Light-emitting diode assemblies and systems therefore

• US 4,675,575 A
• Filed: 07/13/1984
• Issued: 06/23/1987
• Est. Priority Date: 07/13/1984
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: E & G Enterprises Scottsdale Arizona A Partnership of Arizona
• Original Assignee: E&M Enterprises LLC
• Inventors: Smith, Geraldine L., Smith, Elmer L., McLarty, Gerold E.
• Primary Examiner(s): NOT, DEFINED
• Application Number:
  US06/630,422
• Time in Patent Office: 1,075 Days
• Field of Search: 313/498, 313/110, 250/552, 250/553, 315/185 S
• US Class Current: 315/185.00S
• CPC Class Codes: F21S 10/00 Lighting devices or systems producing a varying lighting effect
• CPC Class Codes: F21S 4/10 with light sources attached to loose electric cables, e.g. Christmas tree lights
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 17/04 the fastening being onto or by the light source
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 23/0407 for flashing
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 23/06 the elements being coupling devices , e.g. connectors
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 3/02 characterised by the shape
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 5/041 Ball lenses
• CPC Class Codes: F21W 2121/00 Use or application of lighting devices or systems for decorative purposes, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00
• CPC Class Codes: F21Y 2115/10 Light-emitting diodes [LED]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 25/0753 the devices being arranged next to each other
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/0002 Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/54 having a particular shape
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/58 Optical field-shaping elements
• CPC Class Codes: H03K 17/78 using opto-electronic devices, i.e. light-emitting and photoelectric devices electrically- or optically-coupled
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 45/32 Pulse-control circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 45/395 Linear regulators
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 47/165 following a pre-assigned programmed sequence; Logic control [LC]

Abstract

A light string system is provided having a plurality of mono-color or bi-color light-emitting diodes electrically connected thereto. Each light-emitting diode has a generally elongated, hollow envelope mounted thereover, and the envelope is substantially filled with light-conducting optical spheres or even fragments. The envelope may be additionally filled with light-conducting epoxy, light-conducting liquid or light-conducting gas and sealed for improved light transmission and dispersion characteristics. The light-emitting diodes may include an improved base with light-emitting diode leads disposed approximately perpendicular to the axis of the envelope for bulb stability and for enabling the bulb to stand upright on the branches. Both the envelope and the optical spheres include light-conducting glass or plastic material. The spheres may be either hollow or spherical and may be of a uniform or a mixed size. Additionally, the balls may be large for stacking in single file within the envelope or centrifuged to the sides of the envelope with the center devoid of spheres. The light-emitting diodes may be adapted for use as Christmas tree strings and various AC and DC control circuits are provided for driving the light-emitting diodes, for blinking effects, for alternating between two colors, for alternating between three colors, for improving the length of the string and uniformity of intensity of illumination and the like. In a preferred embodiment of the Christmas tree string of lights, a master trunk line and a plurality of limb lines are provided. The limb lines plug into or connect to predetermined locations along the master trunk line for ease of assembly, replacement and the like. This string uses a series--parallel configuration wherein the upper and lower portion of the master trunk line and the individual light-emitting diodes within each limb line are connected in series while the limb line sets are connected in parallel with each other for enabling more lights to be illuminated with less power, for increasing the uniformity of illumination along the length of the string, and for minimizing light outage due to bulb burnout.

Claims

1. A miniature light bulb apparatus for strings of Christmas tree lights, Christmas decorations, ornamental light strings, decorative lights and the like comprising:

a light-emitting diode;

an envelope means operably disposed about at least a portion of said light-emitting diode; and

light-conducting spherical means operably disposed within said envelope means for transmitting, dispersing, and difussing the light emitted from said light-emitting diode.

2. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 further including light-transmitting epoxy means operably disposed within said envelope and about said spherical means for maintaining the configuration of said spherical means within said envelope means and aiding light conduction and transmission within said envelope means.

3. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 2 wherein said spheircal means are operably disposed proximate the inner surface of said envelope means and the area about the longitudingal axis of said envelope means is substantially devoid of said spherical means.

4. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 further including liquid light-conducting means operably disposed within said envelope means and means for sealing said envelope means to prevent the leakage of said liquid therefrom.

5. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 4 wherein said liquid includes carbontetrachloride.

6. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means includes a plastic material.

7. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope includes glass.

8. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spherical means includes plastic balls.

9. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spherical means includes glass balls.

10. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spherical means include substantially optically perfect balls.

11. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spherical means includes balls of substantially uniform size.

12. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spherical means include a mixture of spheres having at least some different diameters.

14. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is formed in any conventional light bulb shape.

15. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is an elongated, generally cylindrical shell at least partially open at one end for operatively receiving said light-emitting diode therein and generally tapered to a tip at the opposite end for decorative purposes and the like.

16. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is in the shape of a right cylinder.

17. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is in the shape of a hollow sphere.

18. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means includes at least a partially opened end for operatively receiving the light-emitting diode therein and a closed end, said closed end including a hook portion for hanging from Christmas tree limbs and the like.

19. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spherical means includes a plurality of optical balls densely packed within said envelope means.

20. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spherical means includes a plurality of optical balls loosely packed within said envelope means.

21. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light-emitting diode has an intensity within the range of 2mcd≦

1≦

24.

22. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light-emitting diode has an intensity within the range 24mcd≦

1≦

500mcd.

23. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light-emitting diode has an intensity with a range greater than 500mcd.

24. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light-emitting diode is colored.

25. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 24 wherein said light-emitting diode is at least one of red, green, yellow, amber, orange, and blue.

26. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light-emitting diode is multi-colored.

27. The miniature light bulb assembly of claim 1 wherein said light-emitting diode is bi-colored.

28. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light-emitting diode is tri-colored.

29. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is substantially transparent.

30. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is substantially translucent.

31. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is tinted.

32. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 1 wherein said envelope means is colored.

13. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim wherein said spherical means includes large balls having a diameter substantially equal to the inside diameter of said envelope means for stacking said spherical means one on top of the other in a single file therein.

33. A miniature light bulb comprising:

a light-emitting diode;

envelope means substantially surrounding said light-emitting diode and having a central axis parallel to the direction in which said light-emitting diode transmits light, the surface of said envelope means being scarified for diffracting light away from said axis and out of said envelope for increased visibility on the part of an observer;

a light-conducting liquid operably disposed within said envelope means for conducting light along said axis and radially outward therefrom to said scarified surface; and

means for sealing the envelope to prevent the leakage of said liquid therefrom.

34. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 33 wherein the outer surface of said envelope means is scarified in a uniform pattern.

35. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 33 wherein said scarified surface includes a fresnel defraction pattern for increasing the visibility of the light to an observer.

36. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 33 wherein said light-conducting liquid includes light-conducting epoxy means.

