Method and apparatus for non-destructive testing of composite materials

• US 4,494,408 A
• Filed: 07/27/1982
• Issued: 01/22/1985
• Est. Priority Date: 07/27/1982
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Space Systems/Loral Incorporated (Loral Space and Communications Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation (Galileo Parent, Inc.)
• Inventors: DeLacy, Thomas J.
• Primary Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Application Number:
  US06/402,450
• Time in Patent Office: 910 Days
• Field of Search: 73/587, 73/597, 73/599, 73/658, 374/16
• US Class Current: 73/587
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0231 Composite or layered materials
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0235 Plastics; polymers; soft materials, e.g. rubber
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0251 Solidification, icing, curing composites, polymerisation
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/14 using acoustic emission techniques echo of particles G01N29/046; measuring mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in solids in general G01H1/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/227 related to high pressure, tension or stress conditions
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/228 related to high temperature conditions
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/442 Resins; Plastics

Abstract

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for monitoring and controlling potential residual stress relief mechanisms in composite epoxy resin materials. Passive and injected, or active, acoustic signals originating in or propagated through a specimen material during the formation process produce signatures identifiable with known residual stress relief mechanisms. Real-time control of material temperature and external pressure during formation in response to acoustic signals measured or observed in relation to desired acoustic signature minimizes formation of undesired material properties.

Claims

1. A method for observing potential dimensional stability of plastic composition of thermosetting material comprising the steps of:

monitoring passive and injected acoustic signals from said composition during formation of a solid state of said composition;

generating a signature over time from said acoustic signals, said signature being uniquely characteristic of said composition; and

analyzing said signature to correlate with known residual stress relief mechanisms and resultant residual stress levels of said composition.

2. The method according to claim 1, further including the step of exciting said composition with a pulse train.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said monitoring step comprises time division multiplexing sensed injected acoustic signals which are propagated through said composition with sensed passive acoustic signals, said sensed passive acoustic signals being representative of stress relief mechanisms of said composition.

4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said injected signals are sensed only through transducer means which are subject to acoustic decoupling from said composition.

5. The method according to claim 1 or 4 wherein said passive signals are sensed through transducer means, including transducer means in acoustic contact with said composition.

6. The method according to claim 5 wherein said passive signals are sensed through transducer means also operative to sense said injected signals.

7. A method for observing potential dimensional stability of a plastic composition of thermosetting material comprising the steps of:

exciting said composition with a pulse train;

monitoring passive and injected acoustic signals from said composition during formation of a solid state of said

generating a signature from said acoustic signals, said signature being uniquely characteristic of said composition, wherein said signature generating step comprising cross correlating said passive signals and injected signals.

8. A method for observing potential dimensional stability of a plastic composition of thermosetting material comprising the steps of:

monitoring acoustic signals from said composition during post-formation conditioning of said composition;

generating a signature over time from said acoustic signals, said signature being uniquely characteristic of said composition during said post-formation conditioning; and

analyzing said signature to correlate with known residual stress relief mechanisms and resultant residual stress levels of said composition.

9. An apparatus for testing potential dimensional stability of a plastic composition of thermosetting material:

means for injecting acoustic signals into said composition;

means for monitoring passive acoustic signals and injected acoustic signals emanating from said composition as a result of a process of formation;

means for generating a signature of said composition from said passive acoustic signals and from said injected acoustic signals, said signature being uniquely characteristic of said composition; and

means for analyzing said signature to correlate with known residual stress relief mechanisms and resultant residual stress levels of said composition, said analyzing means being operative to compare said signature with a template representative of said known mechanisms and stress levels.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said monitoring means includes means for monitoring acoustic signals which are provided by said injecting means through said composition, and means for independently monitoring acoustic signals which emanate from said composition independent of said signals which are provided by said injecting means.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10 including an interface means, said interface means being abutted to said composition, said interface means being acoustically separable from said composition in the process of formation of said composition, said interface means for conveying acoustic signals between said signal injecting means and said monitoring means, wherein at least one of said signal injecting means and said monitoring means is inseparably acoustically coupled to said composition throughout said process of formation and wherein the other of said signal injecting means and said monitoring means is inseparably acoustically coupled to said interface means.

12. The apparatus according to claim 10 further including an acoustically conductive interface means and wherein said means for independently monitoring acoustic signals which emanate from said composition comprises a sensor, said sensor being attached to said interface means, said interface means being subject to a physical and acoustical separating from said composition during formation and solidification of said composition, said attached sensor being operative to acoustically sense for separation between said interface means and said composition.

13. The apparatus according to claim 9 further including means for exciting said composition with a pulse train.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said signature generating means comprising means operative to cross correlate said passive acoustic signals with said injected acoustic signals.

15. The apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said monitoring means includes means for time division multiplexing sensed injected acoustic signals which are propagated through said composition with sensed passive acoustic signals, said sensed passive acoustic signals being representative of stress relief mechanisms of said composition.

16. A method for controlling potential dimensional stability of a plastic composition of thermosetting material comprising the steps of:

injecting a first acoustic signal into said composition;

monitoring passive and injected first acoustic signals from said composition during formation of a solid state of said composition;

providing a model signature as a function of time representative of second acoustic signals propagated through and emanating from a model composition during formation of a solid state of said model composition;

comparing said first acoustic signals with said model signature to develop an error signal during formation of said composition; and

modifying at least temperature of said composition during formation of said composition to minimize said error signal.

17. The method according to claim 16 wherein said injecting step comprises exciting said composition with a pulse train.

18. The method according to claim 16 or 17 wherein said monitoring step comprises time-division multiplexing a sensing of said injected acoustic signals which are propagated through said composition with a sensing of said passive acoustic signals, said passive acoustic signals being representative of stress relief mechanisms of said composition.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said signature generating step comprises cross correlating said time-multiplexed passive signals and injected signals.

20. The method according to claim 16 wherein said injected signals are sensed only through transducer means which are subject to acoustic decoupling from said composition.

21. The method according to claim 20 wherein said passive signals are sensed through transducer means, including transducer means in acoustic contact with said composition.

22. The method according to claim 21 wherein said passive signals are sensed through transducer means also operative to sense said injected signals.