Programmable load controller

• US 4,620,283 A
• Filed: 11/29/1983
• Issued: 10/28/1986
• Est. Priority Date: 11/29/1983
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Lehigh University Bethlehem PA
• Original Assignee: Lehigh University
• Inventors: Mondal, Kalyan, Butt, James A., Roberts, Preston L.
• Primary Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Application Number:
  US06/555,960
• Time in Patent Office: 1,064 Days
• Field of Search: 364/493, 364/492, 307/35, 307/38, 307/39, 307/62
• US Class Current: 700/295
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/60 Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/14 by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/3225 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/222 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving

Abstract

A control method and system for minimizing the on-peak power demand of a residential electric utility user having a plurality of loads is implemented by determining the average energy demand over predetermined sliding time windows and comparing them with a control point. Non-priority loads are shed in an attempt to decrease the demand below the control point. If the energy demand is still above the control point after all non-priority loads are shed, the control point is dynamically adjusted upward and no priority loads are shed. Loads are shed by transmitting bits of information to the loads when the average energy demand over the predetermined time windows increases beyond the control point. Upon receiving bits of information indicating a load should be shed, the receiver deenergizes its load. The bits of information are synchronized to the zero crossing of the AC line. The bits are transmitted simultaneously and periodically. Central load control may decrease the power demand of the user in one or more predetermined steps. A method is provided for controlling multi-phase demand where the angles between phases are not necessarily equal.

Claims

1. A control method for minimizing during a billing period the on-peak power demand of a residential electric utility customer having an AC line and a plurality of interruptible non-priority loads and non-interruptible priority loads comprising the steps of:

(a) defining a control point of desired power demand;

(b) shedding non-priority loads to attempt to decrease demand below the control point;

(c) providing predetermined sliding time windows;

(d) determining average energy demand of the loads over a predetermined sliding time window; and

(e) dynamically increasing said control point to a new control point when all non-priority loads have been shed and when the average power demand within the time window increases beyond said control point whereby the value of the new control point is related to the last-named average power demand.

2. The control method of claim 1 in which step (b) includes the steps of transmitting bits of information to the loads for control thereof and shedding non-priority loads when the average energy demand over at least one predetermined sliding time window increases beyond said control point.

3. The control method of claim 2 which includes the steps of:

(a) slow shedding of non-priority loads when the energy demand over a first predetermined sliding time window increases beyond said control point; and

,

(b) fast shedding of non-priority loads when the energy demand over a second predetermined sliding time window increases beyond said control point wherein the second window is of shorter duration than the first window.

4. The control method of claim 2 which includes synchronizing the transmitted bits of information to the negative going zero crossing of the AC line.

5. The control method of claim 2 which includes counting down at a predetermined frequency asynchronously and free-running with respect to the AC line beginning at the negative going zero crossing for determining the occurrence of the positive going zero crossings and transmitting further bits of information synchronized to the positive going zero crossings.

6. The control method of claim 2 which includes transmitting the bits of information to all loads simultaneously.

7. The control method of claim 6 which includes transmitting the bits of information automatically and periodically.

8. The control method of claim 1 in which step (a) includes providing for customer selection of said control point at a target value selected to be lower than the maximum new control point for that billing period.

9. The method of claim 1 which further includes the steps of:

(a) receiving a central control signal from the utility; and

,

(b) subtracting from the average energy demand a predetermined decrement in response to said central control signal to produce a new control point.

10. A control system for minimizing during a billing period the on-peak power demand of a residential electric utility customer having an AC line and a plurality of interruptible non-priority loads and non-interruptible priority loads comprising:

means to define a control point of desired power demand;

means coupled to said loads to shed non-priority loads to attempt to decrease demand below the control point;

means to determine average energy demand of the loads over a predetermined sliding time window; and

means to dynamically increase said control point to a new control point when all non-priority loads have been shed and when the average power demand within the time window increases beyond said control point whereby the value of the new control point is related to the last-named average power demand.

11. The control system of claim 10 in which there is provided means for shedding non-priority loads in response to bits of information transmitted to the loads when the average energy demand over a predetermined sliding time window increases beyond said control point.

