Visual simulators, computer generated imagery, and display systems

• US 4,616,217 A
• Filed: 05/20/1982
• Issued: 10/07/1986
• Est. Priority Date: 05/22/1981
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Marconi UK Intellectual Property Limited (Marconi Holdings Company Limited)
• Original Assignee: Marconi Holdings Company Limited
• Inventors: Laker, Robert W., Nesbitt, Norman R. S., Skeels, Edwin, Rowley, Terence W., Judge, Michael E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Curtis, Marshall M.
• Application Number:
  US06/380,295
• Time in Patent Office: 1,601 Days
• Field of Search: 340/703, 340/717, 340/725, 340/747, 340/729, 340/705, 358/87, 358/88, 358/104, 358/231, 358/237
• US Class Current: 345/421
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 15/405 using Z-buffer
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/302 the image being transformed by computer processing, e.g. updating the image to correspond to the changing point of view
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/32 by projected image G09B9/307, G09B9/36 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/34 by cathode-ray screen display G09B9/307, G09B9/36 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 1/06 using single beam tubes G09G1/26, G09G1/28 take precedence, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows G09G1/28 takes precedence; stereoscopic TV-systems, details thereof H04N13/00; oscilloscopes for three-dimensional representation G01R13/206; vectorscopes G01R13/208

Abstract

A display system having a screen and two spaced projectors arranged to illuminate respective parts of the screen. The screen includes a diffusor which serves to scatter light incident on the screen at a particular point in a manner such that more of the light is propagated, after scattering, more in a given direction of maximum intensity than in any other given direction. The screen has a refractor which serves to deflect the light before or after scattering from adjacent points of the different parts so as to reduce or eliminate an angle between the directions of maximum intensity for these adjacent points.

Claims

1. A display system comprising a screen and two spaced projectors arranged to illuminate respective parts of the screen, the screen comprising:

imperfect diffusion means serving to scatter light incident on its at particular point in a manner such that more of said light is propagated, after scattering, in a given direction of maximum intensity than in any other given direction; and

refraction means serving to deflect the light from each of said projectors so as to reduce or eliminate an angle between the directions of maximum intensity of light from said respective projectors which is incident at adjacent points of said respective parts.

2. A display system according to claim 1 in which the screen is translucent thereby allowing the display to be viewed from a side of the screen opposite to the side in which the projectors are located.

3. A display system according to claim 2 in which the refraction means is arranged to deflect the light after scattering.

4. A display system, according to claim 2 or 3 in which the screen is curved and in which the refraction means tends to focus light incident on the screen towards a centre of curvature of the screen.

5. A display system according to claim 1 in which the refraction means is formed by a sheet of transparent material, one surface of which is machined to form a series of facets inclined with respect to each other.

16. A display system as defined in claim 1 wherein said refraction means is located to deflect the light prior to the light being scattered by said diffusion means.

17. A display system as defined in claim 1, wherein said refraction means is located to deflect the light after the light is scattered by said diffusion means.

6. Apparatus for storing video data defining a surface extending in three dimensions x, y, and z, the apparatus comprising:

first storage means for recording z values of the surface for different x and y co-ordinate values;

second storage means for recording groups of x and y co-ordinate values defining the vertices of respective adjacent polygonal areas of the surface, which areas together define a region of the surface having a distinct visual characteristic; and

reading means for producing from the z-values sotred in said first storage means, z co-ordinate values associated with each x, y co-ordinate value at each of said vertices recorded in the second storage means.

7. Apparatus according to claim 6 and comprising further storage means for recording further groups of x and y co-ordinate values defining the vertices of further respective adjacent polygonal areas of smaller average size than the first-mentioned polygonal areas;

and further means for producing from the z-values stored in the first storage means z co-ordinate values associated with each x, y co-ordinate value at each of said vertices recorded in the further storage means.

8. Apparatus according to claim 6 or 7 in which the first storage means contains particular z values for particular x,y-co-ordinate positions and includes interpolation means for allowing said first storage means to produce a read-out of z values associated with x,y co-ordinate positions different from the particular x,y co-ordinate positions associated with said particular z values.

9. Apparatus for generating successive picture frames depicting a feature to create an illusion of movement comprising:

a first store containing description data of each of a plurality of relatively large faces of the feature to be displayed;

a second store containing for each of the relatively large faces, description data of each of a group of relatively small faces, together constituting the large face, the description data of each face including a definition of its location and a value which defines its brightness or colour;

a processor adapted to process the description data into a form for feeding to a display device so as to produce an image having an illusion of movement formed from successive picture frames;

means for accessing description data at a given frame rate from selected locations within said first and second stores and feeding the accessed description data to said processor, the selected locations each corresponding to a respective one of the picture frames;

switching means for switching a connection to said processor from said first store to said second store between successive frames; and

switch over regulation means for causing the display of a group of small faces immediately after switching from said first store to said second store, with uniform colour or brightness values, and changing these values between subsequent frames towards their respective different values as determined by the description data in said second store.

10. Apparatus according to claim 9 in which the switching means includes a selector means for selecting the first store when the selected features are defined by a sufficiently small amount of description data in the first store to be processed by the processor and selecting the second store at other times.

11. Apparatus according to claim 10 in which the selector means includes means to select, at any one time, that store which results in the processor being used most nearly to its maximum capacity.