37. A method of making a miniature light bulb apparatus comprising the steps of:

molding a generally elongated light-conducting envelope having a hollow interior, at least one partially opened end, and a closed end;

inserting light-conducting optical spheres into the hollow interior of the envelope;

adding epoxy to the interior of the envelope for binding the optical spheres in place;

positioning a light-emitting diode into said at least partially opened end of said envelope, with the electrical leads of the diode extending therefrom;

curing the epoxy/sphere mixture for hardening same;

sealing the at least partially opened end with the electrical leads extending therefrom to prevent the leakage of epoxy and optical spheres from the hollow interior of the envelope; and

electrically connecting power transmission means to the diode leads for powering the light-emitting diode.

38. The method of claim 37 further including the step of directing the optical spheres to the inner surface of the envelope before the epoxy cures.

39. The method of manufacturing a miniature light bulb comprising the steps of:

molding a generally elongated, substantially transparent envelope having a hollow interior portion, at least one partially opened end, and a closed end;

inserting light-conducting spherical balls into the hollow interior of the envelope during said molding step;

adding at least one of a light-conducting liquid and light-conducting epoxy to the interior of the envelope during the molding step for immersing the optical balls disposed therein;

positioning the light emitting diode within the at least partially opened end for emitting light along the axis of the hollow interior thereof; and

sealing the at least partially opened end to prevent the escape of liquid and epoxy therefrom.

40. The method of manufacturing a miniature light bulb comprising the steps of:

molding a generally elongated, light-conducting envelope having a hollow interior, an axis extending longitudinally through the hollow interior, and said envelope having at least a partially opened portion at one end thereof;

scarifying the outer peripheral surface of the envelope to increase light diffusion and transmission therefrom;

inserting a light-emitting diode into the at least partially opened portion at one end of the envelope;

sealing the at least partially opened end to contain the light-emitting diode; and

adding a light-conducting liquid to the hollow interior of the envelope to increase the light-conducting diffusion and transmission properties thereof.

41. The method of claim 40 wherein said light-conducting liquid includes light-transmitting epoxy.

42. An improved miniature light bulb apparatus including a generally elongated envelope having a hollow interior, a longitudinal axis extending through the hollow interior, the envelope having at least one partially opened end portion and one closed end portion, the envelope including at least one of light-conducting glass and plastic material and being at least one of transparent, translucent, tinted, and colored, the improvement comprising:

a light-emitting diode operably disposed within the at least partially opened end portion of the envelope and into the hollow interior for transmitting light along the longitudinal axis and radially outward therefrom;

means for sealing the at least partially opened end; and

a plurality of substantially spherical light-conducting balls operably disposed within the hollow interior of said envelope.

43. The improved miniature light apparatus of claim 42 wherein said balls include at least one of light-conducting glass and plastic materials.

44. The improved miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 42 wherein said balls are at least one of uniformally sized and mixed sized.

45. The improved miniature light apparatus of claim 42 wherein said balls include at least one of solid and hollow optical spheres.

46. The improved miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 42 wherein said balls have a relatively large diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of said envelope for stacking therein, one upon the other, along said longitudinal axis.

47. The improved miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 42 wherein said balls are substantially optically perfect.

48. The improved miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 42 wherein further including at least one of air, light-conducting epoxy, and light-conducting liquid operably disposed within the hollow interior of said envelope for improving the light transmission and diffusion properties thereof.

49. An improved miniature light bulb apparatus including a generally elongated envelope having a hollow interior with a longitudinal axis therethrough, at least one partially opened end, and a closed end, the improvement comprising:

a plurality of light-conducting spheres operably disposed wihin the hollow interior of said envelope for improving the light diffusion and dispersion characteristics thereof and the visibility of the bulb to an external observer;

a miniature incandescent bulb operably disposed through the at least partially opened end of the envelope and into the hollow interior thereof; and

means for sealing the at least partially opened end of the envelope for retaining the spheres and said incandescent bulb therein.

50. The improved miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 49 further including at least one of light-conducting epoxy, light-conducting liquid, and air operably disposed within the hollow interior of said envelope and sealed therein for increasing the light transmission and diffusion characteristics of the bulb.

51. The improved miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 49 wherein said envelope includes at least one of light-conducting glass and light-conducting plastic material.

52. The improved miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 49 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of light-conducting glass and light-conducting plastic balls.

53. An improved string of Christmas tree lights having a plurality of electrical conducting means and a power source for supplying electrical current thereto, the improvement comprising:

a plurality of light-emitting diodes electrically connected along said electrical conducting means for receiving electrical current therefrom and adapted to be placed in various arrangements about a Christmas tree for display purposes;

a plurality of light-conducting envelopes, each of said envelopes being substantially hollow and having a longitudinal axis therethrough, each of said envelopes having at least a partially opened end for operatively receiving at least a portion of said light-emitting diode therein and a closed end; and

a plurality of light-conducting optical spheres operably disposed within said hollow interior of said envelopes for improved light diffusion and transmission characteristics.

54. The improved string of claim 53 wherein said connector means includes:

a master trunk line adapted to be secured substantially vertically down the trunk of a Christmas tree, said master trunk line including at least upper and lower master separate and distinct trunk line sections electrically connectable and unconnectable to each other in a series electrical path;

a plurality of groups of limb light sets adapted to be positioned substantially horizontally along the Christmas tree branches, each of said groups including a plurality of limb light sets selectively connectable and unconnectable from said master trunk line, each set being electrically connected in parallel with the other light limb sets in said group;

a plurality of light-emitting diodes operably disposed at predetermined distances along said limb light sets for decorative purposes, said light-emitting diodes within each limb light sets being electrically connected in series with one another; and

selectably operable fastening means for connecting and unconnecting said light limb sets to said main trunk line at predetermined locations therealong for ease of assembly, disassembly, and replacement of said light-emitting diodes.

55. The improved string of claim 54 wherein said fastening means are operably disposed a predetermined distance "m" apart along said substantially vertical master trunk line where 4≦

m≦

18 inches.

56. The string of claim 54 wherein said light-emitting diodes are operably disposed on said limb lines a predetermined distance "n" apart where 1≦

n≦

12 inches.

57. The string of claim 54 wherein each limb light set is a twisted pair representing different segments for different tree branches and at least one light-emitting diode is operably disposed at the distal end of each twisted pair limb line segment.

58. The string of claim 54 wherein said plurality of limb lines may be divided into upper and lower groups associated with said upper and lower master trunk lines sections, respectively, where each group includes a plurality of limb line sets each having a predetermined length beginning at the top of the master trunk line and increasing in length at predetermined increments down the master trunk line to the base so that an additional longer set of limb lines can always be added to the bottom while another set is added to the top so that the string is adaptable for any height of tree.

59. The string of claim 53 wherein each of said envelopes includes at least one of light-conducting glass and light-conducting plastic material.

60. The string of claim 53 wherein said spheres includes at least one of light-conducting glass and light-conducting plastic material.

61. The string of claim 53 wherein said spheres are adapted to be operably disposed within said hollow interior are at least one of a uniform sizes, mixed sizes, or a single large diameter size where the diameter of the sphere is approximately equal to the width of the hollow interior for stacking the spheres upon one another along said axis.

62. The string of claim 53 further including at least one of light-transmitting epoxy and light-transmitting liquid operably disposed within said hollow interior of said envelope for improved light transmission and diffusion therethrough.

