Signal filter method and apparatus

• US 4,453,218 A
• Filed: 11/24/1980
• Issued: 06/05/1984
• Est. Priority Date: 11/24/1980
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Oximetrix, Inc. (Abbott Laboratories)
• Original Assignee: Oximetrix, Inc. (Abbott Laboratories)
• Inventors: Miller, Dean T., Goldring, Stanley D., Sperinde, Johnie M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Wise, Edward J.
• Application Number:
  US06/210,032
• Time in Patent Office: 1,289 Days
• Field of Search: 364/416, 364/417, 364/572, 364/574, 364/724, 356/41, 128/634, 128/696, 328/149, 328/167, 307/356, 307/360, 307/543, 307/556
• US Class Current: 600/331
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1459 invasive, e.g. introduced into the body by a catheter A61B5/1464 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7225 Details of analog processing, e.g. isolation amplifier, gain or sensitivity adjustment, filtering, baseline or drift compensation A61B5/30, A61B5/316 take precedence; transformers for specific applications H01F38/00; amplifiers H03F
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/274 Calibration, base line adjustment, drift correction
• CPC Class Codes: H03H 17/02 Frequency selective networks digital computers for complex mathematical operations G06F17/10
• CPC Class Codes: H03K 5/082 with an adaptive threshold

Abstract

A signal filter method and apparatus for removing portions of a signal indicative of erroneous data, an exemplary apparatus including means for receiving the signal, means for adjusting a threshold by increasing the threshold a first predetermined amount when the signal is in a predetermined relationship with the threshold and for decreasing the threshold a second predetermined amount when the signal is in a second predetermined relationship with the threshold, and means for comparing the signal with the adjusted threshold and for transmitting the signal if the signal bears a first predetermined relationship to the threshold. Disclosed herein are digital and analog implementations of the signal filter method and apparatus, particularly suited for use with catheter-type oximeter apparatus.

Claims

1. A method for filtering a signal including the steps of

receiving the signal,

generating a base line representation,

varying the base line representation by a predetermined amount to adjust the base line representation toward the signal,

determining a threshold representation related to the base line representation,

comparing the signal with the threshold representation,

transmitting the signal if the signal is less than the threshold representation, and

transmitting a predetermined output if the signal is greater than the threshold representation.

2. A method as in claim 1 wherein said step of varying a base line representation is performed at a predetermined rate.

3. A method for filtering a signal including the steps of

receiving the signal,

generating a base line representation,

comparing the signal to the base line representation,

increasing the base line representation by a first amount when the signal is greater than the base line representation,

decreasing the base line representation by a second amount proportional to the difference between the base line representation and the signal when the signal is less than the base line representation,

generating a threshold representation as a function of the base line representation,

comparing the signal to the threshold representation,

transmitting the signal if the signal is less than the threshold representation, and

transmitting a predetermined output if the signal is greater than the threshold representation.

4. An apparatus for filtering a signal comprising

means for receiving the signal,

base line means responsive to the received signal for generating a base line representation, said base line means including a circuit means for varying the base line representation by a predetermined amount to adjust the base line representation toward the signal,

threshold means responsive to the base line representation for generating a threshold representation as a function of the base line representation,

comparator means responsive to the received signal and to the threshold representation for comparing the signal to the threshold representation and for transmitting the signal if the signal is less than the threshold representation.

5. An apparatus as in claim 4 wherein the base line means further includes means for increasing the base line representation by a first predetermined amount when the signal is greater than the base line representation and for decreasing the base line representation by a second predetermined amount when the signal is less than the base line representation.

6. An apparatus as in claim 5 wherein said first predetermined amount is varied in accordance with the length of time that the signal is greater than the base line representation.

7. An apparatus for filtering a signal including

means for receiving the signal,

first means responsive to the received signal for generating a base line representation and for comparing the signal to the base line representation,

second means responsive to the first means for increasing the base line representation by a first predetermined amount when the signal exceeds the base line representation for less than a predetermined time period and for increasing the base line representation by a second predetermined amount when the signal exceeds the base line representation for longer than the predetermined time period,

third means responsive to the first means for decreasing the base line representation by a predetermined amount proportional to the difference between the base line representation and the signal when the signal is less than the base line representation,

fourth means responsive to the base line representation for determining a threshold representation as a function of the base line representation,

fifth means responsive to the received signal and to the threshold representation for comparing the signal to the threshold representation,

output means responsive to the received signal for providing an output of the signal when the signal is less than the threshold representation and for providing an output of a second signal when the first signal is greater than the threshold representation.