12. Apparatus for producing, from the co-ordinates of the end points of a line, a two dimensional image depicting the line as viewed by an observer having one of said points behind him and one in front of him, the apparatus comprising:

means for determining a first set of co-ordinates where an image plane is intersected by a line joining the observer to the end point in front of him;

means for determining a second set of co-ordinates where the image plane is intersected by the extension of a line joining the observer to the end point behind him;

means for receiving the first and second sets of co-ordinates and using such co-ordinates to generate picture signals representing a line defined by an extension of the line joining the first and second sets of co-ordinates; and

display means connected for receiving said picture signals and for displaying said line represented thereby.

13. Apparatus for producing, from the co-ordinates of the ends of a line extending from a position behind the observer to a position in front of the observer, a two dimensional image depicting the line as viewed by the observer, the apparatus comprising:

means for recognising which of said ends lies in front of and which lies behind the observer;

means for calculating from the co-ordinates of a first end, recognised as lying in front of the observer, the co-ordinates of a first point where an image plane is intersected by a line or extension thereof joining the observer to the first end;

means for calculating from the co-ordinates of a second end recognised as lying behhnd the observer, the co-ordinates of a second point where the image plane is intersected by an extension of a line joining the second end to the observer;

means for receiving the co-ordinates of the first and second points and using such co-ordinates to generate picture signals representing an extension of a line in the image plane joining the second point to the first point, said last mentioned extension being on a side of the first point remote from the second point and defining the said two dimensional image; and

display means connected for receiving said picture signals and for displaying said two dimensional image.

14. A raster display system comprising:

means for defining a line to be displayed;

means for determining the instant when a first part of a raster spot crosses said line and providing a first control signal which changes at that instant;

means for determining the instant when a second part of a raster spot crosses the line and providing a second control signal which changes at that instant;

means for providing a combined control signal from the first and second control signals; and

means for using the combined control signal to vary the brightness and/or colour of the raster spot gradually as it crosses the line.

15. A raster display system according to claim 14 in which the combined control signal has a magnitude equal to an average magnitude of the first and second control signals.

18. A computer generated imagery system comprising:

position defining means for defining the position of an observation point relative to a scene to be depicted by an image to be displayed,

storage means for storing description data of polygonal faces defining the image to be displayed, the description data of each face including a plurality of codes defining respective different priority values for different angles of view of the scene relative to the observation point, each priority value defining the capability of a face to obscure other faces for a respective one of said different angles of view; and

display means connected to said storage means and responsive to the description data for displaying selected ones of the faces to form an image of the scene to be displayed along a given angle of view relative to the observer, said display means including priority code-responsive means for preventing display of a face having a priority value which is lower than the priority value of another face which lies within the given angle of view.

19. A screen for use in a display system having two spaced optical projectors which are arranged to illuminate different parts of said screen, the projectors having respective optical axes which are inclined toward on another in a direction toward said screen, said screen comprising:

imperfect diffusion means which non-uniformly scatters light so that light from a respective one of the projectors which is incident at a particular point of said diffusion means is propagated by said diffusion means more in a given direction of maximum intensity than in any other direction; and

refraction means located at one side of said diffusion means for deflecting light from each of said projectors for minimizing an angle between the respective directions of maximum intensity of light which is propagated from said screen and which is incident from different ones of said projectors at respective adjacent points of the different parts of said screen.

20. Method for producing, from the co-ordinates of the end points of a line, a two dimensional image depicting the line as viewed by an observer having one of the points behind him and one in front of him, the method comprising:

determining a first set of co-ordinates where an image plane is intersected by a line joining the observer to the end point in front of him;

determining a second set of co-ordinates where the image plane is intersected by the extension of a line joining the observer to the end point behind him; and

displaying on a screen, corresponding to the image plane, a visible line defined by an extension of the line joining the first and second sets of co-ordinates.

21. Method for producing, from the co-ordinates of the ends of a line extending from a position behind the observer to a position in front of the observer, a two dimensional image depicting the line as viewed by the observer, the method comprising:

recognizing which of the ends lies in front of and which lies behind the observer;

calculating from the co-ordinate of a first end, recognized as lying in front of the observer, the co-ordinates of a first point where an image plane is intersected by a line or extension thereof joining the observer to the first end;

calculating from the co-ordinates of a second end recognized as lying behind the observer, the co-ordinates of a second point where the image plane is intersected by an extension of a line joining the second end to the observer;

defining an extension of a line in the image plane joining the second point to the first point, the last mentioned extension being on a side of the second point remote from the first point and defining the two dimensional image; and

displaying the two dimensional image on a screen corresponding to the image plane.

22. A simulator comprising:

a. a store containing description data of a threee dimensional shape of a feature to be displayed, said description data including co-ordinate, relative to a datum point, of the end points of a line;

b. control means adapted to be manipulated by an operator to change a signal defining the relative simulated positions of the operator and said datum point;

c. a display device arranged in relation to the said control means so as to display an image to be viewed by the operator;

d. logic means arranged to receive said signal defining the relative simulated positions and said co-ordinates of the end points, said logic means detecting when one of the end points lies behind the simulated operator position and the other lies in front of it;

e. calculating means responsive to the detecting of said logic means and including (1) means for determining a first set of co-ordinates where an image plane is intercepted by a line joining the observer to the end point recognized as being in front of the simulated operator position and (2) means for determining a second set of co-ordinates where the image plane is intercepted by the extension of a line joining the observer to the end point recognized as being behind him; and

f. means for receiving the first and second sets of co-ordinates from the calculating means and using them to generate picture signals and to feed the picutre signals to said display means, whereby the display means is adapted to display a visible line defined by an extension of the line joining the first and second sets of co-ordinates.