63. The string of claim 53 wherein said plurality of light-emitting diodes have luminous intensities in the range of 2 mcd to 500 mcd.

64. The string of claim 53 wherein each of said upper and lower master trunk line sections, said upper and lower limb light groups, and opposite halves of the tree include an equal number of LEDs therein.

65. The string of claim 53 wherein said plurality of LED'"'"'s has a luminous intensity in a range of 500 mcd or greater.

66. A string of Christmas tree lights comprising:

a master trunk line adapted to be disposed substantially vertically along the height of the Christmas tree for conducting electrical current supplied thereto, said master trunk line having at least an upper nad lower master trunk line portion electrically connected in series with one another;

trunk line fastening means for selectively connecting said upper and lower portions in electrical series with one another;

a plurality of limb light sets adapted to be operably disposed substantially horizontally along the branches of the tree, said plurality of limb light sets being divisible into upper and lower groups of individual light limb sets, the individual light limb sets within a given group being electrically connected in parallel with one another;

a plurality of light-emitting bulbs operably disposed at predetermined intervals along the length of each of said sets for decorative purposes; and

selectively operable limb line fastening means for mechanically and electrically connecting and unconnecting each of said individual limb light sets of said upper and lower groups of light limb sets to corresponding ones of said upper and lower groups, respectively, of said master trunk line for supplying current thereto;

said plurality of light bulbs includes at least one of light-emitting diodes and miniature incandescent bulbs;

a plurality of light-conducting envelopes each including a hollow interior portion, at least a partially opened end, and an opposite closed end, each of said envelopes including at least one of light-conducting glass and light-conducting plastic material; and

a plurality of light-conducting spherical balls operatively disposed within the hollow interior of said envelopes and sealed therein for improved light transmission and diffusion characteristics.

67. The light string of claim 66 wherein said balls include at least one of light-conducting glass and light-conducting plastic material.

68. The light string of claim 66 wherein said plurality of spherical balls include at least one of a uniform mixture of substantially equally dimensioned balls, a mixture of balls of various dimensions, and a plurality of relatively large balls having a diameter substantially equal to size of the hollow interior of the envelope for stacking the balls along the axis of the interior one on top of the other.

69. The light string of claim 66 further including at least one of light-transmitting epoxy and light-transmitting liquid operably disposed within the hollow interior of said envelopes for improved light transmission characteristics.

70. A string of Christmas tree lights comprising:

a master trunk line adapted to be disposed substantially vertically along the height of the Christmas tree for conducting electrical current supplied thereto, said master trunk line having at least an upper and lower master trunk line portion electrically connected in series with one another;

trunk line fastening means for selectively connecting said upper and lower portions in electrical series with one another;

a plurality of limb light sets adapted to be operably disposed substantially horizontally along the branches of the tree, said plurality of limb light sets being divisible into upper and lower groups of individual light limb sets, the individual light limb sets within a given group being electrically connected in parallel with one another;

a plurality of light-emitting bulbs operably disposed at predetermined intervals along the length of each of said sets for decorative purposes;

selectively operable limb line fastening means for mechanically and electrically connecting and unconnecting each of said upper and lower groups of individual limb light sets to said upper and lower master trunk line portions, respectively, for supplying current thereto; and

a plurality of glass fragments operably disposed at least against the interior surface within the hollow interior of said envelopes.

71. The light string of claim 70 wherein said plurality of glass fragments include at least one of substantially regular geometric shapes and defined crystalline structures.

72. A miniature light bulb apparatus for use in a string of Christmas tree lights or the like comprising:

a light-emitting device including a light-emitting portion, a base portion opposite the light-emitting portion, and at least first and second electrodes extending from the base portion of the light emitting device;

generally elongated envelope means having a hollow interior with a longitudinal axis therethrough and an aperture at one end thereof, said light-emitting device being operably disposed at least partially through said aperture and within said hollow interior of said envelope means for transmitting said emitted light therethrough, said longitudinal axis through the central portion of the hollow interior of said envelope means being coincident with the axis of said light-emitting device;

means for encapsulating the base of the light-emitting device and sealing the aperture at the end of said envelope means;

base means operably secured to said encapsulating means for balance and decorative purposes;

said base means including a decorative base portion operatively secured to said encapsulating means and extending at least partially along said longitudinal axis; and

the electrical conductor means including at least first and second wires operatively extending through said base means for electrical connection to said first and second electrodes, respectively, and generally oriented substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis.

73. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 72 wherein said decorative base means has one surface secured to the lower surface of said capsulating means with said first and second electrical wires extending between said surfaces and through said base means for enabling the light bulb to stand upright and to be readily disposed upright within the needles of the tree branches.

74. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 72 wherein said decorative base is operably disposed at least partially over the sides of said capsulating means and extends at least a predetermined distance toward said envelope means from the lower surface thereof;

and

wherein said electrical wires are operably disposed through said decorative base means and below said encapsulating means substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis for connection to said first and second electrodes, respectively, for increasing the stability of the light bulb, for enabling the light bulb to stand upright, and for enabling the light bulb to be easily positioned within the needles of the Christmas tree branches.

75. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 72 wherein said decorative base is operatively secured along the sides of said encapsulating means to the top surface thereof and wherein said electrical wires extend sideways through said decorative base below the lower surface of said encapsulating means substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis for electrically connecting said first and second electrodes, respectively, for providing the light bulb apparatus with stability, for enabling the light bulb apparatus to stand upright, and for enabling the light bulb apparatus to be readily positioned within the needles of the Christmas tree.

76. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 72 wherein said decorative base includes a weighted lower end portion.

77. The miniature light bulb apparatus of claim 72 wherein said decorative base includes an elongated portion extending away from said envelope means substantially along said longitudinal axis for further balancing the light bulb apparatus and further insuring that the light bulb apparatus will stand upright within the tree branches at all times.

78. A two-LED tri-color light comprising:

first and second light-emitting diodes, each having a ground surface operatively disposed against the ground surface of the other for establishing a predetermined focal angle for giving the appearance of a single light source, said first light-emitting diode having a first different and distinct characteristic color, said second light-emitting diode having a second different and distinct characteristic color and wherein a third color is produced whenever both said first and second light-emitting diodes are alternately energized at a rate undiscernable to the human eye thereby producing three separate and distinct characteristic colors from two individual light sources;

means for bonding the ground surfaces together for maintaining said focal angle;

a generally elongated envelope having a hollow interior with a longitudinal axis therethrough, said light-emitting diodes at least partially disposed within said envelope; and

a plurality of light-transmitting optical spheres disposed within the hollow interior of said envelope for increasing the light-transmitting and diffusion characteristics of the bulb.

79. The light of claim 78 wherein said envelope includes at least one of glass and plastic material.

80. The light of claim 78 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of glass and plastic material.

81. The light of claim 80 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of hollow and solid spheres.

82. The light of claim 80 wherein said spheres include at least one of spheres having a uniform diameter and spheres having a plurality of different diameters.

83. The light of claim 80 wherein said optical spheres are relatively large and have a diameter slightly less than the width of the hollow interior for enabling said spheres to be stacked one on top of the other for improved diffusion characteristics.

