Plethysmograph pressure correcting arrangement

• US 4,510,940 A
• Filed: 11/26/1982
• Issued: 04/16/1985
• Est. Priority Date: 11/27/1981
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Nederlands Centrale Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek
• Original Assignee: Nederlandse Centrale Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek
• Inventors: Wesseling, Karel H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Cohen, Lee S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Application Number:
  US06/444,363
• Time in Patent Office: 872 Days
• Field of Search: 128/665-667, 128/680-681, 128/672, 128/677, 128/687, 128/691
• US Class Current: 600/480
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/02255 the pressure being controlled by plethysmographic signals, e.g. derived from optical sensors

Abstract

A method and a device for correcting the cuff pressure in the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of the blood pressure in a part of the body by using a plethysmograph in a fluid-filled pressure cuff, an electronic control circuit, and an electric pressure valve. The cuff pressure is controlled by the plethysmographic signal in closed-loop operation with the aid of a servo-reference level obtained via a memory circuit. The servo-reference level, in operation of the device, is adjusted by opening the closed loop of the control circuit for a short interval, after which, in open-loop operation the cuff pressure is adjusted at an intermediate pressure derived from the pressure last measured and the servo-reference level is adjusted via the memory circuit.

Claims

1. A method for correcting the cuff pressure in a plethysmographic arrangement for the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of blood pressure in a body extremity by using a plethysmograph in a fluid-filled pressure cuff to be wrapped about said extremity, an electronic control circuit connected to the plethysmograph, and an electric pressure valve and a pressure transducer connected to said cuff, the cuff pressure being controlled by a plethysmographic signal from said plethysmograph in closed-loop operation with the aid of a servo-reference level obtained via a memory circuit in the control circuit, which servo-reference level is initially adjusted such that the cuff pressure corresponds substantially with the momentary arterial pressure, said method comprising the steps of:

opening the closed loop of the control circuit for a short interval,

in open-loop operation, adjusting the cuff pressure with the pressure valve at an intermediate pressure derived from the pressure last measured at the pressure transducer, and

adjusting the servo-reference level via the memory circuit.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of adjusting the servo-reference level is carried out at regular time intervals.

3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of adjusting the servo-reference level comprises the step of adjusting the servo-reference level as a function of the shape of the plethysmographic signal, influenced by the magnitude of the deviation of the cuff pressure, adjusted in open-loop operation, with respect to the real arterial pressure.

4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the step of adjusting cuff pressure during open-loop operation comprises the steps of:

determining peak and trough amplitude values of the plethysmographic signal during open-loop operation

deriving an intermediate value between the peak and trough values, such as an average amplitude value, and

integrating the peak and trough amplitude values respectively during that part of the plethysmographic signal that is below and above this intermediate value, and dividing by the pulse period, by which the servo-reference level is adjusted to be a fraction of the peak-trough amplitude difference above the trough amplitude value.

5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the fraction is determined separately by integrating a unity signal during that part of the plethysmographic signal that is below the intermediate amplitude value, and by subsequently dividing by the pulse period.

6. A method according to claim 3, wherein the step of adjusting the servo-reference level comprises the steps of:

determining peak and trough amplitude values of the plethysmographic signal in open-loop operation,

in one pulse period at a point of time before the peak amplitude, determining the difference between peak amplitude value and plethysmographic signal and dividing by the peak-trough amplitude difference, and adding the fraction value thus obtained to the trough amplitude value to provide the adjusted servo-reference level.

7. A method according to claim 3, wherein the step of adjusting the servo-reference level comprises the steps of:

determining peak and trough amplitude values of the plethysmographic signal in open-loop operation,

in one pulse period integrating the varying difference between plethysmographic signal and peak amplitude value providing a first integration signal,

simultaneously integrating the constant peak-trough amplitude difference providing a second integration signal, and

multiplying the peak-trough amplitude difference with a fraction value obtained by dividing the first integration signal by the second integration signal and then adding their fraction to the trough amplitude value to provide the adjusted servo-reference level.

