Method and apparatus for monitoring cracks of a rotatable body

• US 4,685,335 A
• Filed: 12/14/1984
• Issued: 08/11/1987
• Est. Priority Date: 03/03/1982
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Hitachi, Ltd.
• Original Assignee: Hitachi, Ltd.
• Inventors: Takasumi, Masakazu, Shiohata, Kouki, Sato, Kazuo, Kikuchi, Katsuaki, Kaneko, Ryoichi, Matsushita, Osami, Sato, Ichiya
• Primary Examiner(s): Birmiel, Howard A.
• Application Number:
  US06/681,576
• Time in Patent Office: 970 Days
• Field of Search: 73/659, 73/660, 73/801, 73/587, 364/508, 340/683
• US Class Current: 73/660
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0258 Structural degradation, e.g. fatigue of composites, ageing of oils
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/02854 Length, thickness
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/2693 Rotor or turbine parts
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/14 using acoustic emission techniques echo of particles G01N29/046; measuring mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in solids in general G01H1/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/4454 Signal recognition, e.g. specific values or portions, signal events, signatures

Abstract

A method and apparatus for monitoring cracks of a rotatable body by detecting cracks by measuring accoustic emission signals and evaluating the depth of cracks from the result of the comparison of assumed vibrations of the rotatable body and its measured vibrations. By this method and apparatus not only the beginning of cracking of the rotatable body, but also the progress of cracking on an online basis can be detected and monitored.

Claims

1. A method for monitoring cracks of a rotatable body, the method comprising the steps of detecting cracks by measuring acoustic emission signals, measuring vibrations of the rotatable body, calculating the position of the cracks on a basis of the measured acoustic emission signal, comparing assumed variations with the measured vibrations and evaluating the depth of cracks from the result of this comparison, and wherein the step of detecting of cracks by measuring acoustic emission signals is performed by detecting first acoustic emission signals from two first acoustic emission detectors attached to the rotatable body, detecting second acoustic emission signals from two second acoustic emission detectors attached to bearings of the rotatably body and by eliminating acoustic emission signal portions caused by reasons other than cracking from those acoustic emission signals.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the accoustic emission signal portions caused by other reasons than cracking are detected by passing the overall accoustic emission signals through a histogram circuit, a counter circuit and a bandpass filter ranging from 20 to 200 Hz.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the assumed vibrations are predetermined vibration patterns of the amplitudes of basic frequency and harmonic components.

4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the detecting of cracks by measuring accoustic emission signals is checked by measured vibration signals based only on cracks.

5. An apparatus for monitoring cracks of a rotatable body comprising a first pair of accoustic emission detectors attached to the rotatable body, a second pair of accoustic emission detectors attached to the bearings of the rotatable body, means for detecting cracks by extracting accoustic emission signals caused by cracks, means for calculating the position of cracks based on the time difference between the accoustic emission signals from the detectors of the first pair, means for comparing assumed vibrations with measured vibrations, means for evaluating the depth of cracks from the result of this comparison and means for displaying the cracks.

6. An apparatus according to claim 5 comprising transmitters attached to the rotatable body to transmit the first accoustic emission signals from the detectors of the first pair to receivers disposed at a non-rotatable area, first amplifiers to amplify the second accoustic emission signals from the second pair of accoustic emission detectors, a rotation detector to detect the rotation of the rotatable body, a shaping circuit to shape the output of the rotation detector, a sampling generator to generate a sampling signal from the output of the rotation detector, vibration detectors attached to the bearings of the rotatable body to detect vibrations of the rotatable body, second amplifiers to amplify the output signals of the vibration detectors, accoustic emission signal processing device to process the output signals of the receivers, the first amplifiers and the shaping circuit, an analog data processing device to process the output signals of the shaping circuit, the sampling generator and the second amplifiers, a computer to evaluate the depths of cracks on the basis of the output signals of the accoustic emission signal processing device and the analog data processing device and to transmit the evaluated depth of the cracks to the display means.

7. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the first pair of accoustic emission detectors are disposed inside a central boring of the rotatable body.

8. A method, for monitoring cracks of a rotatable body, the method comprising the steps of detecting cracks by measuring acoustic emission signals, measuring vibrations of the rotatably body, calculating the position of cracks on the basis of the measured acoustic emission signals, comparing assumed vibrations with the measured vibrations and evaluating the depth of cracks from a result of this comparison, when the measured acoustic emission signals include two signals detected at two axially spaced positions of the rotatable body, the position of the cracks is calculated on the basis of the time difference between the two signals, the assumed vibrations of the rotatable body are calculated on the basis of the calculated position of the cracks and of the assumed depths of the cracks, and wherein the detecting of cracks by measuring acoustic emission signals is performed by detecting first acoustic emission signals from two first acoustic emission detectors attached to the rotatable body, detecting second acoustic emission signals from two second acoustic emission detectors attached to the bearings of the rotatable body and by eliminating acoustic emission signal portions caused by other reasons than cracking from those acoustic emission signals.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the accoustic emission signal portions caused by other reasons than cracking are detected by passing the overall accoustic emission signals through a histogram circuit, a counter circuit and a bandpass filter ranging from 20 to 200 Hz.

10. A method for monitoring cracks of a rotatable body, the method comprising the steps of:

measuring two acoustic emission signals at two axially spaced positions of the rotatable body;

determining a position of cracks of said rotatable body as a function of a time difference between receipt of said two acoustic emission signals;

measuring vibrations of the rotatable body;

comparing the measured vibrations with predetermined vibrations for cracks of a known depth at the determined position of the cracks; and

repeating the comparison by changing the predetermined vibration of cracks of known depth until the difference between the measured vibrations and the predetermined vibrations of cracks of a known depth fall within an acceptable value to thereby determine the actual depth of said cracks.

11. The method according to claim 10, further including the steps of:

determining an actual crack depth on a basis of the assumed crack depth which meets said condition.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said acoustic emission portion caused by sources other than cracks in said rotatable body are produced by passing said two acoustic emission signals through a histogram circuit, a countercircuit and a band pass filter having a band pass ranging from 20-200 Hz.

13. The method of claim 10 further including the steps of:

measuring two primary acoustic emission signals by two detectors attached to the rotatable body;

measuring two secondary acoustic emission signals by two detectors attached to bearings supporting the rotatable body; and

combining said two primary acoustic emission signals and said two secondary acoustic emission signals to produce two acoustic emission signals free of acoustic emission signal portions caused by sources other than acoustic emission signals caused by cracks in said rotatable body.

14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the predetermined vibrations are predetermined vibration patterns of amplitude of a fundamental frequency and harmonic frequencies.

15. An apparatus for determining a positioning and depth of cracks in a rotating body, the apparatus comprising detector means including two detectors axially spaced along said rotating body for producing two acoustic emission signals, first means for determining a location of cracks in said rotating body by comparing a time difference between receipt of the two acoustic emission signals to each of said two spaced apart detectors;

vibration detecting means for producing vibration signals caused by cracks in said rotating body;

second means for comparing predetermined vibration signals representing cracks of a known depth with said vibration signals, said second means repeatedly selecting different predetermined vibration signals with said vibration signals until a difference therebetween is within a predetermined value to thereby determine the actual depth of said cracks in said rotating body.

16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said two detectors are located in contact with said rotating body and said detector means includes two additional acoustic emission signal detectors in contact with bearings supporting said rotating body, the output of said two detectors and from said two additional detectors being combined so that said two acoustic emission signals are free of acoustic emission portions which are not caused by cracks in said rotating body.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein secondary acoustic emission signals are produced which are caused by sources other than cracks in said rotating body by feeding said two acoustic emission signals through a histogram circuit, a counter circuit and a band pass filter having a band pass ranging from 20-200 Hz.

18. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said predetermined vibration signals are predetermined vibration signal patterns, and wherein said apparatus further includes a memory means for storing said predetermined vibration signal patterns.