84. The light of claim 78 wherein the spherical balls are operably disposed substantially only against the outer surface of the hollow interior of the envelope and the central portion of the envelope along said longitudinal axis is devoid of spheres.

85. The light of claim 78 further including at least one of light-conducting epoxy and light-conductive liquid operably disposed within said envelope for improved light conducting characteristics.

86. The light of claim 79 wherein said envelope is at least one of tinted, colored, translucent, and transparent.

87. The light of claim 78 wherein said first and second light-emitting diodes are red and green respectively and said three colors produced thereby include red, green and yellow.

88. The light of claim 78 further including a third light-emitting diode ground and bond to the ground surfaces of said first and second light-emitting diodes to establish a single apparent light source therefrom, said first, second and third light-emitting diodes representing the colors red, green, and blue, respectively for producing any and all colors of the visible spectrum by illuminating various combinations of said three colors.

89. The light of claim 88 further including circuit means for operatively illuminating each and every combination and permutation of said first, second and third light-emitting diodes for generating all of the colors and hues of the visible spectrum.

90. The light of claim 88 further including at least one of light-transmitting epoxy means and light-transmitting liquid operably disposed within the hollow interior of said envelope about said optical spheres.

91. A Christmas tree light string system comprising:

a master trunk line electrical connector means adapted to be operatively disposed substantially vertically down the trunk of said Christmas tree;

said master trunk line electrical connector means including an upper trunk line circuit electrically connected in series with a lower trunk line circuit;

upper and lower groups of modular limb line electrical connector means associated with said upper and lower master trunk line circuits, respectively, and adapted to be operatively disposed substantially horizontally along the limbs of said Christmas tree;

said plurality of modular limb line electrical connector means including individual modular light limb sets;

a plurality of light-emitting diodes operably disposed along the length of said light limb sets and electrically connected thereto in a series path at predetermined selected intervals therealong;

a source of electrical power;

means for removably electrically connecting said upper and lower trunk line portions to said source of electrical power for illuminating said light-emitting diodes; and

means for selectively removably connecting and unconnecting individual ones of said sets of light limbs within each of said upper and lower groups of modular limb lines to said upper and lower trunk line circuits, respectively, such that said individual sets of light limbs are electrically connected in parallel with one another within each of said groups for ease of replacement and substitution of individual light limb sets;

said upper and lower master trunk line including first and second electrical conductors and first and third electrical conductors, respectively, said first electrical conductor being common to said upper and lower master trunk line each of said upper and lower master trunk line portions including first and second terminals;

said means for electrically connecting said upper and lower trunk line to said source of electrical power including first and second electrical power inputs, respectively;

said second electrical conductor of said upper trunk line having one terminal electrically connected to said first electrical power input and said third electrical conductor of said lower trunk line circuit having one terminal electrically connected to said second electrical power input for supplying electrical power to said upper and lower main trunk line portions;

said modular sets of light limbs being separable into upper and lower groups of modular light limb sets, each set of light limbs having first and second terminals and said plurality of selectively spaced light-emitting diodes therebetween, each of said upper and lower groups of light limbs including a first set, at least one intermediate set, and a last set, said sets electrically connected in parallel with one another within each of said upper and lower groups;

said second electrical conductor of said upper trunk line circuit being selectively removably connected and unconnected to one terminal of each of said upper group of modular light limb sets;

said third electrical conductor of said lower trunk line circuit being selectively removably connected and unconnected to one terminal of each of said lower group of light limb sets;

the opposite terminal of each of said upper and lower groups of light limbs being electrically connected to said first common electrical conductor; and

said upper and lower master trunk line of said master trunk line upper and lower groups being electrically connected in series with each other, all sets of light limbs within each of said upper and lower groups of light limb sets being electrically connected in parallel with one another, and said individual light-emitting diodes within each set of light limbs within each of said upper and lower groups of light limb sets being serially connected to one another within each of said sets.

92. The Christmas tree light system of claim 91 wherein:

each of said individual sets of light limbs include a plurality of "n" limb segments each including a twisted pair having a length "l" adapted to be operatively disposed along the branches of said Christmas tree, each of said sets of light limbs in said upper group of light limb sets having one terminal electrically connected to said second electrical conductor of said upper main truck line portion and its opposite terminal electrically connected to said first electrical conductor of said main trunk line; and

each of said individual sets of light limbs in said lower group light limb sets having one terminal electrically connected to said third electrical conductor of said lower master trunk line portion and its opposite terminal electrically connected to said first electrical connector of said master trunk line.

93. The Christmas tree light system of claim 92 wherein each of said "n" light limb sets includes a light-emitting diode electrically connected approximate the outer distal end of said light limb twisted pair segments.

94. The Christmas tree light system of claim 92 wherein each of said light-emitting diodies is substantially equally spaced along a given light limb segment.

95. The Christmas tree light system of claim 92 wherein the number of light-emitting diodes in the upper and lower groups of modular limb light sets are equal and the number of light-emitting diodes connected to each of said upper and lower master trunk line sections is also equal.

96. The Christmas tree light system of claim 92 wherein alternate mono-colored light-emitting diodes are electrically connected to said light limb segments with reverse polarity.

97. The Christmas tree light system of claim 96 wherein said means for connecting said power supply to said upper and lower master trunk line groups include control circuit means for supplying alternate polarity current to said light limb sets for alternatively illuminating at least one polarity of said light-emitting diodes and then the opposite polarity of said light-emitting diodes.

98. The Christmas tree light system of claim 97 wherein said control circuit means includes a step down transformer means for converting the conventional 110 volt AC input signal into a significantly reduced AC input signal for driving said polarity reversed light-emitting diodes for sequentially and alternately illuminating at least one and then the other thereof.

99. The Christmas tree light system of claim 92 wherein said means for selectively removably connecting and unconnecting said sets of light limbs to said master trunk line including means for selectively mechanically and electrically connecting and unconnecting same.

100. The Christmas tree light system of claim 99 wherein said means for mechanically and electrically connecting and unconnecting said sets of light limbs to said master trunk line includes snap fastener means, said snap fastener means including one of male and female snap portions mechanically and electrically connected to said main trunk line at predetermined distances therealong and the terminals of each of said light limb sets being electrically and mechanically connected to the other of said male and female snap portions such that when said male and female snap portions are mechanically engaged, a mechanical and electrical connection is completed between said main trunk line and said light limb set.

101. The Christmas tree light system of claim 99 further including means for operatively securing said master trunk line to the trunk of said Christmas tree.

102. The Christmas tree light system of claim 91 wherein alternate ones of said light-emitting diodes are electrically connected to said light limbs with a reversed polarity from other ones of said light-emitting diodes and including control circuit means for sequentially driving one, and then the other, and then both of said oppositely poled light-emitting diodes for sequentially generating said first, second, and third different and distinct characteristic colors, respectively.

103. The Christmas tree light system of claim 102 wherein said circuit means for electrically connecting said master trunk line portions to said source of electrical power include control circuit means for driving the odd and even numbered, oppositely connected, light-emitting diodes to illuminate at least first one and then the other of said alternate light-emitting diodes.

