Cardiac and respiratory gated magnetic resonance imaging

• US 4,694,837 A
• Filed: 08/09/1985
• Issued: 09/22/1987
• Est. Priority Date: 08/09/1985
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Marconi Holdings Company Limited)
• Original Assignee: Picker International, Inc. (Marconi Holdings Company Limited)
• Inventors: Blakeley, Douglas M., Gangarosa, Raymond E., Kershaw, Carolyn A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Howell, Kyle L.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Smith, Ruth S.
• Application Number:
  US06/764,440
• Time in Patent Office: 774 Days
• Field of Search: 128/653, 128/696, 128/706, 128/671, 128/723, 128/700, 128/736, 455/612, 455/613, 324/306, 324/309
• US Class Current: 600/484
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7239 using differentiation including higher order derivatives
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7285 for synchronising or triggering a physiological measurement or image acquisition with a physiological event or waveform, e.g. an ECG signal A61B6/5205, A61B6/541, A61B8/5207, A61B8/543 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/541 involving acquisition triggered by a physiological signal
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/5673 Gating or triggering based on a physiological signal other than an MR signal, e.g. ECG gating or motion monitoring using optical systems for monitoring the motion of a fiducial marker

Abstract

A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus (A) generates a uniform main magnetic field, gradient fields transversely thereacross, excites resonance in nuclei within an image region, receives radio frequency signals from the resonating nuclei, and reconstructs images representative thereof. Electrodes (30) monitor the cardiac cycle of a patient (B) being imaged and an expansible belt (32) monitors the respiratory cycle. A carrier signal from a generator (52) is modulated with the respiratory signals. The modulated carrier signals are combined (60) with the cardiac signals and converted to a light signal by a light source (62). A fiber optic cable (36) conducts the light signals to a light receiver (70). Band pass filters (72, 100) separate the received cardiac and respiratory encoded carrier signals. A zero detector (80) provides a scan initiation signal in response to a preselected portion of the cardiac cycle. The respiratory encoded carrier signal is demodulated by demodulator (102) and a comparator (116) blocks or enables the processing of image data during a selected window of the respiratory cycle. A window adjustment means (118) adjusts the respiratory window as a function of phase encoding of the resonating nuclei.

Claims

1. An anatomical condition gating apparatus for a magnetic resonance imager, the apparatus comprising:

a first anatomical condition detector means for monitoring at a first anatomical site within an imaging magnetic field of the imager a first anatomical condition of a patient to be imaged;

a second anatomical condition detector means for monitoring at a second anatomical site within the imaging magnetic field a second anatomical condition of the patient to be imaged;

a light source means for transmitting a light signal from within the imaging magnetic field to a light signal receiver disposed out of the imaging magnetic field;

an encoding means for encoding the light signal within the imaging magnetic field in accordance with both the first and second anatomical conditions monitored by the first and second anatomical condition detector means, the encoding means being operatively connected with the first and second anatomical condition detector means and the light source means, whereby information about the first and second monitored anatomical conditions is transmitted through the imaging magnetic field without altering the imaging magnetic field;

a light signal decoding means operatively connected with the light signal receiver for recovering first and second anatomical condition encodings from the encoded light signal;

a scan triggering means for initiating imaging scans in accordance with the first anatomical condition encoding of the received light signal, the scan triggering means being operatively connected with the light signal decoding means; and

,

a scan blocking means for preventing processing of imaging data in accordance with the second anatomical condition encoding of the received light signal, the scan blocking means being operatively connected with the light signal decoding means.

2. The gating apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein the imaging magnetic field includes a series of magnetic field gradient pulses and further including blanking means for preventing initiation of imaging scans during an application of one of the magnetic field gradient pulses.

3. The gating apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further including carrier signal means for generating a carrier signal that oscillates with a carrier frequency which carrier signal is encoded in accordance with the second type of anatomical condition, the carrier signal means being operatively connected between the second anatomical condition detector means and the encoding means.