8. In a method of determining oxygen saturation of blood comprising the steps of

producing electro-magnetic radiation at a plurality of different wavebands,

coupling the electro-magnetic radiation of the wavebands to blood under test,

detecting radiation at each of the wavebands received back from the blood under test for producing corresponding electrical signals representative of the intensity of the radiation received back from the blood under test at the respective waveband, and

providing an output manifestation of oxygen saturation as a function of the electrical signals;

a method for filtering the electrical signals including the steps of

selecting one of the electrical signals,

generating a threshold representation,

adjusting the threshold representation by increasing the threshold representation when the selected electrical signal is greater than a predetermined fraction of the threshold representation and decreasing the threshold representation when the selected electrical signal is less than the predetermined fraction of the threshold representation,

comparing the selected electrical signal with the adjusted threshold representation, and enabling the step of providing an output manifestation of oxygen saturation when the selected electrical signal is greater than the threshold representation.

9. A method as set forth in claim 8, wherein the step of generating a threshold representation includes the further step of generating a base line representation proportional to the threshold representation.

10. A method as in claim 9 wherein the step of generating a base line representation includes the further step of generating a base line representation having a value equal to the predetermined fraction of the threshold voltage and the step of adjusting the threshold representation includes the further step of increasing the base line representation by a first amount when the selected electrical signal is greater than the base line representation and decreasing the base line representation by a second amount when the selected electrical signal is less than the base line representation.

11. A method as in claim 10 wherein the first amount is varied in accordance with the length of time that the selected electrical signal is greater than the base line representation.

12. In a method for determining oxygen saturation of blood comprising the steps of

producing electro-magnetic radiation at a plurality of different wavebands,

coupling the radiation at the different wavebands to blood under test,

detecting radiation at each of the wavebands received back from the blood under test for producing a corresponding electrical signal representative of the intensity of the radiation received from the blood under test at each respective waveband,

selecting one of the electrical signals,

generating a base line representation,

varying the value of the base line representation by a predetermined amount to adjust the base line representation toward the selected electrical signal,

generating a threshold representation as a function of the base line representation,

comparing the selected electrical signal with the threshold representation,

generating a first series of outputs having values respectively representing the electrical signals if the selected electrical signal is less than the threshold representation,

generating a second series of outputs having predetermined values if the selected electrical signal is greater than the threshold representation,

summing the first and second series of outputs to provide summed electrical signals for the respective wavebands, and

providing an output manifestation of oxygen saturation as a function of the summed electrical signals.

16. A method as set forth in claims 12 or 13, wherein said step of coupling the radiation at the different wavebands to blood under test includes the further steps of transmitting the radiation at each different waveband to the blood and test along a single transmitting optical fiber and receiving radiation reflected back from the blood under test at each different waveband along a single receiving optical fiber.

13. A method of determining oxygen saturation of blood comprising the steps of

producing electro-magnetic radiation at a plurality of different wavebands,

coupling the radiation at the different wavebands to blood under test,

detecting radiation at each of the wavebands received back from the blood under test for producing a corresponding electrical signal representative of the intensity of the radiation received back from the blood under test at the respective waveband,

selecting one of the electrical signals,

generating a base line signal,

comparing the selected electrical signal to the base line signal,

increasing the base line signal by an amount proportional to the base line signal when the selected electrical signal is greater than the base line signal,

decreasing the base line signal by an amount proportional to the difference between the base line signal and the selected electrical signal when the selected electrical signal is less than the base line signal,

generating a threshold signal related to the base line signal by a predetermined ratio,

comparing the selected electrical signal with the threshold signal,

generating a first series of outputs having values respectively representing the electrical signals when the selected electrical signal is less than the threshold signal,

generating a second series of outputs having predetermined values when the selected electrical signal is greater than the threshold signal,

summing the first and second series of outputs to provide a summed electrical signal for each respective waveband, and

providing an output manifestation of oxygen saturation as a function of the summed electrical signals.

14. A method as in claim 13 wherein the electrical signals, the base line signal and the threshold signal are digital signals.

15. A method as in claim 13 wherein the electrical signals, the base line signal and the threshold signal are analog signals.

17. In an apparatus for determining oxygen saturation of blood comprising

source means for producing electro-magnetic radiation at a plurality of wavelengths,

means adapted to be coupled to the source means for supplying the radiation therefrom to blood under test with incident intensities at the respective wavelengths,

detector means adapted to receive radiation back from the blood under test for producing signals representative of the intensities of the radiation received thereby at the respective wavelengths, and

determining means responsive to the detector means for receiving the signals therefrom and for determining an output manifestation of oxygen saturation as a function of the signals;

an apparatus for filtering the signals including

first means responsive to a selected one of said signals for generating a threshold representation and for adjusting the value of the threshold representation by increasing the threshold representation a first predetermined amount when the selected signal is greater than a predetermined fraction of the value of the threshold representation and for decreasing the threshold representation a second predetermined amount when the selected signal is less than the predetermined fraction of the value of the threshold representation,

second means responsive to the selected signal and responsive to the adjusted threshold representation for comparing the selected signal with the adjusted threshold representation, and

switch means being responsive to the second means for supplying the signals from the detector means to the determining means when the selected signal is less than the threshold representation.

