Computer systems to inhibit unauthorized copying, unauthorized usage, and automated cracking of protected software

• US 4,558,176 A
• Filed: 09/20/1982
• Issued: 12/10/1985
• Est. Priority Date: 09/20/1982
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Mark D. Winkel, Mark G. Arnold
• Original Assignee: Mark D. Winkel, Mark G. Arnold
• Inventors: Arnold, Mark G., Winkel, Mark D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Cangialosi, Salvatore
• Assistant Examiner(s): Steinberger, Brian
• Application Number:
  US06/420,562
• Time in Patent Office: 1,177 Days
• Field of Search: 178/22.08, 178/22.09, 364/200, 364/300, 364/900, 340/825.34
• US Class Current: 713/190
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/10 Protecting distributed programs or content, e.g. vending or licensing of copyrighted material protection in video systems or pay television H04N7/16 ; Digital rights management [DRM]
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/72 in cryptographic circuits
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2221/2107 File encryption

Abstract

A method and apparatus are provided for inhibiting unauthorized copying, unauthorized usage and automated cracking of proprietary software used in computer systems. The computer systems execute protected programs, which are protected by encapsulation and/or encryption. To provide security against unauthorized copying of software, means are provided that detect and inhibit automated cracking of protected programs. These means will destroy or make inaccessible information in the CPU during conditions when automated cracking could occur. These means will also store interrupt contexts in secret to prevent implementation of automated cracking. Additional features may be provided to allow operation as a general purpose computer system, where protected programs are distributed using public key cryptography and a means is provided to convert from this distribution form to the protected execution form.

Claims

1. A general purpose computer system for executing a plurality of encrypted software packages having provisions that inhibit unauthorized usage of encrypted software instructions comprising:

storage means for storing information;

processing means for executing re-encrypted software instructions from the current package using an execution key common to all re-encrypted software instructions, and for executing unencrypted software instructions;

said processing means including register/flag means for storing information being processed by said processing means under the control of said software instructions;

translation means, coupled to said processing means, operative for re-encrypting said plurality of encrypted software packages using said execution key to form a plurality of re-encrypted software packages;

said translation means including multiple translation prevention means for preventing said translation means from storing a second re-encrypted software package into locations of said storage means occupied by a first re-encrypted software package;

secure communication means, coupled to said processing means and said translation means, operative for buffering information between said processing means and said translation means, including information describing the region of said storage means occupied by said plurality of re-encrypted software packages;

said processing means including destruction means for destroying said execution key and the contents of said register/flag means upon receiving a destroy signal;

package description means for indicating the region of said storage means occupied by said current package;

violation recognition means, coupled to said destruction means, operative for generating said destroy signal if a re-encrypted software instruction came from a region of said storage means other than the region of said storage means indicated by said package description means; and

branch allowing means, coupled to said violation recognition means and to said package description means, operative for preventing said violation recognition means from generating said destroy signal when a re-encrypted software instruction executing in said processing means is a handshake instruction originating from a region of said storage means other than the region of said storage means indicated by said package description means, and further for establishing the region of said storage means that contains said handshake instruction as the current package in said package description means, and additionally for erasing a portion of the information contained in said register/flag means.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein said multiple translation prevention means includes:

translation stop register means for holding the address of the highest location at which said translation means stored a re-encrypted software instruction of said first re-encrypted software package;

translation address register means, for holdlng the address of the location at which a re-encrypted software instruction from said second re-encrypted soft-ware package is to be stored by said translation means;

comparator means, coupled to said translation stop register means and to said translation address register means, operative for testing if the value in said translation address register means is less than the value in said translation stop register means; and

storage prevention means, coupled to said comparator means, operative for preventing said translation means from storing a re-encrypted software instruction when said comparator means indicates that the value in said translation address register means is less than the value in said translation stop register means.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein said package description means comprises:

lower bounds memory means for storing a plurality of lowest addresses corresponding to each of said plurality of re-encrypted software packages residing in said storage means;

upper bounds memory means for storing a plurality of highest addresses corresponding to each of said plurality of re-encrypted software packages residing in said storage means;

lower transmitting means, coupled to said lower bound memory means, operative for transmitting from said lower bounds memory means the lowest address in the region of said storage means that contains said current package;

upper transmitting means, coupled to said upper bounds memory means, operative for transmitting from said upper bounds memory means the highest address in the region of said storage means that contains said current package; and

reload prevention means, coupled to said lower bounds memory means and to said upper bounds memory means, operative for preventing said lower bounds memory means from being loaded more than once, and for additionally preventing said upper bounds memory means from being loaded more than once.

4. the device of claim 3, wherein said violation recognition means comprises:

bounds testing means, coupled to said lower transmitting means and to said upper transmitting means, operative for testing if the address of the re-encrypted software instruction currently being executed by said processing means is within the region defined by said lowest address from said lower transmitting means and said upper address from said upper transmitting means, thereby generating an in-bounds signal; and

bounds destruction means, coupled to said destruction means and to said bounds testing means, operative for generating said destroy signal when said bounds testing means fails to produce an in-bounds signal during the execution of a re-encrypted software instruction by said processing means.