8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the loop gain in the control circuit is set inversely proportional to the peak-trough amplitude difference of the plethysmographic signal in open-loop operation, and wherein the peak-trough amplitude difference is first multiplied with the said fraction before being used for the setting of the loop gain in the control circuit.

9. A method according to claim 7 wherein when the obtained fraction value deviates more than a predetermined value from the fraction, the frequency of adjustment is increased.

10. A method according to claim 6, wherein the step of determining the difference between peak amplitude and plethysmographic signal at a point in time comprises the step of making that determination at a time chosen in a sub period of 20 to 80 ms before the peak amplitude of the plethysmographic signal.

11. A method according to claim 9, characterized in that the frequency of adjustment is gradually changed.

12. A method according to claim 1 wherein peak and trough amplitude values of the pressure signal are determined in closed-loop operation, and wherein the moment of switching from closed to open-loop operation and back respectively occurs synchronously with the heart beat on the basis of the pressure signal in closed-loop operation and on the basis of the plethysmographic signal in open-loop operation respectively.

13. A method according to claim 11, wherein in closed-loop operation the beginning of arterial systole is detected after which the closed loop of the control circuit is opened, and in open-loop operation the beginning of the next arterial systole is detected after which the open loop of the control circuit is closed and the adjusted servo-reference level is inputted in the control circuit.

14. A method according to claim 12 further comprising the step of using the signals, derived from the pressure signal in closed-loop operation and from the plethysmographic signal in open-loop operation and required for switching synchronously with the heart beat, for counting the heart beat.

15. A method according to claim 12, wherein in open-loop operation the cuff pressure is adjusted to an average pressure between the peak and trough amplitude values last measured at the pressure transducer.

16. A method according to claim 12, wherein in open-loop operation the cuff pressure is adjusted to a swing value above the trough amplitude value last measured at the pressure transducer.

17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the swing value is adjusted in dependence of the fraction value last obtained,

18. In a plethysmographic arrangement for the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of the blood pressure in a body extremity, including a plethysmograph in a fluid-filled pressure cuff for wrapping about said extremity, an electric pressure connected to said cuff, and an electronic control circuit connected to said plethysmograph provided with a control loop having a differential amplifier and memory circuit in the feedback circuit for the servo-reference level, and with a control loop having a proportionate, integrate, and differentiate (PID) circuit, a parallel circuit of peak detector and trough detector connected to the pressure transducer for a pressure signal, which parallel circuit is responsive to the pressure in the pressure cuff and a state switch connected to the pressure valve for closed-open loop operation, the improvement comprising:

a conversion circuit following the peak detector and trough detector for the pressure signal which derives an intermediate value from the peak and/or trough amplitude values of the pressure signal in closed-loop operation, and a timing circuit which switches the state switch for a short interval from closed-loop position to open-loop position, in which interval said intermediate value is supplied via the state switch to the electric pressure valve, and said memory circuit which adjusts the servo-reference level such that the average difference at the differential amplifier is zero.

19. A device according to claim 18, wherein the memory circuit comprises an integration circuit.

20. A device according to claim 18, wherein the timing circuit is implemented such that it puts at regular time intervals the state switch for a short interval in open-loop position, due to which the servo-reference level is adjusted regularly.

21. A device according to claim 18, wherein the control loop having a differential amplifier and memory circuit further comprises a parallel circuit of peak detector and trough detector for the plethysmographic signal, and wherein the parallel circuit of peak detector and trough detector for the plethysmographic signal is followed by a further conversion circuit, which derives from the peak and trough amplitude values of the plethysmographic signal an average reference value, such as half the peak-trough amplitude difference, and a comparator circuit to establish when the plethysmographic signal is below and above the reference value respectively in order to enable the memory circuit to integrate with respect to time the peak amplitude and the trough amplitude, so that at the output of same the servo-reference level, adjusted at a fraction (F) of the peak-trough amplitude difference above the trough amplitude value, is provided.

22. A device according to claim 21, wherein the comparator circuit comprises an intersection detector to establish when the plethysmographic signal intersects the level of the reference value, and a switch controlled by the output signal of the intersection detector in an input circuit of the memory circuit, the switch having first and second in parts respectively connected to the peak detector and to the trough detector of the plethysmographic signal.

