System for coring an image-representing signal

• US 4,523,230 A
• Filed: 10/22/1984
• Issued: 06/11/1985
• Est. Priority Date: 11/01/1983
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: RCA Corporation (General Electric Company)
• Original Assignee: RCA Corporation (General Electric Company)
• Inventors: Adelson, Edward H., Anderson, Charles H., Carlson, Curtis R.
• Primary Examiner(s): Chin, Tommy P.
• Application Number:
  US06/663,152
• Time in Patent Office: 232 Days
• Field of Search: 358/160, 358/163, 358/166, 358/167, 358/905, 358/21 R, 358/36, 382/49, 382/54
• US Class Current: 348/623
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2200/12 involving antialiasing
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2207/10016 Video; Image sequence
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 5/20 using local operators
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 5/70 Denoising; Smoothing
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/21 Circuitry for suppressing or minimising disturbance, e.g. moiré or halo

Abstract

Noise reduction is achieved, without the introduction of noticeable artifacts in the displayed image, using (1) a non-ringing, non-aliasing, localized transfer, octave-band spectrum analyzer for separating the video signal representing the image into subspectra signals, (2) separate coring means for one or more of the analyzed subspectra signals, and (3) then a synthesizer employing one or more non-ringing, non-aliasing filters for deriving an output image-representing signal from all of the subspectra signals.

Claims

1. An image-processing system comprising:

a substantially non-ringing, non-aliasing, localized transform spectrum analyzer responsive to an input image-representing signal defined in at least one dimension of the represented image by a spectrum of spatial frequencies within a range extending downward from a maximum frequency f_m to zero, said analyzer separating said input-signal spectrum in descending spatial frequency order starting from f_m into a group of one or more contiguous bandpass subspectra output signals each of which subspectrum has a nominal bandwidth no greater than one octave within said range, and into a remnant subspectrum output signal contining all those spatial frequencies of said input-signal spectrum which are below those contained in the lowest spatial frequency bandpass subspectrum output-signal;

means for coring at least one of said bandpass subspectra output signals and remnant subspectrum output signal, thereby introducing spurious out-of-band spatial frequency components into each cored subspectrum output signal; and

a spectrum synthesizer coupler to said analyzer through said coring means and responsive to all of said subspectra signals from said analyzer being applied thereto for deriving an output image-representing signal;

wherein said synthesizer is comprised of substantially non-ringing, non-aliasing filter means individually associated with the subspectrum of at least each cored signal that is lower than the highest spatial frequency bandpass subspectrum output signal, for substantially removing at least those spurious frequency components therefrom which are above-band with regard to that subspectrum, and means for summing all said subspectra signals, including both any that has been cored and/or filtered and any that has been neither cored nor filtered, thereby to derive said output image representing signal;

whereby any noise component originally present in the spectrum of said input image-representing signal has been reduced in the spectrum of said output image-representing signal without introducing any signifficant amount of aliasing or other spurious spatial frequency component in the spectrum of said output image-representing signal.

2. The system defined in claim 1, wherein:

said output image-representing signal is to be employed to display an image on a display device having a resolution capability insufficient to noticeably display any spatial frequency higher than f_m ; and

said highest spatial frequency octave output signal from said spectrum is coupled through said coring means to said summing means without having any of said synthesizer filter means individually associated therewith.

3. The system defined in claim 1, wherein each of said synthesizer filter means is comprised of a low-pass filter having a gradual rolloff about a nominal cutoff frequency equal to the upper spatial frequency of the subspectrum with which that filter means is individually associated.

4. The system defined in claim 3, wherein said synthesizer comprises:

at least two of said low-pass filters that are coupled in cascade through a summer, a first of said filters being individually associated with a relatively lower one of said subspectra and a second of said filters being individually associated with a relatively higher one of said subspectra;

means for applying said relatively lower one of said subspectra signals as an input to said first of said low-pass filters;

means for applying the output of said first of said low-pass filters as a first input to said summer;

means for applying said relatively higher one of said subspectra signals as a second input to said summer; and

means for applying the output of said summer as an input to said second of said low-pass filters;

whereby said lower one of said subspectra signals is filtered by both said first and second of said cascaded low-pass filters.