104. The Christmas tree light system of claim 103 wherein said control circuit means includes a step down transformer means for reducing the normal 110 volt AC input to a substantially reduced AC signal the positive portion of which illuminates one polarity of light-emitting diode and the negative portion of which illuminates the opposite polarity of said light-emitting diodes.

105. The Christmas tree light system of claim 91 wherein each of said light-emitting diodes is a bi-color light-emitting diode having a first light-emitting diode portion for emitting a first different and distinct characteristic color light and a second light-emitting diode portion for emitting a second different and distinct characteristic color light;

and

said means for electrically connecting said trunk line portions to said source of electrical power including control circuit means for alternately illuminating one and then the other of said first and second light-emitting diode portions for sequentially presenting said first and second colors of light therefrom.

106. The Christmas tree light system of claim 105 wherein said control circuit means includes transformer means for stepping down a conventional 110 volt AC signal into a substantially reduced AC signal having a positive and negative waveform portion, the positive waveform portion being operable to electrically drive one of said light-emitting diode portions while the negative portion of the waveform is operatively adapted to drive the other of said light-emitting diode portions.

107. The Christmas tree light system of claim 105 wherein said control circuit means further includes:

timing means for establishing at least first, second and third timing state signals each having a predetermined time duration;

means for alternately switching between a first and second polarity signal; and

drive means for providing drive current to whichever of said first and second light-emitting diode portions are supplied by said first and second switching signals.

108. The Christmas tree light system of claim 107 wherein said circuit means further includes a variable duty cycle controller means for selectively controlling the pulse duration during each of said first and second switching signals.

109. The Christmas tree light system of claim 91 wherein said light-emitting diodes are bi-colored and each includes a first light-emitting diode portion having a first characteristic color and a second light-emitting diode portion having a second different and distinct characteristic color, means for connecting said first and second light-emitting diode portions in parallel with one another and with one having the opposite polarity to the other, said first and second light-emitting diode portions being energizable by an oscillating signal for producing a third different and distinct characteristic color resulting from the combination of said first and second different and distinct characteristic colors;

said means for electrically connecting the tree limb portions to said source of electrical power including electrical control circuitry for controlling the sequencing and generation of said first, second and third characteristic colors;

said control circuit means including timing and counter means for establishing a sequence of first, second and third timing states each having a time duration;

means for producing first and second reverse polarity signals;

circuit driver means responsive to said first and second polarity reversal signals for illuminating said first and second light-emitting diode portions to generate said first and second characteristic colors sequentially, said means for generating a reverse polarity signal including means responsive to the third timing state for producing an oscillating signal, said driver means being responsive to said oscillating signal for rapidly changing the polarity of said first and second light-emitting diode portions for rapidly illuminating said first and second characteristic colors to produce said third different and distinct characteristic color and sequence therewith.

110. The Christmas tree light system of claim 109 wherein said control circuit means further includes variable duty cycle controller means for establishing reverse polarity pulse signals having substantially reduced first and second time durations, respectively.

111. The Christmas light system of claim 110 wherein said means for electrically connecting said master trunk limb portions to said source of electrical power includes:

said timing and counting means including a timer for generating a sequence of clock-like pulses and counter means responsive to said timer pulses for generating first, second and third count state signals having first, second and third time durations, respectively;

means responsive to said first and second count state signals for generating first and second opposite polarity DC switching signals;

means responsive to said third count state signal for generating a rapidly oscillating pulse signal including third and fourth opposite polarity pulses;

first and second control circuit output leads for selectively removably connecting and unconnecting said control circuit means to said master trunk line for supplying drive current thereto for sequentially illuminating alternate ones of said first LED portion, said second LED portion, and the alternate combination of said rapidly pulsed first and second light-emitting diode portions.

112. The Christmas tree light system of claim 111 wherein said means for generating pulse signal includes a gated oscillator means responsive to said third timing signal for generating a gated DC signal and latch means responsive to the generation of said gated oscillator signal for generating a series of positive and negative opposite polarity pulses;

first and second control circuit output leads for selectively removably connecting the unconnecting said control circuit means to said master trunk line for supplying drive curent thereto for sequentially illuminating alternate ones of said LED of said light-emitting diode portions;

said pulse generating means including first and second pulse generator output leads adapted to be electrically connected to said first and second control circuit output leads;

said means for generating opposite polarity DC switching signals including first and second switching signal output leads adapted to be electrically connected to said first and second control circuit output leads, respectively; and

said control circuit output leads supplying said first and second switching signals and said pulse signals to said master trunk line for sequentially alternately illuminating said first light-emitting diode portion, said second light-emitting diode portion, and for alternatively illuminating both said first and second light-emitting diode portions for said first, second and third time periods, respectively, for generating said first, second and third different and distinctive characteristic colors.

113. The Christmas tree light system of claim 111 wherein said means for generating pulse signals further includes latch means responsive to a gated oscillator signal for generating a series of positive and negative pulses and gated oscillator means responsive to said third count state signal for generating said gated DC signal.

114. The Christmas tree light system of claim 113 wherein said control circit means further includes variable duty cycle control means for selectively controlling the duty cycle of said positive and negative polarity pulses.

115. The Christmas tree light system of claim 110 wherein said driver means includes a comparator means, a switching input to the comparator for receiving timing signals supplied thereto, the output of said comparator being supplied to a double-ended supply overload protection output driver circuit means for generating a first polarity DC signal, a second polarity DC signal, and an oscillating AC signal for rapidly driving both the first and second light-emitting diode portions alternately on and off for generating said third different and distinctive characteristic color.

116. The Christmas tree light system of claim 110 wherein said variable duty cycle controller includes means for generating a plurality of clock signals for indicating the rate of change of the output signal, a duty cycle driver operatively responsive to the rate of change timing signals for supplying positive and negative pulse to said light-emitting diodes, the positive and negative pulses each having its own duty cycle with the duty cycle selectively variable to permit the light-emitting diodes to be driven at greater than maximum current for short durations of time for obtaining greatly increased intensity without risk of failure and the like.

117. The Christmas tree light system of claim 91 wherein each of said plurality of light-emitting diodes includes a first light-emitting diode portion having a first characteristic color and a second light-emitting diode portion having a second different and distinct characteristic color, said first light-emitting diode portion being connected in opposite polarity to said second light-emitting diode portion for illuminating said first light-emitting diode to produce said first characteristic color in response to a first polarity signal, for illuminating said second light-emitting diode to generate said second different and distinct color in response to the opposite polarity and for rapidly illuminating alternate first and second light-emitting diode portions to generate a third different and distinct color resulting from the combination thereof.

118. The Christmas tree light system of claim 117 wherein said control circuit means includes timing means for generating first, second and third timing signals, switching means for generating a first polarity switching signal, a second opposite polarity switching signal, and a third series of rapidly oscillating positive and negative polarity pulses;

and drive means for amplifying said switching pulses to illuminate said light-emitting diode portions.

119. The Christmas tree light system of claim 118 wherein said timing means includes means for generating clock signals and counter means for counting sequential ones of said clock pulses for generating said first, second and third timing signal each having first, second and third time durations, respectively.