23. A device according to claim 22, wherein the memory circuit comprises a first integrator connected to the output of the switch and followed by a divider, and a second integrator receiving a unity signal, the output signal of which second integrator is supplied to the divider as direct measure for the pulse period duration.

24. A device according to claim 23, wherein the memory circuit further comprises a third integrator receiving the unity signal, in the output circuit of said third integrator a second divider is taken up, to which the output signal of the second integrator is supplied and in the input circuit of said third integrator a second switch is inserted, which second switch is controlled by the output signal of the intersection detector, the output of the second divider at which the said fraction (F) is obtained.

25. A device according to claim 21, wherein the parallel circuit of peak and trough detector for the plethysmographic signal is followed by a subtractor circuit, and the PID circuit being followed by a gain setting circuit influenced by the peak-trough amplitude difference wherein a multiplier, connected to the subtractor circuit, is provided in which the peak-trough amplitude difference is multiplied with the fraction and is then supplied to the gain setting circuit.

26. A device according to claim 18, wherein the control loop having a differential amplifier and memory circuit further comprises a parallel circuit of peak detector and trough detector for the plethysmographic signal followed by a subtractor circuit, wherein the memory circuit comprises an integrator which integrates the varying difference between the plethysmographic signal and the peak amplitude value of same to form a first integration signal;

a second integrator which integrates during the same time, the constant peak-trough amplitude difference to form a second integration signal, a divider which obtains a fraction (F'"'"') by dividing the first integration signal by the second integration signal, which fraction is multiplied in a multiplier with the constant peak-trough amplitude difference, the multiplication signal being added to the trough amplitude value thus providing the adjusted servo-reference level (FIG.

     9).

27. A device according to claim 18, wherein the control loop having a differential amplifier and memory circuit further comprises a parallel circuit of peak detector and trough detector for the plethysmographic signal followed by a subtractor circuit, wherein the memory circuit comprises at least one delay line followed by a sample and hold circuit, the output of which and the peak amplitude value are supplied to a second subtractor circuit, the output of which and the trough amplitude value are supplied to an adder circuit, the output of which thus providing the servo-reference value adjusted at a fraction (F") of the peak-trough amplitude difference above the trough amplitude value.

28. A device according to claim 27, wherein the output of the second subtractor circuit is supplied to a divider in which it is divided by the peak-trough amplitude difference, said fraction value (F") being obtained at the output of the divider.

29. A device according to claim 18, wherein a first detector responsive to the pressure signal in closed-loop operation which detects a given point in the stroke, and a second detector responsive to the plethysmographic signal in open-loop operation which detects the corresponding point in the next stroke in order to open and to close the loop in the control circuit synchronously with the heart beat.

30. A device according to claim 29, wherein that first detector detects in the pressure signal the beginning of the rising stroke of arterial systole, and the second detector detects in the plethysmographic signal the beginning of the downward stroke of the next arterial systole.

31. A device according to claim 29, wherein the output signals of the first and second detector respectively are supplied to the timing circuit in order to switch the state switch during one beat from closed- to open-loop operation and back synchronously with the heart beat, and the timing circuit, on the basis of the deviation of a fraction value of a nominal value thereof, establishes after how many heart beats the switching to open-loop operation for the adjustment of the servo-reference level has to take place.

32. A device according claim 29, wherein the timing circuit is provided with a heart beat counter in order to establish, on the basis of the output signals of the first and second detectors, the momentary heart beat frequency in beats per minute both in closed and in open-loop operation.

33. A device according to claim 32, wherein a pulsation simulator is provided to introduce artificial pressure pulsations in the control circuit when natural arterial pressure pulsations are absent, and wherein the timing circuit is provided with a watching circuit in order to switch on, in absence of heart beats after a predetermined time, e.g. 10-20 seconds, the pulsation simulator, of which the artificial pressure pulsation is superposed in the correct phase on the intermediate pressure value supplied in open-loop operation to the state switch.