5. The system defined in claim 4, wherein both said lower and higher ones of said subspectra signals are cored subspectra signals.

6. The system defined in claim 5, wherein said lower and higher ones of said subspectra are contiguous subspectra.

7. The image-processing system defined in claim 1, wherein:

said input image-representing signal is a video signal representing an image that has been scanned in at least said one dimension;

said video signal contains no temporal frequency corresponding to an image spatial frequency greater than f_m, and said video signal is sampled at a temporal sampling frequency corresponding to at least twice f_m ;

said spectrum analyzer is a Burt Pyramid spectrum analyzer including one stage for deriving the highest one of said subspectra output signals therefrom, said one stage inlcuding (1) convolution filter-decimation means responsive to said sampled video signal for deriving a first filtered output signal therefrom at one-half the sample frequency of said video signal, (2) expander-interpolation means having said first filtered output signal applied as an input thereto for deriving a second filtered output signal therefrom at the same sample frequency as said video signal, and (3) means for subtracting the level value of each sample of said second filtered output signal from the level value of the corresponding sample of said video signal to thereby derive said highest one of said subspectra output signals as the output from said subtraction means; and

each of the convolution filter and interpolation filter of said one stage exhibits a filter spatial frequency characteristic in accordance with a symmetrical, equal-contribution kernel weighting function that includes at least seven multiplier-coefficients having respective values such that the product of the respective filter spatial frequency characteristics of said convolution and interpolation filters is a given spatial frequency characteristic (a) which is substantially unity over a spatial frequency range extending from zero to f_m /4(b) which has a gradual rolloff over a spatial frequency range extending from f_m /4 to 3f_m /4, and (c) which is substantially zero over a spatial frequency range extending from 3f_m /4 to f_m.

8. The image-processing system defined in claim 7, in which each of said convolution and interpolation filters exhibits said given spatial frequency characteristic.

9. The image-processing system defined in claim 8, wherein:

said Burt Pyramid analyzer includes N stages where N is a plural integer and said one stage is the first ordinal one of said N stages, for respectively deriving each of said bandpass subspectra output signals, and at least each of said second to (N-1)th stage includes (1) a convolution filter decimation means responsive to the first filtered output signal from the convolution filter decimation means of the immediately preceding stage for deriving a first filtered output therefrom at one-half the sample frequency of that of the first filtered output signal from the convolution filter-decimation means of the immediately preceding stage, (2) expander-interpolation filter means having said first filtered output of that stage applied as an input thereto for deriving a second filtered output signal therefrom at the sampling frequency of the first filtered output signal of the immediately preceding stage, and (3) means for subtracting the level value of each sample of said second filtered output signal of a stage from the corresponding sample of the first filtered output signal of the immediately preceding stage to thereby derive an octave-bandpass subspectra output signal corresponding to that stage; and

each of the convolution filter and interpolation filter of each of said second to (N-1)th stage exhibits a filter spatial frequency characteristic in accordance with a symmetrical, equal contribution kernel weighting function that includes at least seven multiplier-coefficients having respective values such that the respective spatial frequency characteristic of said convolution filter and interpolation filter of a stage (a) is substantially unity over a range extending from zero to f_m /4, where f_m is the nominal upper frequency of the spatial frequency spectrum of the first filtered output signal of the immediately preceding stage, (b) has a gradual rolloff over a spatial frequency range extending from f_m /4 to 3f_m /4, and (c) is substantially zero over a spatial frequency range extending from 3f_m /4 to f_m.

10. The image-processing system defined in claim 9, wherein:

wherein all of the second to Nth stages include the elements (1) (2) and (3) defined in claim 9 and have the spatial frequency characteristics (a), (b) and (c) defined in claim 9, and

said remnant subspectra output signal of said analyzer is the first filtered output signal of said Nth stage.