120. The Christmas tree light system of claim 119 wherein said switching means includes a solid state integrated circuit switch including a first normally-opened switch for operatively coupling a source of positive DC potential to said first light-emitting diode porton for producing said first characteristic color, a second normally-opened switch for operatively coupling a negative source of DC potential to said second light-emitting diode portion for producing said second different and distinctive characteristic color, and a third normally-opened switch operatively coupling an AC signal to said power driver means for rapidly driving said first and second light-emitting diode portions by the positive and negative polarity portions of the AC waveform to generate said third different and distinctive color, said first, second and third normally-opened switching means being responsive to said first, second and third count signal, respectively, for sequentially operating said switches.

121. The Christmas tree light system of claim 119 wherein said switching means includes a solid state bilateral switch for generating first and second polarity switching signals;

a first and second silicon-controlled rectifier connected in parallel with one another and with reverse polarity between a source of AC signal and one of said control circuit outputs, the gate electrode of each of said silicon-controlled rectifier being operatively coupled to said first and second switching signals through first and second oppositely poled diodes, respectively for enabling said bilateral switching means to controllably gate said silicon-controlled rectifiers for sequentially and alternatively supplying the positive portion and negative portion of said AC waveform to said control circuit output for selectively illuminating said first light-emitting diode portion and said second light-emitting diode portion to produce said first and second characteristic different and distinct colors; and

further including means operatively coupling the second control circuit output to a source of AC waveform for cyclically switching said first and second light-emitting diode portions back and forth to produce said third different and distinct color thereby enabling said control circuit means to sequentially generate alternate first, second and third different and distinct colors from each bi-color light-emitting diode.

122. The Christmas tree light system of claim 121 wherein said control circuit output includes a light-emitting diode operatively coupled between said first and second control circuit outputs for indicating which of the first, second and third colors are being generated at a given point in time.

123. The Christmas tree light system of claim 118 wherein said switching means for generating polarity reversal signals includes a darlington amplifier configuration including first, second, third and fourth npn power transistors said first and second transistors having their collectors operatively coupled to a source of potential, their emittors operatively coupled to said first and second control circuit output, respectively, and their base electrodes operatively coupled to receive said first and second timing signal, respectively, the base of said first and second transistors being operatively coupled to the base of said fourth and third transistors, respectively the collector of said third and fourth transistor being operatively coupled to said first and second control circuit output, respectively, and said emittor electrode of said third and fourth transistor being operatively coupled to the ground, said darlington circuit being responsive to the presence of said first timing signal for switching said first and fourth transistor to a conductive state and generating a positive polarity switching signal and being responsive to said second timing signal for switching said second and third transistors on for supplying said negative polarity signal to said first control circuit output for driving it low and producing said second switching signal.

124. The Christmas tree light system of claim 118 wherein said polarity reversing switching means includes a power MOSFET polarity switching circuit including first, second, third and fourth power MOSFET semi-conductor devices, each of said semi-conductor devices having a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a ground electrode, said source electrode of said first and third power MOSFETS being operatively coupled to a positive source of potential and a source electrode of said second and fourth MOSFET device being operatively coupled to a negative source of potential, the gate electrode of said first and fourth MOSFET device being operatively coupled to receive said second switching signal and the gate electrode of said first and third MOSFET device being operatively connected to receive said first switching signal, the drain electrodes of said first and second MOSFET device being operatively coupled to first input of said drive means and the drain electrodes of said third and fourth MOSFET devices being operatively coupled to the second input of said drive means for providing polarity reversed highly efficient low leakage drive current useable with a high switching rate, high current for output drive purposes.

125. The Christmas tree light system of claim 118 wherein said polarity reversing switching circuit includes a double-pull, double-throw relay having a relay coil, a first positive polarity input, a second negative polarity input, a first positive polarity output, a second negative polarity output, first and second normally closed switch contacts for operatively coupling said positive and negative potentials to the said positive and negative switch outputs, respectively, and normally open switch contacts responsive to the energization of said relay coil for closing to operatively couple said negative and positive potential to said positive and negative outputs, respectively.

126. The Christmas tree light system of claim 118 wherein said polarity reversing switching means includes first, second, third, and fourth silicon-controlled rectifiers, the anode of said first and second silicon-controlled rectifiers being operatively coupled to a source of AC signal and the cathodes of said second and third silicon-controlled rectifiers being operatively coupled to a source of AC signal, the cathodes of said first and second silicon-controlled rectifiers being operatively coupled to the anodes of said third and fourth silicon-controlled rectifiers and the intersection of said second and fourth silicon-controlled rectifiers serving as the positive circuit output while the intersection of the first and third silicon-controlled rectifier serves as the negative circuit output, the gate electrode of said first and fourth silicon-controlled rectifiers being operatively coupled to a switched source of DC potential while the gate electrode of said second and third silicon-controlled rectifiers is operatively coupled to a positive source of switched DC signal, the positive and negative switch DC signal triggering said second, third, and first, fourth silicon-controlled rectifiers, respectively for conducting a positive waveform on said positive output and a negative waveform on said negative output and responsive to the opposite signal for triggering the first and third silicon-controlled rectifier and outputting positive waveform on said negative output and a negative waveform on said positive output for sequential polarity reversing purposes.

127. The Christmas tree light system of claim 118 wherein said switching means includes a solid state semi-conductor switching device having a first, second, third and fourth normally opened switch contact, means for operatively coupling said first, second, third and fourth normally opened switch contact to the positive and negative circuit outputs through the anode of a first diode, the cathode of a second diode, and the anode of a third diode and cathode of a fourth diode, respectively, the input of said first normally opened switch being operatively coupled to a positive source of potential and the normally opened contact of said third and fourth switches being operatively coupled to a source of DC potential the circuit input supplying a positive and negative switching pulse to the first input operatively coupled to the first and third switching means and to the second input operatively coupled to said second and fourth switching means for operating said first, second, third, and fourth switches to generate alternately first and second opposite polarity output signals.

128. The Christmas tree light system of claim 118 wwherein said drive means includes first and second operational amplifiers operatively coupled to receive the first, second and third timing signals at the input thereof for generating first and second switch output signals capable of generating a high current to illuminate said light-emitting diodes.

129. The Christmas tree light system of claim 117 wherein said light emitting diodes each have first and second terminals, transformer means for significantly reducing 110 volt 60 cycle AC current to a substantially reduced value of 60 cycle AC current, means responsive to the 60 cycle AC current for selectively generating one of a first DC polarity signal, a second DC polarity signal, and an AC signal having positive and negative waveform portions for driving said LED said light-emitting diodes to generate said first, second and third different and distinctive colors, respectively.

130. The Christmas tree light system of claim 91 wherein each light-emitting diode includes a generally cylindrical, elongated envelope means having a longitudinal axis therethrough and a plurality of light-conducting optical spheres operably disposed within said envelope for dissipating and dispersing said light-emitting diode-generated illumination.

131. The Christmas tree light system of claim 130 wherein said envelope means includes at least one of glass and plastic.

