Generation of energy

• US 4,489,563 A
• Filed: 08/06/1982
• Issued: 12/25/1984
• Est. Priority Date: 08/06/1982
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Exergy S.P.A.
• Original Assignee: Alexander I. Kalina
• Inventors: Kalina, Alexander I.
• Primary Examiner(s): Ostrager, Allen M.
• Application Number:
  US06/405,942
• Time in Patent Office: 872 Days
• Field of Search: 60/673, 60/649
• US Class Current: 60/673
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 25/065 with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia F01K5/00 takes precedence

Abstract

A method of generating energy which comprises utilizing relatively lower temperature available heat to effect partial distillation of at least portion of a multicomponent working fluid stream at an intermediate pressure to generate working fluid fractions of differing compositions. The fractions are used to produce at least one main rich solution which is relatively enriched with respect to the lower boiling component, and to produce at least one lean solution which is relatively improverished with respect to the lower boiling component. The pressure of the main rich solution is increased whereafter it is evaporated to produce a charged gaseous main working fluid. The main working fluid is expanded to a low pressure level to release energy. The spent low pressure level working fluid is condensed in a main absorption stage by dissolving with cooling in the lean solution to regenerate an initial working fluid for reuse.

Claims

1. A method of generating energy, which comprises:

(a) subjecting at least a portion of an initial multicomponent working fluid stream having an initial composition of lower and higher boiling components, to patial distillation at an intermediate pressure in a distillation system to distil or evaporate only part of the stream subjected to said distillation and thus generate an enriched vapor fraction which is enriched with a lower boiling component relatively to a main rich solution;

(b) mixing the enriched vapor fraction with part of the initial working fluid stream and absorbing it therein to produce at least one such main rich solution which is enriched relatively to the initial working fluid stream with respect to a lower temperature boiling component, and using a remaining part of the initial working fluid stream as at least one lean solution which is impoverished relatively to the main rich solution with respect to a lower temperature boiling component;

(c) increasing the pressure of the main rich solution to a charged high pressure level and evaporating the main rich solution to produce a charged gaseous main working fluid;

(d) expanding the charged gaseous main working fluid to a spent low pressure level to transform its energy into usable form; and

(e) cooling and condensing the spent main working fluid in a main absorption stage by dissolving it in the lean solution at a pressure lower than the intermediate pressure to regenerate the initial working fluid.

2. A method according to claim 1, in which the main rich solution is evaporated substantially completely in a main evaporation stage to produce the charged gaseous working fluid.

3. A method according to claim 1, in which the main rich solution is evaporated using relatively higher temperature heat, and in which partial distillation is effected using relatively lower temperature heat which cannot be used effectively for evaporating the main rich solution.

4. A method according to claim 1, in which heat is recovered from the spent gaseous working fluid, and is at least partially used in the distillation system.

5. A method according to claim 1 or claim 4, in which heat is recovered from the spent gaseous working fluid and is at least partially employed in preheating the main rich solution prior to evaporation thereof.

6. A method according to claim 1, in which at least part of the lean solution is used as a second working fluid by having its pressure increased, by being evaporated in a second main evaporator stage, by being expanded to release energy, and by then being condensed with the other spent main working fluid and any remaining part of the lean solution in a main absorption stage.

7. A method according to claim 6, in which the second working fluid is expanded through a turbine type device independently of expansion of the main working fluid.

8. A method according to claim 1, in which the main rich solution is evaporated in a main evaporation stage using high temperature heat from a heat source, and in which at least a portion of a low temperature heat from that heat source is used to effect partial distillation of the working fluid.

9. A method according to claim 8, in which the heat from the heat source is used in series so that at least a portion of the low temperature heat comprises spent high temperature heat employed in evaporating the main rich solution.

10. A method according to claim 1, in which the initial working fluid stream is treated in the distillation system to produce in addition to the lean solution, a plurality of rich solution streams having differing compositions, and in which the rich solution streams are separately treated to increase their pressures, to evaporate them and to expand them, the evaporation of each rich solution stream being effected with a heat source temperature range appropriate for the specific composition range of the rich solution stream.

11. A method according to claim 10, in which each rich solution stream is evaporated completely.

12. A method according to claim 1, in which the initial multicomponent working fluid stream is subjected to partial distillation to produce the enriched vapor fraction, and in which the enriched vapor fraction is mixed with a sufficient part of the remaining working fluid stream to regenerate a consistent quantity of main rich solution having a consistent concentration of lower and higher boiling fractions.