11. The image-processing system defined in claim 10, wherein said synthesizer is a Burt Pyramid synthesizer including:

an ordinal set of N expander-interpolation filter means and summers that individually correspond with each of the N stages of said Burt Pyramid analyzer, said expander-interpolation filter means and summers being intercoupled in cascade in reverse order with the output of each expander-interpolation filter means being applied as a first input to a summer and the output of that summer being applied as an input to the immediately preceding ordinal one of said expander-interpolation filter means in said set, said remnant subspectrum signal being applied as an input to the Nth expander-interpolation filter means of said set, the bandpass subspectrum signal associated with each of said N stages of said analyzer being applied as a second input to the corresponding summer of said set, whereby the output of the summer of said set corresponding to the first stage of said analyzer constitutes said output image-representing signal; and

wherein each of the interpolation filters exhibits a filter spatial frequency characteristic in accordance with a symmetrical, equal contribution kernel weighting function that includes at least seven multiplier-coefficients having respective values such that the respective spatial frequency characteristic of said interpolation filter of a stage (a) is substantially unity over a range extending from zero to f_m /4, where f_m is the nominal upper frequency of the spatial frequency spectrum of the first filtered output signal of the immediately preceding stage, (b) has a gradual rolloff over a spatial frequency range extending from f_m /4 to 3f_m /4, and (c) is substantially zero over a spatial frequency range extending from 3f_m /4 to f_m.

12. The image-processing system defined in claim 11, wherein said input-image-representing signal is a video signal representing a two-dimensional image that has been scanned in both of said two dimensions.

13. The image-processing system defined in claim 1, wherein said input-image-representing signal is a video signal representing a two-dimensional image that has been scanned in both of said two dimensions.

14. The image-processing system defined in claim 13, wherein:

said video signal is a television raster-scanned video signal comprised of successively-occurring scanning fields, each of said scanning fields including a blanking portion followed by an active video portion; and

each of said coring means includes first means comprised of switch means and time-constant means for deriving an adjustable threshold control signal having a magnitude during the active video portion of each scanning field which is a direct function of the noise level of the subspectrum output signal applied as an input to that coring means solely during the blanking portion of that scanning field, and second means controlled by said threshold control signal for deriving an output from that coring means only if the level of the input signal to that coring means during each scanning field exceeds the magnitude of said threshold control signal during that scanning field.

15. An image processing system for processing an input spectrum-analyzed image-representing signal, wherein said image-representing signal that has been spectrum-analyzed defines, in at least one dimension of the represented image spectrum, spatial frequencies within a range extending from a maximum frequency f_m down to zero, and wherein said spectrum-analyzed image-representing signal, starting with f_m, is comprised, in descending spatial frequency order, of a group of one or more separate contiguous bandpass subspectra signals, each of which has a nominal bandwith no greater than one octave within said range, and a remnant subspectrum signal containing all those spatial frequencies of said image-representing signal spectrum which are below those contained in the lowest spatial frequency bandpass spectrum signal;

said system including;

means for coring at least one of said bandpass subspectra signals, thereby introducing spurious out-of-band spatial frequency components into each cored subspectrum signal; and

a spectrum synthesizer coupled to said coring means and having all analyzed subspectra signals, including both those that have been cored and those that have not been cored, applied thereto for deriving an output image-representing signal;

wherein said synthesizer is comprised of substantially non-ringing, non-aliasing filter means individually associated with the subspectrum of at least each cored signal that is lower than the highest spatial frequency bandpass subspectrum output signal, for substantially removing at least those spurious frequency components therefrom which are above-band, and means for summing all said subspectra signals, including both any that has been cored and/or filtered and any that has been neither cored nor filtered, thereby to derive said output image-representing signal;

whereby any noise component originally present in said spectrum analyzed image-representing signal has been reduced in the spectrum of said output image-representing signal without introducing any significant amount of aliasing or other spurious spatial frequency component in the spectrum of said output image-representing signal.