12. The control system of claim 11 including:

(a) means for slow shedding of non-priority loads when the energy demand over a first predetermined sliding time window increases beyond said control point; and

,

(b) means for fast shedding of non-priority loads when the energy demand over a second predetermined sliding time window increases beyond said control point wherein the second window is of shorter duration than the first window.

13. The control system of claim 11 in which there is provided means for synchronizing the transmitted bits of information to the negative going zero crossings of the AC line.

14. The control system of claim 13 in which there is provided means for counting down at a predetermined frequency asynchronously and free-running with respect to the AC line beginning at the negative going zero crossing to determine the occurrence of the positive going zero crossing and transmitting further bits of information synchronized to the positive going zero crossing.

15. The control system of claim 11 in which there is provided means for transmitting the bits of information to all loads simultaneously.

16. The control system of claim 15 in which there is provided means for transmitting the bits of information automatically and periodically.

17. The control system of claim 10 in which there is provided means for customer selection of said control point at a target value selected to be lower than the maximum new control point for that billing period whereby the maximum new control point during that billing period is the minimum possible control point consistent with all priority loads being energized.

18. The control system of claim 10 in which there is further provided:

(a) central load control receiver means for receiving a central control signal from the utility, and;

(b) means for subtracting from the average energy demand a predetermined decrement in response to said central control signal to produce a new control point.

19. A load controller system for transmitting bits of information through an AC line to control a plurality of loads in which the bits of information are synchronized with the zero crossing of the AC line comprising:

(a) means for providing an external interrupt pulse at each negative going zero crossing of the AC line;

(b) timer means for counting down at a predetermined frequency asynchronously and free running with respect to the AC line and having an external interrupt window during certain counts;

(c) means for disabling the external interrupt pulse at times other than the external interrupt window; and

(d) means for locking the timing means onto the AC line and for reloading the timing means when an interrupt arrives during an external interrupt window whereby the countdown period of the timer means coincides with the period AC line.

20. The load controller system of claim 19 in which there is provided means to determine when the timer means has counted down half of its range thereby to determine the occurrence of the positive going zero crossing.

21. The load controller system of claim 20 in which there is provided means to transmit the bits of information at predetermined counts of the timer means related to the zero crossings.

22. A method for controlling power demand of a residential electric utility customer having a control point of desired power demand above which power demand cannot rise comprising the steps of:

(a) receiving a central control signal from the utility;

(b) providing a predetermined sliding time window;

(c) determining the average energy demand over a predetermined sliding time window; and

(d) subtracting from the average energy demand a predetermined decrement in response to said central control signal to produce a new control point.

23. The method of claim 22 in which step (c) includes the further step of substituting for said new control point a predetermined minimum control point if said new control point is below the predetermined minimum control point.

24. The method of claim 22 in which step (c) includes the further step of preventing any adjustments of the new control point until the central control signal is discontinued by the utility.

25. The method of claim 22 which includes the further steps of receiving a central control signal which is cycled on and off by the utility and subtracting from the average energy demand a predetermined decrement in response to each cycle to produce a series of progressively lower control points.

26. A method for synchronizing a transmitter of a power demand control system for a multiple phase residential electric utility customer said control system having a receiver for gating a customer load in which said receiver samples its phase at zero crossings, the synchronization being independent of the angle between the phases comprising the steps of:

(a) transmitting from the control system a bit of control information for a half cycle of a first phase, said bit of information beginning substantially at a zero crossing of the first phase; and

(b) receiving the bit of control information substantially at the zero crossing of the phase of the receiver.

27. A load controller system coupled through an AC line to a plurality of loads having means for automatically and periodically transmitting bits of information to all the loads simultaneously comprising:

(a) means for providing an external interrupt pulse at each negative going zero crossing of the AC line;

(b) counting means initiated at the beginning of a transmission of a bit of information for determining the number of external interrupts which have occurred since the last transmission; and

,

(c) means for determining when a predetermined number of external interrupts have been counted and simultaneously transmitting to all loads a further bit of information when the predetermined number of external interrupts has been counted.