13. A method according to claim 1, in which the initial multicomponent working fluid stream is subjected to partial distillation to distil part thereof to produce the enriched vapor fraction, and in which the mixture of the enriched vapor fraction and of part of the remaining working fluid stream is cooled in a condenser to produce the main rich solution.

14. A method according to claim 1, in which the working fluid stream comprises a mixture of water and ammonia.

15. A method according to claim 1, in which the initial multicomponent working fluid stream is subjected to partial distillation by using relatively lower temperature heat, and in which the main rich solution is evaporated using a relatively higher temperature heat.

16. A method according to claim 15, in which the relatively lower temperature heat is obtained from:

(a) a lower temperature portion of the relatively higher temperature heat;

(b) a portion of the relatively higher temperature heat which is not utilized for evaporating the main rich solution;

(c) heat from a relatively lower temperature heat source;

(d) heat recovered from the spent gaseous working fluid;

(e) heat recovered from the main absorption stage;

or

(f) from several of these sources.

17. A method according to claim 16, in which the relatively lower temperature heat is distributed between the distillation system and a lower temperature portion of a main evaporation stage to preheat the main rich solution prior to evaporation thereof in a main evaporation stage.

18. A method according to claim 15, in which relatively lower temperature heat is obtained partly from heat released by the spent gaseous working fluid.

19. A method according to claim 18, in which at least part of such heat is used for preheating the rich solution.

20. A method according to claim 1, which includes the steps of:

(a) dividing the initial working fluid stream into a first neutral stream and a first distillation stream;

(b) subjecting the first distillation stream to partial distillation in the distillation system to evaporate part of the stream and thus produce the enriched vapor fraction as a first lower boiling vapor fraction and the remainder of the first distillation stream as a first higher boiling liquid fraction;

(c) removing the first higher boiling liquid fraction from the distillation system to constitute the lean solution; and

(d) absorbing the first lower boiling vapor fraction in the first neutral stream to enrich that stream to produce a first rich solution which is enriched with the lower boiling fraction relatively to the initial working fluid stream.

21. A method according to claim 20, which includes the step of withdrawing the first rich solution from the distillation system to constitute the main rich solution.

22. A method according to claim 20, in which the pressure of the initial working fluid stream is increased to the intermediate pressure before the stream is divided into the first neutral and first distillation streams.

23. A method according to claim 20, which includes the step of subjecting the first rich solution to at least one second distillation step by:

(a) mixing with the first rich solution a second higher boiling fraction recycled from a succeeding distillation stage of the distillation system to produce a second working fluid stream;

(b) increasing the pressure of the second working fluid stream to a second higher intermediate pressure;

(c) dividing the second working fluid stream into a second neutral stream and a second distillation stream;

(d) subjecting the second distillation stream to partial distillation in the distillation system to distil or evaporate part thereof and thus produce a second lower boiling vapor fraction, and to produce the second higher boiling liquid fraction which is recycled and mixed with the first rich solution; and

(e) absorbing the second lower boiling vapor fraction in the second neutral stream to produce a second rich solution having a greater enrichment of lower boiling fraction than the first rich solution.

24. A method according to claim 23, which includes the step of withdrawing the second rich solution from the distillation system to constitute the main rich solution.

25. A method according to claim 23, which includes the further step of subjecting the second rich solution to at least one further partial distillation system step to produce a subsequent rich solution having yet a greater enrichment than the second rich solution.

26. A method according to claim 4, or claim 6, or claim 25, in which the pressure of the working fluid stream is in each distillation stage increased to an intermediate pressure consistent with effective distillation of part of the distillation stream in that stage with the available lower temperature heat source, and consistent with effective condensation of the lower boiling fraction in the neutral stream with an available cooling medium in each distillation stage to produce a main rich solution which is enriched sufficiently for effective evaporation with the relatively higher temperature heat.

27. A method according to claim 26, in which the main rich solution is pumped to the highest pressure consistent with complete evaporation with the available higher temperature heat source and with the capacity of expansion means for expanding the gaseous working fluid.