25. An apparatus as set forth in claims 17, 18 or 21, wherein said means adapted to be coupled to the source means includes a catheter having a single transmitting optical fiber and a single receiving optical fiber.

18. In an apparatus for determining oxygen saturation of blood comprising

source means for producing electro-magnetic radiation at a plurality of wavelengths,

means adapted to be coupled to the source means for supplying the radiation therefrom to blood under test with incident intensities at the respective wavelengths,

detector means adapted to receive radiation back from the blood under test for producing signals representative of the intensities of the radiation received thereby at the respective wavelengths, and

determining means responsive to the detector means for determining an output manifestation of oxygen saturation according to the relationship between the signals;

an apparatus for filtering the signals including

first means responsive to at least a selected one of said signals for generating a base line representation and for varying the value of the base line representation to adjust the base line representation toward the selected signal,

second means responsive to the base line representation for generating a threshold representation proportional to the base line representation,

third means responsive to the selected signal and to the threshold representation for comparing the selected signal to the threshold representation, and

switch means responsive to the third means for supplying the signals from the detector means to the determining means when the selected signal is less than the threshold representation.

19. An apparatus as in claim 18 wherein the first means further includes means for increasing the base line representation by a first amount when the selected signal is greater than the base line representation and for decreasing the base line representation by a second amount when the selected signal is less than the base line representation.

20. An apparatus as in claim 19 wherein the first amount is varied in accordance with the length of time that the selected signal is greater than the base line representation.

21. An apparatus for determining oxygen saturation of blood comprising

source means for producing electro-magnetic radiation at a plurality of wavelengths,

means adapted to be coupled to the source means for supplying the radiation therefrom to blood under test with incident intensities at the respective wavelengths,

detector means adapted to receive radiation back from the blood under test for producing signals representative of the intensities of the radiation received thereby at the respective wavelengths,

first means responsive to a selected one of said signals for generating a base line representation and for comparing the selected signal to the base line representation,

second means responsive to the first means for increasing the base line representation by a first amount when the selected signal exceeds the base line representation for less than a predetermined time period and for increasing the base line representation by a second amount when the selected signal exceeds the base line representation for more than the predetermined time period,

third means responsive to the first means for decreasing the base line representation by an amount proportional to the difference between the base line representation and the selected signal when the signal is less than the base line representation,

fourth means responsive to the base line representation for determining a threshold representation related to the base line representation by a predetermined ratio,

fifth means responsive to the selected signal and to the threshold representation for comparing the selected signal to the threshold representation,

output means responsive to the selected signal for providing a first series of outputs having values representing the signals when the selected signal is less than the threshold representation and for providing a second series of outputs having predetermined values when the selected signal is greater than the threshold representation,

summing means responsive to the first and second series of outputs for summing the first and second series of outputs to provide a summed signal for each respective waveband, and

determining means responsive to the summed signals for determining an output manifestation of oxygen saturation as a function of the summed signals.

22. An apparatus as in claim 21 wherein the base line representation and the threshold representation are digital signals.

23. An apparatus as in claim 21 wherein the base line representation and the threshold representation are analog signals.

24. An apparatus as in claim 21 wherein the second means and the third means adjust the base line representation at predetermined rates.

26. A method for filtering a data signal, said method including the steps of:

generating a threshold signal;

receiving the data signal;

adjusting said threshold signal by decreasing the value of said threshold signal a first amount when the value of the data signal is less than a predetermined fraction of the value of said threshold signal and increasing the value of said threshold signal a second amount when the value of the data signal is greater than said predetermined fraction of the value of said threshold signal;

comparing the data signal with said threshold signal; and

transmitting the data signal if the value of the data signal is less than the value of said threshold signal.

27. A method as set forth in claim 26, wherein said step of adjusting said threshold signal further includes the step of generating a base line signal having a value equal to said predetermined fraction of the value of said threshold signal, said step of adjusting said threshold signal further including the step of decreasing the value of said threshold signal by said first amount when the value of the data signal is less than the value of said base line signal and increasing the value of said threshold signal by said second amount when the value of the data signal is greater than the value of said base line signal.

28. A method as set forth in claim 27, wherein said step of generating said threshold signal includes the further step of amplifying said base line signal.