132. The Christmas tree light system of claim 117 wherein said control circuit means includes transformer means for reducing 110 volt AC 60 cycle current to a significantly reduced 60 cycle AC current for operably driving said light-emitting diodes, a means for operatively coupling said reduced AC signal to a first circuit input and means for operatively coupling said reduced AC signal to a second circuit input, a silicon-controlled rectifier having its anode electrically connected to said first circuit input and its cathode connected to a circuit output, an adjustably positionable switch for selecting one of a first path having a diode operatively connected with its cathode connected to said first circuit input and its anode connected to said first second output, a second diode having its anode connectable to said first circuit input and its cathode connected to said first circuit output, and a third electrical lead connectable to said first circuit input and to said first circuit output for supplying said first, second and third switching signals to said light-emitting diodes for producing said first, second and third different and distinctive characteristic colors therefrom.

133. The Christmas tree light system of claim 132 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of glass and plastic.

134. The Christmas tree light system of claim 132 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of hollow and solid spheres.

135. The Christmas tree light system of claim 132 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of uniform sized balls and mixed sized balls.

136. The Christmas tree light system of claim 132 wherein said optical spheres include a plurality of optical spheres having a diameter slightly less than the diameter of said elongated envelope means for being disposed one on top of the other therein.

137. The Christmas tree light system of claim 132 wherein said envelope means further includes at least one of light-conducting epoxy and light-conducting liquid, operatively sealed therein.

138. The Christmas tree light system of claim 132 wherein said light-emitting diodes each include a base and a pair of light-emitting diode leads extending therefrom and substantially normal to said longitudinal axis for enabling the bulb to stand upright in the branches of the tree.

163. The light string system of claim 97 wherein said means for supplying electrical power further includes control circuit means for generating a first and second switching signal for reversing the polarity of the incoming electrical current for sequentially illuminating alternate sets of the light-emitting diodes to produce at least first one characteristic color and then the second characteristic color in sequence.

139. The miniature Christmas tree light system comprising:

a main trunk line having upper and lower trunk line portions serially connected to one another by a selectively removable connector means;

a plurality of sets of limb lines each having a plurality of limb line twisted wire pair segments therein, said limb line segments being serially connected to one another within each of said sets and said limb line sets being divided into upper and lower groups with the limb lines of said upper group being electrically connected in parallel with one another and the limb lines of said lower group being electrically connected in parallel with one another so that only one limb line set goes out in the event of a burned out bulb or the like;

means for operatively removeably connecting and unconnecting the main trunk line to an electrical power source;

light-emitting diodes operatively disposed at predetermined selected positions along said limb segments with each limb segment terminating in a light-emitting diode;

means for mechanically and electrically connecting each set of limb lines of said upper group to a corresponding connection on said upper trunk line and each set of limb lines of said lower group to said lower trunk line, respectively, alternate ones of said LED'"'"'s being connected in opposite polarity to the surrounding ones within each limb segment such that application of power to the main trunk line alternately illuminates every other light in said limb light.

140. The miniature Christmas light system of claim 139 wherein each of said light-emitting diodes comprises a single light-emitting diode portion and at least two types of light-emitting diodes are used alternatively along said limb lines with each of said types producing a separate and distinctive characteristic color when illuminated.

141. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 140 wherein said source of potential includes a stepped-down alternating current signal.

142. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 139 wherein said source of potential includes a DC source.

143. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 142 wherein said source of DC potential includes battery means for rendering the miniature Christmas tree light system readily portable and the like.

144. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 139 wherein each of said light-emitting diodes includes generally cylindrical envelope having a longitudinal axis and a plurality of light-conducting optical spheres operably disposed within said envelope and sealed therein, each of said envelopes including at least one of glass and plastic material, each of said optical spheres including one of glass and plastic material, each of said glass spheres including at least one of hollow and solid spheres, each of said optical spheres including at least one mixed diameter and uniform diameter spheres, and each of said envelopes including at least one of said light-conducting epoxy and light-conducting liquid operatively sealed therein.

145. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 139 wherein said each of said plurality of light-emitting diodes includes a base and a pair of light-emitting diode leads, the leads of said light-emitting diode extending through said base and substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis for enabling said envelope to remain upright when the limb segments are positioned along the branch of the tree.

146. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 139 further including control circuit means for sequentially illuminating alternate ones of said light-emitting diodes for generating at least first and second different and distinct colors, respectively.

147. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 146 wherein said control circuit means includes a battery.

148. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 139 wherein each light-emitting diode is a bi-color LED and includes a first light-emitting diode portion for generating a first characteristic color and a second light-emitting diode portion for generating a second different and distinct characteristic color, said first and second light-emitting diode portions being cyclically switchable to generate an alternating first and second color signal for producing a third different and distinct characteristic color.

149. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 148 further including control circuit means for sequentially illuminating the first and second light-emitting diode portion to generate said first, second and third characteristic colors, said control circuit means for generating drive signals for illuminating said light-emitting diodes.

150. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 139 wherein each of said plurality of light-emitting diodes includes a generally cylindrical envelope having a longitudinal axis and a plurality of optical light-conducting balls operatively disposed within said envelope.

151. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 150 wherein each of said envelopes includes at least one of glass and plastic, each of said balls includes at least one of glass and plastic, each of said balls includes at least one of hollow and solid balls, each of said balls include at least one of balls having a single uniform diameter and balls having various diameters, and each of said envelope means including at least one of light-conducting epoxy, light-conducting liquid, and light-conducting gas operatively sealed therein.

152. The miniature Christmas tree light system of claim 151 wherein each of said light-emitting diodes includes a base and a pair of diode leads extending approximate said base and generally perpendicular to said longitudinal axis for stabilizing the envelope and enabling the bulb to stand upright when positioned on the Christmas tree limbs.

153. A light string system comprising:

a first and second electrical connector;

a plurality of light-emitting diodes electrically connected between said first and second electrical conductors, said plurality of diodes being operable for extremely long periods of time without burning out, requiring extremely low electrical power for operation, and generating substantially no heat for substantially eliminating fire hazards and the like; and

said light-emitting diodes includes a hollow envelope surrounding at least one illuminated portion of said light-emitting diode and a plurality of light-conducting spheres contained within the envelope for increasing the optical characteristics of the ball.

154. The light string system of claim 153 wherein alternate ones of said light-emitting diodes are connected in reverse polarity to the others of said plurality of light-emitting diodes on either side thereof for illuminating odd and even light-emitting diodes sequentially from one polarity to the reverse polarity.

155. The light string system of claim 153 wherein said envelope includes at least one of glass and plastic materials.

156. The light string system of claim 153 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of glass, plastic, and a mixture of glass and plastic spheres.

157. The light string system of claim 156 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of hollow, solid, or a mixture of hollow and solid spheres.

158. The light string system of claim 157 wherein said optical spheres include at least one of spheres having a substantially uniform diameter and spheres having mixed diameters, and a mixture thereof.

159. The light string system of claim 158 further including at least one of light-conducting epoxy means and light-conducting liquid operatively disposed within said envelope and sealed therein for enhancing the light-conducting and dispersion characteristics thereof.