5. The device of claim 4, wherein said branch allowing means further comprises:

bounds re-establishing means, coupled to said lower bounds memory means, to said upper bounds memory means, to said lower transmitting means, and to said upper transmitting means, operative for replacing a first lower bound in said lower transmitting means with a second lower bound from said lower bounds memory means when said processing means changes control from a first package to a second package, and for additionally replacing a first upper bound in said upper transmitting means with a second upper bound from said upper bounds memory means when said processing means changes control from said first package to said second package;

control stack means for storing a plurality of return addresses in secret;

package calling means, coupled to said control stack means and to said bounds re-establishing means, operative for storing into said control stack means the address of the re-encrypted software instruction immeditely following a package call instruction, and for additionally causing said processing means to branch to the target address of the package call instruction;

call permitting means, coupled to said bounds destruction means and to said bounds re-establishing means, operative for preventing said bounds destruction means from generating a destroy signal when the current re-encrypted software instruction being executed by said processing means is a handshake instruction branched to by a package call instruction, and for additionally causing said bounds re-establishing means to replace the bounds in said package description means with the bounds of the region containing the handshake instruction that lies at the target address of said package call instruction; and

package returning means, coupled to said control stack means and to said bounds re-establishing means, operative for recalling and removing the last return address from said control stack means, and for additionally causing said processing means to branch to the return address recalled from said control stack means, and for causing said bounds re-establishing means to replace the bounds in said package description means with the bounds of the region inside of which the return address lies.

6. The device of claim 5 wherein said upper bounds memory means and said lower bounds memory means consist of a combined bounds memory means whereby said plurality of re-encrypted software packages are required to be stored contiguously in said storage means, and whereby each value in said combined bounds memory means represents both the upper bound of one package and one less than the lower bound of the next package.

7. The device of claim 5 wherein said bounds re-establishing means consists of searching means operative for searching said upper bounds memory means and said lower bounds memory means, and for finding an upper bound and corresponding lower bound which define a region of said storage means inside of which the re-encrypted software instruction currently being executed by said processing means resides.

8. The device of claim 7, wherein said bounds testing means further comprises:

above bounds testing means for testing if the address of the re-encrypted software instruction currently being executed by said processing means is above the value in said upper transmitting means, thereby producing an above-bounds signal; and

below bounds testing means for testing if the address of the re-encrypted software instruction currently being executed by said processing means is below the value in said lower transmitting means, thereby producing a below-bounds signal.

9. The device of claim 8, wherein said searching means consists of a successive approximation register means, coupled to said bounds testing means, to said upper bounds memory means and to said lower bounds memory means, operative for searching said upper bounds memory means and said lower bounds memory means using a binary search technique, whereby said successive approximation register determines the order of the items to be search in accordance with said in-bounds signal, said above-bounds signal, and said below-bounds signal produced by said bounds testing means, and whereby the values in said upper bounds memory means and said lower bounds memory means are stored in sorted order.

10. The device of claim 1, further comprising:

switching means, coupled to said processing means, operative for switching to execution of unencrypted software instructions when said processing means executes a re-encrypted switch instruction, and additionally for switching to execution of re-encrypted software instructions when said processing means executes an unencrypted switch instruction; and

switch re-establishing means, coupled to said processing means and to said package description means, operative for establishing the region of said storage means that contains said unencrypted switch instruction as said current package, and additionally for clearing at least a portion of the information in said register/flag means when said processing means executes a switch instruction.

11. A method for executing a plurality of encrypted software packages on a processor having a program counter, registers/flags, a decryption unit, and a storage unit, comprising the steps of:

selecting an execution key;

initializing a bounds memory, capable of holding lower bounds and upper bounds, to an empty condition;

choosing a load address;

translating one of said encrypted software packages, to form a reencrypted software package, whereby said re-encrypted software package is composed of a plurality of re-encrypted software instructions that are decryptable using said execution key;

storing said re-encrypted software package in a region of said storage unit beginning at said load address;

terminating said storing step if any re-encrypted software instructions were previously stored in said region;

recording the highest address of said region;

inserting in said bounds memory said load address as the lower bound corresponding to said re-encrypted software package, and said highest address as the upper bound corresponding to said re-encrypted software package;

repeating said steps of choosing, translating, storing, terminating, recording, and inserting for each of said plurality of encrypted software packages, to form a plurality of re-encrypted software packages;

establishing a current lower bound and a current upper bound from said bounds memory;

decrypting the re-encrypted software instruction pointed to by said program counter, using said decryption unit with said execution key, to form an unencrypted software instruction;

executing said unencrypted software instruction, to to perform useful results, and to form a new value in said program counter;

destroying said execution key and said registers/flags if said unencrypted software instruction is not a handshake instruction, and said program counter is above said current upper bound or below said current lower bound;

searching said bounds memory for a zone of said storage unit that surrounds the location pointed to by said program counter, if said unencrypted software instruction is a handshake instruction and said program counter is above said current upper bound or below said current lower bound, to form new values for said current lower bound, and said current upper bound; and

repeating said steps of decrypting, executing, destroying, and searching.

12. The process of claim 11 further comprising the step of relocating said encrypted software package, to form a relocated re-encrypted software package.