29. A method as set forth in claim 27, wherein said first amount is equal to K₁ (BL-I₃), where K₁ is a predetermined fractional constant, BL is the value of the base line signal and I is the value of the data signal.

30. A method as set forth in claim 29, wherein said step of adjusting said threshold signal includes the further step of determining whether the value of the data signal exceeds the value of said base line signal for more than a predetermined length of time.

31. A method as set forth in claim 30, wherein said second amount is varied in accordance with said determination of whether the value of the data signal exceeds the value of said base line signal for more than said predetermined length of time.

32. A method as set forth in claim 31, wherein said second amount is determined in accordance with one of two equations depending upon whether the value of the data signal exceeds the value of said base line signal for more than said predetermined length of time.

33. A method as set forth in claim 32, wherein said second amount is determined in accordance with the equation BL=(1+K₂)BL, where BL is the value of the base line signal and K₂ is a predetermined fractional constant, when the value of the data signal has not exceeded the value of said base line signal for more than said predetermined length of time.

34. A method as set forth in claim 32, wherein said second amount is computed in accordance with the equation BL=(1+K₃)BL, where BL is the value of said base line signal and K₃ is a third predetermined constant, when the value of the data signal has exceeded the value of said base line signal for more than said predetermined length of time.

35. A method for filtering a data signal which varies in pulsatile fashion, said method comprising the steps of:

generating a base line signal having a base line value;

receiving the data signal;

varying said base line value of said base line signal such that said base line signal tracks the data signal;

generating a threshold signal having a threshold value proportional to said base line value;

comparing the data signal with said threshold signal; and

transmitting only those portions of the data signal having values less than said threshold value.

36. A method for determining oxygen saturation levels in blood undergoing analysis, said method comprising the steps of:

P1 generating electromagnetic radiation at a plurality of different wavelengths;

transmitting said electromagnetic radiation at each of said plurality of different wavelengths to the blood undergoing analysis;

receiving electromagnetic radiation back from the blood undergoing analysis at each of said plurality of different wavelengths in response to the reflection of said electromagnetic radiation transmitted to the blood at each of said plurality of different wavelengths;

detecting the electromagnetic radiation so received at each of said plurality of different wavelengths;

generating a plurality of data signals, each of said plurality of data signals having a value which varies in proportion to the intensity of said electromagnetic radiation so received at one of said plurality of different wavelengths;

selecting one of said data signals;

generating a threshold signal having a threshold value which varies in response to variations in the value of said one of said data signals so selected;

comparing said one of said data signals so selected with said threshold signal; and

generating an output signal as a function of said plurality of data signals when the value of said one of said plurality of data signals so selected is less than said threshold value, said output signal having a value representing the oxygen saturation level of the blood undergoing analysis.

37. A method as set forth in claim 36, wherein said step of transmitting electromagnetic radiation to the blood undergoing analysis includes the further step of transmitting said electromagnetic radiation along a single optical transmitting fiber at each of said plurality of different wavelengths and said step of receiving electromagnetic radiation back from the blood undergoing analysis includes the further step of receiving said electromagnetic radiation along a single optical receiving fiber at each of said plurality of different wavelengths.

38. An apparatus for determining oxygen saturation levels in blood undergoing analysis, said apparatus comprising:

source means for generating electromagnetic radiation at a plurality of different wavelengths;

fiberoptic means coupled to said source means for transmitting said electromagnetic radiation at each of said plurality of different wavelengths to the blood undergoing analysis and for receiving electromagnetic radiation reflected back from the blood at each of said plurality of different wavelengths in response to said electromagnetic radiation so transmitted;

detector means coupled to said fiberoptic means for generating a plurality of signals respectively having values which vary in proportion to the intensities of said electromagnetic radiation received by said fiber optic means at each of said plurality of different wavelengths;

a filter means connected to said detector means for receiving a selected one of said plurality of signals, said filter means including a circuit means for generating a threshold signal having a value which varies in response to the variation in value of said selected one of said signals and for comparing said threshold signal with said selected one of said plurality of data signals in order to generate a filter output signal when the value of said selected one of said plurality of data signals is less than the value of said threshold signal; and

computing means connected to said filter means for generating an oxygen saturation output signal as a function of said plurality of data signals in response to the generation of said filter output signal by said filter means.

39. An apparatus as set forth in claim 38, wherein said fiberoptic means includes a first fiberoptic guide means for transmitting said electromagnetic radiation at each of said plurality of different wavelengths to the blood undergoing analysis and a second fiberoptic guide means for receiving said electromagnetic radiation reflected back from the blood at each of said plurality of different wavelengths.

40. An apparatus as set forth in claim 39, wherein said first fiberoptic guide means is a single optical transmitting fiber and said second fiberoptic guide means is a single optical receiving fiber.