160. The light string system of claim 157 wherein said optical spheres relatively large diameter balls having a substantially uniform size, the diameter of the balls being slightly less than the diameter of the envelope for substantially filling the envelope one sphere over the other.

161. The light string system of claim 153 wherein each of said light-emitting diodes includes a pair of electrical leads and a base operatively mounting said envelope, said pair of electrical leads being operatively disposed at least one of through said base and approximate to said base substantially perpendicular to the axis of the envelope for stabilizing the bulb and enabling it to stand upright when the light string is supported in a suspended manner or the like.

162. The light string system of claim 153 wherein said plurality of light-emitting diodes includes a first set of light-emitting diodes having a first different and distinct characteristic color, a second set of light-emitting diodes having a second different and distinct characteristic color, one of said first and second sets of light-emitting diodes alternating in position and polarity to the other as said light-emitting diodes are positioned and polarity reversed along said pair of electrical conductors.

164. The light string system of claim 154 further including a plurality of at least one of glass and plastic, substantially hollow shells and a plurality of at least one of glass and plastic fragments including at least one of similar crystalline properties and relatively similar geometric shapes.

165. The light string system of claim 154 wherein each of said plurality of light-emitting diodes are bi-color light-emitting diodes having a first light-emitting diode portion for generating a first different and distinct characteristic color and a second light-emitting diode portion for generating a second different and distinct characteristic color, said first and second light-emitting diode portions being operably connected and parallel with one another between said first and second electrical conductors such that each of said second light-emitting diode portions has its polarity reversed from each of said first light-emitting diode portions associated therewith.

166. The light string system of claim 165 wherein each of said light-emitting diodes includes an envelope means for enclosing said light-emitting diode and at least one of a plurality of optical light-conducting beads and fragments disposed within said envelope for enhancing the light-conducting and dispersion characteristics thereof.

167. The light string system of claim 166 wherein said envelope means includes at least one of glass and plastic materials.

168. The light string system of claim 167 wherein each of said at least one of beads and fragments includes at least one of glass, plastic, and a mixture of glass and plastic balls.

169. The light string system of claim 168 wherein each of said at least one of beads and fragments includes at least one of hollow, solid, and a mixture of hollow and solid balls.

170. The light string system of claim 169 wherein said balls include at least one of a plurality of spheres having substantially uniform diameter and a plurality of spheres having different diameters.

171. The light string system of claim 170 further including at least one of light-conducting epoxy means and light-conducting liquid means operably disposed within said envelope means and sealed therein for enhancing the light-conducting characteristics thereof.

172. The light string system of claim 168 wherein each of said optical spheres are relatively large diameter balls having diameters slightly less than the inside diameter of said envelope means for filling said envelope means one upon the other for enhanced light transmission characteristics.

173. The light string system of claim 165 wherein each of said plurality of light-emitting diodes includes a pair of electrical leads and a base means for operably mounting said light-emitting diode and said envelope means with said pair of electrical leads extending at least one of substantially through said base means and substantially adjacent said base means in opposite directions and substantially perpendicular to the axis of said envelope means for stabilizing the bulb and enable it to remain upright when the light string is suspended or the like.

174. The light string system of claim 165 wherein said means for supplying electrical power includes control circuit means for generating at least first and second switching signals for sequentially alternating and reversing the polarity of the incoming electrical current for sequentially illuminating alternate ones of the light-emitting diodes to produce said first, second and third different and distinct characteristic colors.

175. The light string system of claim 174 wherein said control circuit means includes means for providing stepped-down AC current to said pair of electrical conductors and utilizing the positive portion of the AC waveform for illuminating said first light-emitting diode portions and the negative portion of the AC waveform for illuminating the second light-emitting diode portion for producing said first and second different distinct characteristic colors, respectively.

176. The light string system of claim 175 wherein said control circuit means also includes means for generating a third switching signal for supplying alternating current to said light-emitting diodes for rapidly energizing first one and then the other of said light-emitting diode portions so as to sequentially generate said third different and distinct characteristic colors wherein the third characteristic color is produced by the visual effect of cycling the first and second colors more rapidly than the human eye can discern.

177. The light string system of claim 176 wherein said control circuit means includes timing means for generating a plurality of timing pulses for establishing the rate of change of the colors;

counter means responsive to timing pulses for generating first, second, and third count state signals each having a first, second, and third time duration, respectively;

polarity reversal means responsive to said count state signals for generating first, second and third switching signals and means responsive to a first switching signal for generating a first DC polarity signal for illuminating said first light-emitting diode portions to produce said first characteristic color, responsive to a second switching signal for energizing said second light-emitting diode portion to generate said second characteristic color, and for producing at least one of a rapidly oscillating and pulsed signal for rapidly and alternatively energizing said first and second light-emitting diode portions to produce the appearance of said third characteristic color; and

drive means for providing sufficient current to said light-emitting diodes for providing substantially constant and sufficient illumination even in relatively long strings of light-emitting diodes.

178. The light string system of claim 177 wherein said control circuit means further includes variable duty cycle control means for generating first and second polarity signals at individually selectable signal durations to drive said light-emitting diodes with a significantly higher current than that for which the light-emitting diodes are rated for even relatively long periods of time due to reduced duty cycles and the like thereby enabling very long strings of lights to be illuminated using duty cycle control techniques.

179. The control circuit means of claim 174 wherein said light-emitting diodes are connected in relatively short strings and a DC battery is used to supply power thereto and means for applying the DC power to generate said characteristic colors.

180. A miniature light bulb apparatus for strings of Christmas tree lights, Christmas decorations, ornamental light strings, decorative lights and the like comprising:

a light-emitting diode;

a glass envelope means operably disposed about at least a portion of said light-emitting diode; and

light-conducting glass particle means operably disposed within said envelope means for transmitting and diffusing the light emitted from said light-emitting diode.

181. The apparatus of claim 180 wherein said glass particles have a relatively uniform crystalline structure.

182. The apparatus of claim 180 wherein said glass particles have relatively uniform geometric shapes.

183. The apparatus of claim 180 further including a light-transmitting epoxy means operably disposed within said envelope means.

184. An improved miniature light bulb apparatus including a generally elongated envelope having a hollow interior with a longitudinal axis therethrough, at least one partially opened end, and a closed end, the improvement comprising:

a plurality of light-conducting glass particles operably disposed within the hollow interior of said envelope for improving the light diffusion characteristics thereof and the visibility of the bulb to an external observer;

an LED means operably disposed through the said least partially opened end of the envelope and into the hollow interior thereof;

light-transmitting epoxy means operably disposed within said envelope means; and

means for sealing the at least partially opened end of the envelope for retaining the glass particles and said LED means therein.

185. The apparatus of claim 184 wherein said glass particles are relatively small and disposed within said envelope means for coating the interior surface thereof.

186. The apparatus of claim 184 wherein said glass particles have a diameter greater than 1/50,000^th of an inch.

187. The apparatus of claim 184 wherein said glass particles have a relatively uniform geometric shape.

188. The apparatus of claim 184 wherein the glass particles include glass sand-blasting beads.