4. The gating apparatus as set forth in claim 3 wherein the decoding means includes a carrier frequency separating means for separating the encoded carrier frequency signal from other received signals, the carrier frequency separating means being operatively connected between the light signal receiver and at least one of the scan triggering and blocking means.

5. The gating apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further including a fiber optic cable for conducting light between the light source means and the light signal receiver.

6. The gating apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further including a window adjusting means for selectively adjusting the blocking means to adjust a relationship between the second anatomical condition and the preventing of image data processing.

7. A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus in which imaging is gated in response to anatomical conditions of an imaged patient, the apparatus comprising:

a main magnetic field generating means for generating a main magnetic field substantially uniformly and longitudinally through a patient imaging region;

a gradient field means for generating magnetic field gradients across the main magnetic field with phase encodings at a plurality of phase angles;

an excitation means for causing selective resonance of nuclei within the image region;

a receiving means for receiving resonance signals generated by the resonating nuclei;

an image reconstruction means for reconstructing an image representative of the resonating nuclei in the image region from the received resonance signals, the image reconstruction means being operatively connected with the receiving means;

a first anatomical condition detector means for producing a first condition signals which varies in accordance with a first monitored anatomical condition of the patient, the first anatomical condition detector means being disposed adjacent the image region;

a second antomatical condition detector means for producing a second condition signal which varies in accordance with a second monitored anatomical condition of the patient, the second anatomical condition detector means being disposed adjacent the image region;

a signal source means for propagating a signal to a remote location, without generating magnetic fields adjacent the image region, whereby first and second anatomical condition information is conveyed through the main magnetic field adjacent the image region without generating magnetic fields that would have distorted the main and gradient magnetic fields;

an encoding means for encoding the signal in accordance with the first and second anatomical condition signals, the encoding means being operatively connected with the first and second anatomical condition detectors and the source means and being disposed within the main magnetic field adjacent the image region;

a signal receiver means for receiving the encoded signal, the signal receiver means being operatively connected with the source means at the remote location;

a scan triggering means for initiating a magnetic resonance imaging scan in response to the first anatomical condition encoding of the signal, the scan triggering means being operatively connected with the signal receiver means and at least one of the resonance excitation means and the image reconstruction means; and

,

a scan blocking means for preventing processing of the resonance signals in response to the second anatomical condition encoding of the received signal, the scan blocking means being operatively connected with the signal receiver means and the image reconstruction means, whereby the initiation of scans and the processing of data is coordinated with anatomical conditions of the patient.

8. The apparatus as set forth in claim 7 further including a blanking means for preventing initiation of magnetic resonance imaging scans during a change in the magnetic field gradient, the blanking means being operatively connected with the gradient field control means and with the scan triggering means.

9. The apparatus as set forth in claim 8 wherein the first anatomical condition detector means includes a first monitoring means for monitoring the patient'"'"'s cardiac cycle such that the first condition signal is indicative of the patient'"'"'s cardiac cycle and wherein the second anatomical condition detector means includes a second monitoring means for monitoring the patient'"'"'s respiratory cycle such that the second condition signal is indicative of the patient'"'"'s respiratory cycle, whereby imaging scans are initiated in response to a selected portion of the cardiac cycle and image reconstruction from resonance signals generated during selected portions of the respiratory cycle is prevented.

10. The apparatus as set forth in claim 9 further including a carrier signal means for generating a carrier signal having a carrier frequency and a carrier signal modulating means for modulating the carrier signal with one of the cardiac and respiratory signals.

11. The apparatus as set forth in claim 10 further including a signal combining means for combining the modulated carrier signal with the other of the cardiac and respiratory signals, the encoding means being operatively connected with the signal combining means such that the signal is encoded with both respiratory and cardiac information, one carried at its natural frequency and the other carried at the carrier frequency.

12. The apparatus as set forth in claim 11 further including a carrier frequency separating means for separating the modulated carrier signal from other signals and a demodulating means for removing the carrier frequency from the modulated carrier signal, one of the frequency separating means and the demodulating means being connected with the scan triggering means for conveying the cardiac signal thereto and the other being operatively connected with the scan blocking means for conveying the respiratory signal thereto.