16. The system defined in claim 15, wherein:

said output image-representing signal is to be employed to display an image on a display device having a resolution capability insufficient to noticeably display any spatial frequency higher than f_m ; and

said highest spatial frequency octave output signal from said spectrum is coupled through said coring means to said summing means without having any of said synthesizer filter means individually associated therewith.

17. The system defined in claim 15, wherein each of said synthesizer filter means is comprised of a low-pass filter having a gradual rolloff about a nominal cutoff frequency equal to the upper spatial frequency of the subspectrum with which that filter means is individually associated.

18. The system defined in claim 17, wherein said synthesizer comprises:

at least two of said low-pass filters that are coupled in cascade through a summer, a first of said filters being individually associated with a relatively lower one of said subspectra and a second of said filters being individually associated with a relatively higher one of said subspectra;

means for applying said relatively lower one of said subspectra signals as an input to said first of said low-pass filters;

means for applying the output of said first of said low-pass filters as a first input to said summer;

means for applying said relatively higher one of said subspectra signals as a second input to said summer; and

means for applying the output of said summer as an input to said second of said low-pass filters;

whereby said lower one of said subspectra signals is filtered by both said first and second of said cascaded low-pass filters.

19. The system defined in claim 18, wherein both said lower and higher ones of said subspectra signals are cored subspectra signals.

20. The system defined in claim 19, wherein said lower and higher ones of said subspectra are contiguous subspectra.

21. The image-processing system defined in claim 15, wherein:

said image-representing signal which has been spectrum analyzed is a video signal representing an image that has been scanned in at least said one dimension;

said video signal contains no temporal frequency corresponding to an image spatial frequency greater than f_m, and said video signal is sampled at a temporal sampling frequency corresponding to at least twice f_m ;

said group of bandpass subspectra signal is comprised of N bandpass subspectra signals, where N is a plural integer;

said synthesizer is a Burt Pyramid synthesizer that includes an ordinal set of N expander-interpolation filter means and summers, said expander-interpolation filter means and summers being intercoupled in cascade in reverse order with the output of each expander-interpolation filter means being applied as a first input to a summer and the output of that summer being applied as an input to the immediately preceding ordinal one of said expander-interpolation filter means in said set, said remnant subspectrum signal being applied as an input to the Nth expander-interpolation filter means of said set, the bandpass subspectrum signal associated with each of said N bandpass subspectra signals being applied as a second input to the corresponding summer of said set, whereby the output of the summer of said set corresponding to the first stage of said analyzer constitutes said output image-representing signal; and

wherein each of the interpolation filters exhibits a filter spatial frequency characteristic in accordance with a symmetrical, equal contribution kernel weighting function that includes at least seven multiplier-coefficients having respective values such that the respective spatial frequency characteristic of said interpolation filter of a stage (a) is substantially unity over a range extending from zero to f_m /4, where f_m is the nominal upper frequency of the spatial frequency spectrum of the first filtered output signal of the immediately preceding stage, (b) has a gradual rolloff over a spatial frequency range extending from f_m /4 to 3f_m /4, and (c) is substantially zero over a spatial frequency range extending from 3f_m /4 to f_m.

22. The image-processing system defined in claim 21, wherein said input-image-representing signal is a video signal representing a two-dimensional image that has been scanned in both of said two dimensions.

23. The image-processing system defined in claim 15, wherein said input-image-representing signal is a video signal representing a two-dimensional image that has been scanned in both of said two dimensions.

24. The image-processing system defined in claim 23, wherein:

said video signal is a television raster-scanned video signal comprised of successively-occurring scanning fields, each of said scanning fields including a blanking portion followed by an active video portion; and

each of said coring means includes first means comprised of switch means and time-constant means for deriving an adjustable threshold control signal having a magnitude during the active video portion of each scanning field which is a direct function of the noise level of the subspectrum output signal applied as an input to that coring means solely during the blanking portion of that scanning field, and second means controlled by said threshold control signal for deriving an output from that coring means only if the level of the input signal to that coring means during each scanning field exceeds the magnitude of said threshold control signal during that scanning field.