said voltage being less than the forward conduction bias voltage of said device;

detecting when the current through the device is above a predetermined limit for locating the short circuit current paths through the device; and

removing the transparent conductive material from said at least one active region in the discrete areas corresponding to the detected short circuit current paths for electrically isolating said transparent conductive material from said short circuit current paths.

26. A process as defined in claim 25 wherein said voltage is applied to said transparent conductive material through a conductive solution making discrete area contact with said transparent conductive material.

27. A process as defined in claim 26 wherein said conductive solution is an etching solution capable of etching said transparent conductive material in the presence of a current for removing said transparent conductive material from said at least one active region in said discrete areas corresponding to said short circuit current paths.

28. A process as defined in claim 27 wherein said transparent conductive material comprises indium, tin, and oxygen, and wherein said etching solution is diluted hydrochloric acid.

29. A process as defined in claim 27 including the further step of applying an insulating material to said at least one active region in said discrete areas wherein said transparent conductive material has been etched.

30. A process as defined in claim 27 including the further steps of providing a plurality of sources of said etching solution, each said source making discrete area contact with said transparent conductive material, arranging said etching solution sources in side-by-side relation, and continuously advancing said device past said etching solution sources for continuously detecting and eliminating said short circuit current paths across the entire width and length of the device.

31. A process as defined in claim 30 further including the steps of providing a corresponding plurality of insulating material applicators, each said applicator corresponding to a respective given one of said etching solution sources, and actuating said applicators to apply an insulating material over the discrete areas etched by their corresponding etching solution sources.

32. A process as defined in claim 31 including the further step of removing residual etching solution from said device prior to applying said insulating material to said discrete areas.