13. The apparatus as set forth in claim 7, further including a fiber optic cable for conveying light between the signal source means and the signal receiver means.

14. The apparatus as set forth in claim 7 further including window adjusting means for selectively adjusting the blocking means.

15. A method of gating imaging in accordance with first and second anatomical conditions of an imaged patient, the method comprising:

monitoring the first anatomical condition of the patient and generating a first electrical signal in accordance therewith;

monitoring the second anatomical condition of the patient and generating a second electrical signal in accordance therewith;

combining both the first and second electrical signals into a combined signal and encoding a light signal therewith;

receiving the encoded light signal and generating a received electrical signal which is encoded in accordance with the first and second anatomical conditions;

separating components of the received electrical signal which are indicative of the monitored first and second anatomical conditions;

initiating collection of imaging data in response to the first anatomical condition indicative signal; and

,

selectively preventing processing of the imaging data in accordance with the second anatomical condition.

16. The method as set forth in claim 15 further including the steps of:

generating a uniform main magnetic field encompassing a region of a patient to be imaged;

periodically initiating a magnetic resonance imaging sequence which includes applying magnetic field gradients transversely across the main magnetic field in the image region, exciting magnetic resonance in the image region, and collecting magnetic resonance data; and

,

preventing the initiation of a magnetic resonance imaging sequence during application of the magnetic field gradients.

17. The method as set forth in claim 15 further including the steps of generating a carrier signal and modulating the carrier signal in accordance with one of the monitored first and second anatomical conditions such that in the combining step, the modulated carrier signal is combined with the other anatomical condition signal.

18. The method as set forth in claim 15 wherein the first anatomical conidition is the patient'"'"'s cardiac cycle and the second anatomical condition is the patient'"'"'s respiratory cycle.

19. The method as set forth in claim 15 further including the steps of:

generating a uniform magnetic field encompassing a region of a patient to be imaged;

exciting resonance of nuclei in the image region and generating a resonance signal which carries the imaging data;

phase encoding the resonance signal with a plurality of phase angles;

adjusting the relationship between the second anatomical condition and the preventing of image data processing in accordance with the encoded phase angle.

20. A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus in which imaging is gated in response to cardiac cycles of an imaged patient, the apparatus comprising:

a main magnetic field generating means for generating a main magnetic field substantially uniformly and longitudinally through a patient imaging region;

a cardiac monitor including lead wires leading from electrodes attached to the patient'"'"'s skin to a cardiac signal producing means for producing cardiac signals which vary in accordance with the patient'"'"'s cardiac cycles;

a gradient field means for generating magnetic field gradient pulses across the main magnetic field, the magnetic field gradient pulses inducing electrical currents in the lead wires of the cardiac monitor, which induced currents cause the cardiac signal producing means to generate erroneous cardiac signals based on the induced currents;

an excitation means for causing selective resonance of nuclei within the image region;

receiving means for receiving resonance signals generated by the resonating nuclei;

an image reconstruction means for reconstructing an image representation of the resonating nuclei in the image region from the received resonance signals, the image reconstruction means being operatively connected with the receiving means;

a magnetic resonance imaging control means for controlling magnetic resonance imaging sequences including the application of magnetic field gradient pulses, the excitation of magnetic resonance, the receiving of magnetic resonance signals, and the reconstruction of an image representation from the received signals, the magnetic resonance imaging control means being operatively connected with the gradient field means, the excitation means, the receiving means, and the image reconstruction means;

a triggering means operatively connected with the cardiac signal producing means for initiating a magnetic resonance imaging sequence by the magnetic resonance imaging control means in response to a selected phase of the cardiac signal, whereby the magnetic resonance imaging scans are coordinated with the selected phase of the cardiac cycle; and

,

a blanking means operatively connected with the gradient field means and the magnetic resonance imaging control means for preventing the initation of imaging scans during an application of one of the magnetic field gradient pulses, whereby erroneous signals induced by the magnetic field gradient pulses are prevented from initiating an imaging scan.