28. A method of improving the heat utilization efficiency in a thermodynamic cycle using a multicomponent working fluid having components of lower and higher boiling point, which method comprises:

(a) utilizing relatively lower temperature heat to effect partial distillation of the working fluid by distilling or evaporating part of the working fluid to produce an enriched vapor fraction which is enriched with respect to the lower boiling component or components relatively to a main rich solution;

(b) mixing the enriched vapor fraction with only part of the remaining working fluid, and condensing the mixture to form such a main rich solution which is enriched with the lower boiling component relatively to the working fluid;

(c) increasing the pressure of the main rich solution and then utilizing relatively higher temperature heat to evaporate the main rich solution to produce a charged gaseous working fluid for expansion to transform its energy into usable form.

29. A method according to claim 28, which includes the step of expanding the charged gaseous working fluid to transform its energy into usable form, and of condensing the spent working fluid by absorbing it, in the presence of a cooling medium, in the remaining part of the working fluid which has been impoverished with respect to a lower boiling component and which was not mixed with the enriched vapor fraction.

30. A method according to claim 28 or claim 29, in which the relatively higher temperature heat is obtained from an available heat source, and in which the relatively lower temperature heat comprises spent relatively higher temperature heat.

31. A method according to claim 30, in which the relatively lower temperature heat further comprises heat extracted from the cycle, which cannot be effectively used in evaporating the enriched portion of the working fluid.

32. A method of generating energy, which comprises:

(a) feeding an initial multicomponent working fluid stream to a partial distillation system;

(b) increasing the pressure of the stream to an intermediate pressure;

(c) separating the stream into a neutral stream and a distillation stream;

(d) subjecting the distillation stream to partial distillation to distil or evaporate part of the distillation stream to produce working fluid fractions of differing compositions, the one fraction being an enriched vapor fraction which is enriched with at least one lower boiling component relatively to an enriched liquid stream, and the other fraction being a lean liquid solution;

(e) withdrawing the fraction comprising a lean liquid solution which is impoverished with respect to a lower boiling component, from the distillation system;

(f) mixing the fraction comprising an enriched vapor fraction which is enriched with respect to at least one lower boiling component, with the neutral stream and condensing it therein by means of a cooling medium to form such an enriched liquid stream;

(g) increasing the pressure of the enriched liquid stream;

(h) substantially evaporating the enriched liquid stream in an evaporation stage to produce a charged working fluid vapor;

(i) expanding the charged working fluid vapor to transform its energy into usable form and produce a spent working fluid; and

(j) mixing the spent working fluid with the lean liquid solution and condensing it therein in an absorption stage to regenerate the initial working fluid stream.

33. A method according to claim 32, which comprises reducing the pressure of the lean liquid solution to a starting pressure corresponding with that of the spent vapor before mixing them.

34. A method according to claim 32 or claim 33, in which the enriched liquid stream is evaporated using relatively higher temperature heat, and in which the distillation stream is partially distilled using relatively lower temperature heat.

35. A method according to claim 32, in which the working fluid comprises a binary fluid of water and ammonia.

36. A method of producing energy, which comprises:

(a) feeding an initial multicomponent working fluid stream to a partial distillation system at an initial pressure;

(b) increasing the pressure of the initial working fluid stream to an intermediate pressure;

(c) partially distilling the stream by means of relatively lower temperature heat to distil or evaporate off part of the stream and thus produce at least one impoverished working fluid stream liquid fraction which is impoverished with respect to a lower boiling component, and at least one enriched vapor fraction which is enriched with the lower boiling component relatively to an enriched liquid stream;

(d) withdrawing part of the working fluid stream, reducing its pressure to the initial pressure, and feeding it to an absorption stage;

(e) absorbing the enriched vapor fraction in a remaining part of the working fluid stream with the aid of cooling means to produce an enriched liquid stream;

(f) increasing the pressure of the enriched liquid stream to a charged pressure;

(g) evaporating the enriched liquid stream using a relatively higher temperature heat to produce a charged vapor;

(h) expanding the charged vapor to transform its energy into usuable form and produce a spent working fluid; and

(i) absorbing the spent working fluid in the portion of the working fluid stream fed to the absorption stage with the aid of a cooling medium to regenerate the initial working fluid stream.

37. A method according to claim 36, in which a plurality of successive partial distillation steps are performed to successively increased enrichment and to produce a main enriched liquid stream.